Several soil samples were used to study how the characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) affect sorption of organic compounds. These soils contains different amounts and types of NOM. Aromaticity of NOM (percen...Several soil samples were used to study how the characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) affect sorption of organic compounds. These soils contains different amounts and types of NOM. Aromaticity of NOM (percentage of aromatic carbons) was determined from solid state CPMAS 13 C NMR spectra and the soil effective polarity was computed from the equation developed by Xing et al . Naphthalene was used to examine the sorption characteristics of NOM. Both aromaticity and polarity of NOM strongly affected sorption of naphthalene. Old NOM showed higher affinity than that in the surface, young soils. Sorption increased with increasing aromaticity and decreasing polarity. Thus, the sorption coefficients of organic contaminants cannot be accurately predicted without some consideration of NOM characteristics.展开更多
Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is a mixture of aromatic and aliphatic organic compounds of natural origin in any type of aquatic system. Human activities impact the constituents of NOM, from its production to its fate, ...Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is a mixture of aromatic and aliphatic organic compounds of natural origin in any type of aquatic system. Human activities impact the constituents of NOM, from its production to its fate, particularly in the treatment of domestic waste waters. In this work, the impact of microorganisms isolated from a Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) was investigated to determine the fate of NOM fractions in raw sewage, using fluorescence spectroscopy. Wastewater samples were taken at three different times from a WWTP, and incubated for 4 days under two treatments: 1) “raw sewage”, and 2) “spiked”, i.e., the same raw sewage, spiked with bacteria previously isolated from the WWTP. The incubated waters were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, digitally resolved into NOM components: humic- and fulvic-like, and two types of protein-like, i.e., tryptophan- and tyrosine-like, using a Parallel Factor Analysis routine (PARAFAC). The results demonstrate that the “spiked” samples showed the largest changes with incubation time. The signals of the tryptophan- and tyrosine-like components decreased, suggesting a net microbial digestion of proteinaceous material. In contrast, the fulvic-like signals, and to some extent, the humic-like signals increased, suggesting the production of the associated molecular materials during the incubation period. This study provides direct evidence of human impact on the make-up of NOM: the cultures of microbes found at a WWTP consume the proteinaceous material, whereas humic-like and fulvic-like materials are produced.展开更多
The structures of 26 different congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls（PCBs, including monothrough deca-chlorinated） were optimized using density functional theory（DFT） calculations with the 6-31＋G（d,p） basis se...The structures of 26 different congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls（PCBs, including monothrough deca-chlorinated） were optimized using density functional theory（DFT） calculations with the 6-31＋G（d,p） basis set. The activation energies for the dechlorination of these systems were calculated for direct photodegradation and photosensitized degradation reaction pathways in the presence of natural organic matter（NOM）. The dechlorination mechanism of these PCBs and the ring-opening reaction mechanisms（using QST3 method） of the photosensitive degradation products were analyzed. The results showed that（i） the activation energy for the photosensitized degradation of PCBs was much lower than that of direct photodegradation;（ii） the degradation activities（i.e., C–Cl bond cleavage energies） were the same for both degradation pathways and followed the order ortho 〉 meta 〉 para;（iii） the degradation activities of asymmetric PCBs were higher than those of the corresponding symmetrical PCBs for the direct photodegradation and it was completely opposite in the photosensitive degradation;（iv） there was no correlation between the dissociation energy and the number of C–Cl bonds for the direct photodegradation and dechlorination products were all biphenyl;（v） the degradation activity of PCBs decreased as the number of C–Cl bonds increased in the presence of NOM; and（vi） even when the dechlorination reaction was incomplete, it produced chlorophenol. Furthermore, the free radicals of NOM led to the ring-opening reactions of PCBs via an initial addition step. The main site of these ring-opening reactions was the ortho position. Notably, the likelihood of ring-opening reactions occurring involving the degradation products increased as the degradation degree of PCBs increased.展开更多
The application of selenium nanoparticles(SeNPs)as nanofertilizers may lead to the release of SeNPs into aquatic systems.However,the environmental behavior of SeNPs is rarely studied.In this study,using alginate-coate...The application of selenium nanoparticles(SeNPs)as nanofertilizers may lead to the release of SeNPs into aquatic systems.However,the environmental behavior of SeNPs is rarely studied.In this study,using alginate-coated SeNPs(Alg-SeNPs)and polyvinyl alcohol-coated SeNPs(PVA-SeNPs)as models,we systematically investigated the aggregation and stability of SeNPs under various water conditions.PVA-SeNPs were highly stable in mono-and polyvalent electrolytes,probably due to the strong steric hindrance of the capping agent.Alg-SeNPs only suffered from a limited increase in size,even at 2500 mmol/L NaCl and 200 mmol/L MgCl_(2),while they underwent apparent aggregation in CaCl_(2) and LaCl_(3) solutions.The binding of Ca^(2+) and La^(3+) with the guluronic acid part in alginate induced the formation of cross-linking aggregates.Natural organic matter enhanced the stability of Alg-SeNPs in monovalent electrolytes,while accelerated the attachment of Alg-SeNPs in polyvalent electrolytes,due to the cation bridge effects.The long-term stability of SeNPs in natural water showed that the aggregation sizes of Alg-SeNPs and PVA-SeNPs increased to several hundreds of nanometers or above 10μm after 30 days,implying that SeNPs may be suspended in the water column or further settle down,depending on the surrounding water chemistry.The study may contribute to the deep insight into the fate and mobility of SeNPs in the aquatic environment.The varying fate of SeNPs in different natural waters also suggests that the risks of SeNPs to organisms living in diverse depths in the aquatic compartment should be concerned.展开更多
This article aims to describe the influence of diffuse pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter （NOM） in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensiv...This article aims to describe the influence of diffuse pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter （NOM） in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensive observation results and the dynamic water quality simulation using CE-QUAL-W2. Turbidity is regarded as a comprehensive representation of allochothonous organic matter from diffuse sources in storm season because the turbidity concentration showed reasonable significance in a statistical correlation with the UV absorbance at 254 nm and total phosphorus. CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results showed good consistency with the observed data in terms of dissolved organic matter （DOM） including refractory dissolved organic carbon （RDOC） and labile DOC and also well explained the internal movement of constituents and stratification phenomenon in the reservoir. Instead turbidity and NOM were related well in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually as changing to dissolved form of organic matter, RDOM affected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity. To control the increase of soluble organic matters in the dam reservoir, appropriate dam water discharge gate operation provided effective measurement. Because of the gate operation let avoid the accumulation of organic matter within a dam reservoir by shorten of turbid regime retention time.展开更多
UV/chlorine process,as an emerging advanced oxidation process(AOP),was effective for removing micro-pollutants via various reactive radicals,but it also led to the changes of natural organic matter(NOM)and formation o...UV/chlorine process,as an emerging advanced oxidation process(AOP),was effective for removing micro-pollutants via various reactive radicals,but it also led to the changes of natural organic matter(NOM)and formation of disinfection byproducts(DBPs).By using negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(ESI FT-ICR MS),the transformation of Suwannee River NOM(SRNOM)and the formation of chlorinated DBPs(Cl-DBPs)in the UV/chlorine AOP and subsequent post-chlorination were tracked and compared with dark chlorination.In comparison to dark chlorination,the involvement of Cl O·,Cl·,and HO·in the UV/chlorine AOP promoted the transformation of NOM by removing the compounds owning higher aromaticity(AI mod)value and DBE(double-bond equivalence)/C ratio and causing the decrease in the proportion of aromatic compounds.Meanwhile,more compounds which contained only C,H,O,N atoms(CHON)were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP compared with dark chlorination via photolysis of organic chloramines or radical reactions.A total of 833 compounds contained C,H,O,Cl atoms(CHOCl)were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP,higher than 789 CHOCl compounds in dark chlorination,and one-chlorine-containing components were the dominant species.The different products from chlorine substitution reactions(SR)and addition reactions(AR)suggested that SR often occurred in the precursors owning higher H/C ratio and AR often occurred in the precursors owning higher aromaticity.Post-chlorination further caused the cleavages of NOM structures into small molecular weight compounds,removed CHON compounds and enhanced the formation of Cl-DBPs.The results provide information about NOM transformation and Cl-DBPs formation at molecular levels in the UV/chlorine AOP.展开更多
The formation of a dynamic membrane(DM)was investigated using polyethylene glycol(PEG)(molecular weight of 35000 g/mol,concentration of 1 g/L).Two natural organic matters(NOM),Dongbok Lake NOM(DLNOM)and Suwannee River...The formation of a dynamic membrane(DM)was investigated using polyethylene glycol(PEG)(molecular weight of 35000 g/mol,concentration of 1 g/L).Two natural organic matters(NOM),Dongbok Lake NOM(DLNOM)and Suwannee River NOM(SRNOM)were used in the ultrafiltration experiments along with PEG.To evaluate the effects of the DM with PEG on ultrafiltration,various transport experiments were conducted,and the analyses of the NOM in the membrane feed and permeate were performed using high performance size exclusion chromatography,and the effective pore size distribution(effective PSD)and effective molecular weight cut off(effective MWCO)were determined.The advantages of DM formed with PEG can be summarized as follows:(1)PEG interferes with NOM transmission through the ultrafiltration membrane pores by increasing the retention coefficient of NOM in UF membranes,and(2)low removal of NOM by the DM is affected by external factors,such as pressure increases during UF membrane filtration,which decreases the effective PSD and effective MWCO of UF membranes.However,a disadvantage of the DM with PEG was severe flux decline;thus,one must be mindful of both the positive and negative influences of the DM when optimizing the UF performance of the membrane.展开更多
Particles and natural organic matter （NOM） are two major concerns in surface water, which greatly influence the membrane filtration process. The objective of this article is to investigate the efiect of particles, N...Particles and natural organic matter （NOM） are two major concerns in surface water, which greatly influence the membrane filtration process. The objective of this article is to investigate the efiect of particles, NOM and their interaction on the submerged ultrafiltration （UF） membrane flux under conditions of solo UF and coagulation and PAC adsorption as the pretreatment of UF. Particles, NOM and their mixture were spiked in tap water to simulate raw water. Exponential relationship, （JP/JP0 = a×exp{-k[t-（n-1）T]}）, was developed to quantify the normalized membrane flux dynamics during the filtration period and fitted the results well. In this equation, coefficient a was determined by the value of JP/JP0 at the beginning of a filtration cycle, refiecting the flux recovery after backwashing, that is, the irreversible fouling. The coefficient k refiected the trend of flux dynamics. Integrated total permeability （ΣJP） in one filtration period could be used as a quantified indicator for comparison of different hybrid membrane processes or under different scenarios. According to the results, there was an additive effect on membrane flux by NOM and particles during solo UF process. This additive fouling could be alleviated by coagulation pretreatment since particles helped the formation of flocs with coagulant, which further delayed the decrease of membrane flux and benefited flux recovery by backwashing. The addition of PAC also increased membrane flux by adsorbing NOM and improved flux recovery through backwashing.展开更多
Fouling of cellulose triacetate（CTA） forward osmosis（FO） membranes by natural organic matter（NOM） was studied by means of a cross-flow fiat-sheet forward osmosis membrane system. The NOM solution was employed as...Fouling of cellulose triacetate（CTA） forward osmosis（FO） membranes by natural organic matter（NOM） was studied by means of a cross-flow fiat-sheet forward osmosis membrane system. The NOM solution was employed as the feed solution（FS）, and a sodium chloride solution（3 tool/L） was used for the draw solution（DS）. The process was conducted at various temperatures and cross-flow velocities. The flux decline was investigated with 3 h forward osmosis operation. The substances absorbed on the membranes were cleaned by ultrasonic oscillation of the fouled membranes and were characterized by methodologies including fluorescence excitation-emission matrices （EEMs） and liquid chromatography with an organic carbon detector（LC-OCD）, and the variations of membrane properties were also investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer（FTIR） and a contact angle meter. It was noted that the rejection efficiency of NOM is remarkable and that ultrasonic oscillation is an effective method to extract the NOM fouled on the CTA membranes after FO process. A higher cross-flow velocity and lower temperature benefit the anti-fouling capacity of the membrane significantly. Although humic substances accounted for the majority of the NOM, aromatic proteins and amino acids were the main fouling components on the membranes, with symbolic FTIR peaks at 2355, 1408 and 873 cm^-1. The present surface foulant made the membranes becoming more hydrophilic, as demonstrated by a significant decrease in contact angle（ranging from 20% to 46%） under all the operation conditions.展开更多
Introduction Natural organic matter（NOM）present in source water has significant impact on water treatment processes and on the quality of drinking water.NOM is a complex mixture of diverse groups of organic compound...Introduction Natural organic matter（NOM）present in source water has significant impact on water treatment processes and on the quality of drinking water.NOM is a complex mixture of diverse groups of organic compounds,humic and fulvic acids,proteins,peptides,carbohydrates,and heterogeneous materials展开更多
The phosphorus（P） fraction distribution and formation mechanism in the supernatant after P adsorption onto iron oxides and iron oxide-humic acid（HA） complexes were analyzed using the ultrafiltration method in this...The phosphorus（P） fraction distribution and formation mechanism in the supernatant after P adsorption onto iron oxides and iron oxide-humic acid（HA） complexes were analyzed using the ultrafiltration method in this study.With an initial P concentration of 20 mg/L（I =0.01 mol/L and pH = 7）,it was shown that the colloid（1 kDa-0.45 μm） component of P accounted for 10.6%,11.6%,6.5%,and 4.0%of remaining total P concentration in the supernatant after P adsorption onto ferrihydrite（FH）,goethite（GE）,ferrihydrite-humic acid complex（FH-HA）,goethite-humic acid complex（GE-HA）,respectively.The 〈1 kDa component of P was still the predominant fraction in the supernatant,and underestimated colloidal P accounted for 2.2%,55.1%,45.5%,and 38.7%of P adsorption onto the solid surface of FH,FH-HA,GE and GE-HA,respectively.Thus,the colloid P could not be neglected.Notably,it could be interpreted that Fe3＋ hydrolysis from the adsorbents followed by the formation of colloidal hydrous ferric oxide aggregates was the main mechanism for the formation of the colloid P in the supernatant.And colloidal adsorbent particles co-existing in the supernatant were another important reason for it.Additionally,dissolve organic matter dissolved from iron oxide-HA complexes could occupy large adsorption sites of colloidal iron causing less colloid P in the supernatant.Ultimately,we believe that the findings can provide a new way to deeply interpret the geochemical cycling of P,even when considering other contaminants such as organic pollutants,heavy metal ions,and arsenate at the sediment/soil-water interface in the real environment.展开更多
Municipal wastewater reclamation is becoming of increasing importance in the world to solve the problem of water scarcity. A better understanding of the molecular composition of effluent organic matter（Ef OM） in the...Municipal wastewater reclamation is becoming of increasing importance in the world to solve the problem of water scarcity. A better understanding of the molecular composition of effluent organic matter（Ef OM） in the treated effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants（WWTPs） is crucial for ensuring the safety of water reuse. In this study, the molecular composition of Ef OM in the secondary effluent of a WWTP in Beijing and the reclaimed water further treated with a coagulation–sedimentation–ozonation process were characterized using a non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry（FT-ICR MS） method and compared to that of natural organic matter（NOM） in the local source water from a reservoir. It was found that the molecular composition of Ef OM in the secondary effluent and reclaimed water was dominated by CHOS formulas, while NOM in the source water was dominated by CHO formulas. The CHO formulas of the three samples had similar origins. Anthropogenic surfactants were responsible for the CHOS formulas in Ef OM of the secondary effluent and were not well removed by the coagulation-sedimentation-ozonation treatment process adopted.展开更多
Accumulation of organic contaminants on fullerene nanoparticles（nC（60）） may significantly affect the risks of C（60） in the environment.The objective of this study was to further understand how the interplay of n...Accumulation of organic contaminants on fullerene nanoparticles（nC（60）） may significantly affect the risks of C（60） in the environment.The objective of this study was to further understand how the interplay of nC（60） formation routes and humic acid modification affects contaminant adsorption of nC（60）.Specifically,adsorption of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene（a model nonionic,hydrophobic organic contaminant） on nC（60） was greatly affected by nC（60）formation route- the formation route significantly affected the aggregation properties of nC（60）,thus affecting the available surface area and the extent of adsorption via the pore-filling mechanism.Depending on whether nC（60） was formed via the ＂top-down＂ route（i.e.,sonicating C（60） powder in aqueous solution） or ＂bottom-up＂ route（i.e.,phase transfer from an organic solvent） and the type of solvent involved（toluene versus tetrahydrofuran）,modification of nC（60） with Suwannee River humic acid（SRHA） could either enhance or inhibit the adsorption affinity of nC（60）.The net effect depended on the specific way in which SRHA interacted with C（60） monomers and/or C（60） aggregates of different sizes and morphology,which determined the relative importance of enhanced adsorption from SRHA modification via preventing C（60） aggregation and inhibited adsorption through blocking available adsorption sites.The findings further demonstrate the complex mechanisms controlling interactions between nC（60） and organic contaminants,and may have significant implications for the life-cycle analysis and risk assessment of C（60）.展开更多
The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter（NOM） concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was co...The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter（NOM） concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon（DOC） in the source water. KMn O4pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O3＋ activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV254 in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organic matter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2%of color, 96.0% of UV254 and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.展开更多
Dissolved organic matter （DOM） concentrations have been measured in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland, the Tablas de Daimiel, Spain, when the system-characterised by variable hydroperiodicity conditions, w...Dissolved organic matter （DOM） concentrations have been measured in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland, the Tablas de Daimiel, Spain, when the system-characterised by variable hydroperiodicity conditions, was completely flooded （February 2011）. Fluxes of DOM from the wetland soils to the overlying waters were measured by using a passive diffusion sampler （peeper）. Not only dissolved organic carbon （DOC） concentrations were measured but refractory organic matter （ROM, usually known as humic substances） was also quantified using a novel voltammetric method. Fluorescence spectra were recorded to help in selecting the appropriate standard for ROM quantification, test the homogeneity of DOM in the waters and get an indication of their source. The results obtained show a 7-fold increase in measured ROM concentrations from the Gigtiela River to the outlet, which points to a net exportation of ROM from the wetland and to the existence of an internal source of ROM in the system, probably diffusion from the wetland soils. This hypothesis is confirmed by the flux of ROM from the soils to the water column measured with the peeper and by the common fluorescence characteristics of colunm and interstitial waters. The smaller increase in DOC concentrations along the wetland, in spite of the higher DOC fluxes from soils, suggests that there is significant turnover of organic carbon （OC） in the water column. The system acts as a major carbon sink but, when flooded, exports .OC as DOM.展开更多
Sulfamethoxazole(SMX)is commonly detected in wastewater and cannot be completely decomposed during conventional treatment processes.Ozone(O_(3))is often used in water treatment.This study explored the influence of nat...Sulfamethoxazole(SMX)is commonly detected in wastewater and cannot be completely decomposed during conventional treatment processes.Ozone(O_(3))is often used in water treatment.This study explored the influence of natural organic matters(NOM)in secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant on the ozonation pathways of SMX.The changes in NOM components during ozonation were also analyzed.SMX was primarily degraded by hydrolysis,isoxazole-ring opening,and double-bond addition,whereas hydroxylation was not the principal route given the low maximum abundances of the hydroxylated products,with m/z of 269 and 287.The hydroxylation process occurred mainly through indirect oxidation because the maximum abundances of the products reduced by about 70%after the radical quencher was added,whereas isoxazole-ring opening and double-bond addition processes mainly depended on direct oxidation,which was unaffected by the quencher.NOM mainly affected the degradation of micropollutants by consuming•OH rather than O_(3)molecules,resulting in the 63%–85%decrease in indirect oxidation products.The NOM in the effluent were also degraded simultaneously during ozonation,and the components with larger aromaticity were more likely degraded through direct oxidation.The dependences of the three main components of NOM in the effluent on indirect oxidation followed the sequence:humic-like substances>fluvic-like substance-s>protein-like substances.This study reveals the ozonation mechanism of SMX in secondary effluent and provides a theoretical basis for the control of SMX and its degradation products in actual water treatment.展开更多
To understand the water purification mechanism of potassium permanganate as a coagulation-aid during the preoxidation process,the microtopography of its reductive products,the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide an...To understand the water purification mechanism of potassium permanganate as a coagulation-aid during the preoxidation process,the microtopography of its reductive products,the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide and the aged hydrous manganese dioxide,was investigated.The morphology of natural organic matter(NOM)adsorbed by the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was also com-pared with that of NOM alone.By using the tapping mode atomic force microscopy(AFM),the observation results show that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide possess a perforated sheet(with a thickness of 0-1.75 nm)as well as some spherical particle structures compared with the hydrous manganese dioxide with 2 h aging time,which demonstrated that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide had a large surface area and adsorption capacity.When 1 mmol/L newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was added,the micro-topography of NOM molecules shifted from a loosely dis-persed pancake shape(with adsorption height of 5-8.5 nm)to a densely dispersed and uniform spherical structure.These results provide a valid proof that it is the perfect adsorption capability of the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide that might result in the coagulation aid effect of potassium permanganate preoxidation.展开更多
A novel, bifunctional, hypercrosslinked, magnetic resin W2 was prepared using divinylbenzene （DVB） and glycidyl methacrylate （GMA） as comonomers in three steps （i.e., suspension polymerization, amination and post...A novel, bifunctional, hypercrosslinked, magnetic resin W2 was prepared using divinylbenzene （DVB） and glycidyl methacrylate （GMA） as comonomers in three steps （i.e., suspension polymerization, amination and post-crosslinking reactions）. To evaluate the adsorption of natural organic matter （NOM） and organic micropollutants （OMPs） on the obtained resin W2, two magnetic resins W1 （the precursor of W2 before post-crosslinking） and W0 （the precursor of W1 before amination） were chosen for comparison. The results indicated that W2 would be a promising material for the removal of both NOM and OMPs from aquatic environments.展开更多
Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into t...Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into the mechanisms that are operative in pre-ozonized coagulation. Effects ofpre-ozonation on organic matter removal during coagulation with IPF-PAC1 were investigated by using PDA （photometric disperse analysis）, apparent molecular weight distribution and chemical fractionation. The dynamic formation of flocs during coagulation process was detected. Changes of aquatic organic matter （AOM） structure resulted from the influence of pre-ozonation were evaluated. Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation. No significant coagulation-aid effect of O3 was observed for all experiments using either A1C13 or PAC1. On the contrary, with the application of pre-ozonation, the coagulation efficiency of A1C13 was significantly deteriorated, reflected by the retardation of floc formation, and the removal decreases of turbidity, DOC, and UV254. However, if PACl was used instead of AlCl3, the adverse effects of pre-ozonation were mitigated obviously, particularly when the O3 dosage was less than 0.69 （mg O3/mg TOC）. The difference between removals of UV254, and DOC indicated that pre-ozonation greatly changed the molecular structure of AOM, but its capability of mineralization was not remarkable. Only 5% or so DOC was removed by pre-ozonation at 0.6--0.8 mg/L alone. Fractionation results showed that the organic products of pre-ozonation exhibited lower molecular weight and more hydrophilicity, which impaired the removal of DOC in the following coagulation process.展开更多
Effects of natural organic matters(NOM) and hydrated metal oxides(HMO) in sediments on the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were investigated by means of removing NOM and HMO in Liaohe R...Effects of natural organic matters(NOM) and hydrated metal oxides(HMO) in sediments on the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were investigated by means of removing NOM and HMO in Liaohe River sediments sequentially. The results showed that the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB followed pseudo first order kinetics in different sediments. But, the extents and rates of degradation were different, even the other conditions remained the same. Anaerobic degradation rates of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were 0 020 d -1 , 0 009 d -1 and 0 035 month -1 respectively for the sediments without additional carbon resources. However, with addition of carbon resources, the anaerobic degradation rates of γ 666, p, p ' DDT and HCB were 0 071 d -1 , 0 054 d -1 and 0 088 month -1 in the original sediments respectively. After removing NOM, the rates were decreased to 0 047 d -1 , 0 037 d -1 and 0 066 month -1 ; in the sediments removed NOM and HMO, the rates were increased to 0 067 d -1 , 0 059 d -1 and 0 086 month -1 . These results indicated that NOM in the sediments accelerated the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB; the HMO inhibited the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB.展开更多
文摘Several soil samples were used to study how the characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) affect sorption of organic compounds. These soils contains different amounts and types of NOM. Aromaticity of NOM (percentage of aromatic carbons) was determined from solid state CPMAS 13 C NMR spectra and the soil effective polarity was computed from the equation developed by Xing et al . Naphthalene was used to examine the sorption characteristics of NOM. Both aromaticity and polarity of NOM strongly affected sorption of naphthalene. Old NOM showed higher affinity than that in the surface, young soils. Sorption increased with increasing aromaticity and decreasing polarity. Thus, the sorption coefficients of organic contaminants cannot be accurately predicted without some consideration of NOM characteristics.
文摘Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is a mixture of aromatic and aliphatic organic compounds of natural origin in any type of aquatic system. Human activities impact the constituents of NOM, from its production to its fate, particularly in the treatment of domestic waste waters. In this work, the impact of microorganisms isolated from a Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) was investigated to determine the fate of NOM fractions in raw sewage, using fluorescence spectroscopy. Wastewater samples were taken at three different times from a WWTP, and incubated for 4 days under two treatments: 1) “raw sewage”, and 2) “spiked”, i.e., the same raw sewage, spiked with bacteria previously isolated from the WWTP. The incubated waters were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, digitally resolved into NOM components: humic- and fulvic-like, and two types of protein-like, i.e., tryptophan- and tyrosine-like, using a Parallel Factor Analysis routine (PARAFAC). The results demonstrate that the “spiked” samples showed the largest changes with incubation time. The signals of the tryptophan- and tyrosine-like components decreased, suggesting a net microbial digestion of proteinaceous material. In contrast, the fulvic-like signals, and to some extent, the humic-like signals increased, suggesting the production of the associated molecular materials during the incubation period. This study provides direct evidence of human impact on the make-up of NOM: the cultures of microbes found at a WWTP consume the proteinaceous material, whereas humic-like and fulvic-like materials are produced.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in 2013(JB2013146)the Key Projects in the National Science&Technology Pillar Program in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period(2008BAC43B01)
文摘The structures of 26 different congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls（PCBs, including monothrough deca-chlorinated） were optimized using density functional theory（DFT） calculations with the 6-31＋G（d,p） basis set. The activation energies for the dechlorination of these systems were calculated for direct photodegradation and photosensitized degradation reaction pathways in the presence of natural organic matter（NOM）. The dechlorination mechanism of these PCBs and the ring-opening reaction mechanisms（using QST3 method） of the photosensitive degradation products were analyzed. The results showed that（i） the activation energy for the photosensitized degradation of PCBs was much lower than that of direct photodegradation;（ii） the degradation activities（i.e., C–Cl bond cleavage energies） were the same for both degradation pathways and followed the order ortho 〉 meta 〉 para;（iii） the degradation activities of asymmetric PCBs were higher than those of the corresponding symmetrical PCBs for the direct photodegradation and it was completely opposite in the photosensitive degradation;（iv） there was no correlation between the dissociation energy and the number of C–Cl bonds for the direct photodegradation and dechlorination products were all biphenyl;（v） the degradation activity of PCBs decreased as the number of C–Cl bonds increased in the presence of NOM; and（vi） even when the dechlorination reaction was incomplete, it produced chlorophenol. Furthermore, the free radicals of NOM led to the ring-opening reactions of PCBs via an initial addition step. The main site of these ring-opening reactions was the ortho position. Notably, the likelihood of ring-opening reactions occurring involving the degradation products increased as the degradation degree of PCBs increased.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22076198,42192571,and 21827815).
文摘The application of selenium nanoparticles(SeNPs)as nanofertilizers may lead to the release of SeNPs into aquatic systems.However,the environmental behavior of SeNPs is rarely studied.In this study,using alginate-coated SeNPs(Alg-SeNPs)and polyvinyl alcohol-coated SeNPs(PVA-SeNPs)as models,we systematically investigated the aggregation and stability of SeNPs under various water conditions.PVA-SeNPs were highly stable in mono-and polyvalent electrolytes,probably due to the strong steric hindrance of the capping agent.Alg-SeNPs only suffered from a limited increase in size,even at 2500 mmol/L NaCl and 200 mmol/L MgCl_(2),while they underwent apparent aggregation in CaCl_(2) and LaCl_(3) solutions.The binding of Ca^(2+) and La^(3+) with the guluronic acid part in alginate induced the formation of cross-linking aggregates.Natural organic matter enhanced the stability of Alg-SeNPs in monovalent electrolytes,while accelerated the attachment of Alg-SeNPs in polyvalent electrolytes,due to the cation bridge effects.The long-term stability of SeNPs in natural water showed that the aggregation sizes of Alg-SeNPs and PVA-SeNPs increased to several hundreds of nanometers or above 10μm after 30 days,implying that SeNPs may be suspended in the water column or further settle down,depending on the surrounding water chemistry.The study may contribute to the deep insight into the fate and mobility of SeNPs in the aquatic environment.The varying fate of SeNPs in different natural waters also suggests that the risks of SeNPs to organisms living in diverse depths in the aquatic compartment should be concerned.
基金supported by the 2006 Core Construction Technology Development Project (06KSHS-B01)through ECORIVER21 Research Center in KICTTEP of MOCT
文摘This article aims to describe the influence of diffuse pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter （NOM） in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensive observation results and the dynamic water quality simulation using CE-QUAL-W2. Turbidity is regarded as a comprehensive representation of allochothonous organic matter from diffuse sources in storm season because the turbidity concentration showed reasonable significance in a statistical correlation with the UV absorbance at 254 nm and total phosphorus. CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results showed good consistency with the observed data in terms of dissolved organic matter （DOM） including refractory dissolved organic carbon （RDOC） and labile DOC and also well explained the internal movement of constituents and stratification phenomenon in the reservoir. Instead turbidity and NOM were related well in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually as changing to dissolved form of organic matter, RDOM affected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity. To control the increase of soluble organic matters in the dam reservoir, appropriate dam water discharge gate operation provided effective measurement. Because of the gate operation let avoid the accumulation of organic matter within a dam reservoir by shorten of turbid regime retention time.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFE0133200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21876210 and 21806173)+1 种基金the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Planning Projects(No.2019A050503006)Hong Kong RGC(Nos.16206416 and T21-604/19-R)。
文摘UV/chlorine process,as an emerging advanced oxidation process(AOP),was effective for removing micro-pollutants via various reactive radicals,but it also led to the changes of natural organic matter(NOM)and formation of disinfection byproducts(DBPs).By using negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(ESI FT-ICR MS),the transformation of Suwannee River NOM(SRNOM)and the formation of chlorinated DBPs(Cl-DBPs)in the UV/chlorine AOP and subsequent post-chlorination were tracked and compared with dark chlorination.In comparison to dark chlorination,the involvement of Cl O·,Cl·,and HO·in the UV/chlorine AOP promoted the transformation of NOM by removing the compounds owning higher aromaticity(AI mod)value and DBE(double-bond equivalence)/C ratio and causing the decrease in the proportion of aromatic compounds.Meanwhile,more compounds which contained only C,H,O,N atoms(CHON)were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP compared with dark chlorination via photolysis of organic chloramines or radical reactions.A total of 833 compounds contained C,H,O,Cl atoms(CHOCl)were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP,higher than 789 CHOCl compounds in dark chlorination,and one-chlorine-containing components were the dominant species.The different products from chlorine substitution reactions(SR)and addition reactions(AR)suggested that SR often occurred in the precursors owning higher H/C ratio and AR often occurred in the precursors owning higher aromaticity.Post-chlorination further caused the cleavages of NOM structures into small molecular weight compounds,removed CHON compounds and enhanced the formation of Cl-DBPs.The results provide information about NOM transformation and Cl-DBPs formation at molecular levels in the UV/chlorine AOP.
基金the National Research Laboratory Program by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation(NOM Lab:R0A-2007-000-20055-0).
文摘The formation of a dynamic membrane(DM)was investigated using polyethylene glycol(PEG)(molecular weight of 35000 g/mol,concentration of 1 g/L).Two natural organic matters(NOM),Dongbok Lake NOM(DLNOM)and Suwannee River NOM(SRNOM)were used in the ultrafiltration experiments along with PEG.To evaluate the effects of the DM with PEG on ultrafiltration,various transport experiments were conducted,and the analyses of the NOM in the membrane feed and permeate were performed using high performance size exclusion chromatography,and the effective pore size distribution(effective PSD)and effective molecular weight cut off(effective MWCO)were determined.The advantages of DM formed with PEG can be summarized as follows:(1)PEG interferes with NOM transmission through the ultrafiltration membrane pores by increasing the retention coefficient of NOM in UF membranes,and(2)low removal of NOM by the DM is affected by external factors,such as pressure increases during UF membrane filtration,which decreases the effective PSD and effective MWCO of UF membranes.However,a disadvantage of the DM with PEG was severe flux decline;thus,one must be mindful of both the positive and negative influences of the DM when optimizing the UF performance of the membrane.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program in the 11th-Five Year Plan of China (No.2006BAD01B03)
文摘Particles and natural organic matter （NOM） are two major concerns in surface water, which greatly influence the membrane filtration process. The objective of this article is to investigate the efiect of particles, NOM and their interaction on the submerged ultrafiltration （UF） membrane flux under conditions of solo UF and coagulation and PAC adsorption as the pretreatment of UF. Particles, NOM and their mixture were spiked in tap water to simulate raw water. Exponential relationship, （JP/JP0 = a×exp{-k[t-（n-1）T]}）, was developed to quantify the normalized membrane flux dynamics during the filtration period and fitted the results well. In this equation, coefficient a was determined by the value of JP/JP0 at the beginning of a filtration cycle, refiecting the flux recovery after backwashing, that is, the irreversible fouling. The coefficient k refiected the trend of flux dynamics. Integrated total permeability （ΣJP） in one filtration period could be used as a quantified indicator for comparison of different hybrid membrane processes or under different scenarios. According to the results, there was an additive effect on membrane flux by NOM and particles during solo UF process. This additive fouling could be alleviated by coagulation pretreatment since particles helped the formation of flocs with coagulant, which further delayed the decrease of membrane flux and benefited flux recovery by backwashing. The addition of PAC also increased membrane flux by adsorbing NOM and improved flux recovery through backwashing.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China（Nos.51178322, 51378367） and the National Science and Technology Maj or Project, China（Nos.2012ZX07408-001, 2012ZX07404-004）.
文摘Fouling of cellulose triacetate（CTA） forward osmosis（FO） membranes by natural organic matter（NOM） was studied by means of a cross-flow fiat-sheet forward osmosis membrane system. The NOM solution was employed as the feed solution（FS）, and a sodium chloride solution（3 tool/L） was used for the draw solution（DS）. The process was conducted at various temperatures and cross-flow velocities. The flux decline was investigated with 3 h forward osmosis operation. The substances absorbed on the membranes were cleaned by ultrasonic oscillation of the fouled membranes and were characterized by methodologies including fluorescence excitation-emission matrices （EEMs） and liquid chromatography with an organic carbon detector（LC-OCD）, and the variations of membrane properties were also investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer（FTIR） and a contact angle meter. It was noted that the rejection efficiency of NOM is remarkable and that ultrasonic oscillation is an effective method to extract the NOM fouled on the CTA membranes after FO process. A higher cross-flow velocity and lower temperature benefit the anti-fouling capacity of the membrane significantly. Although humic substances accounted for the majority of the NOM, aromatic proteins and amino acids were the main fouling components on the membranes, with symbolic FTIR peaks at 2355, 1408 and 873 cm^-1. The present surface foulant made the membranes becoming more hydrophilic, as demonstrated by a significant decrease in contact angle（ranging from 20% to 46%） under all the operation conditions.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Alberta Innovates,and Alberta Health
文摘Introduction Natural organic matter（NOM）present in source water has significant impact on water treatment processes and on the quality of drinking water.NOM is a complex mixture of diverse groups of organic compounds,humic and fulvic acids,proteins,peptides,carbohydrates,and heterogeneous materials
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.41171198,41403079)the Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology(no.cstc2015jcyj A20021)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ministry of Education of China(no.XDJK2015B035)
文摘The phosphorus（P） fraction distribution and formation mechanism in the supernatant after P adsorption onto iron oxides and iron oxide-humic acid（HA） complexes were analyzed using the ultrafiltration method in this study.With an initial P concentration of 20 mg/L（I =0.01 mol/L and pH = 7）,it was shown that the colloid（1 kDa-0.45 μm） component of P accounted for 10.6%,11.6%,6.5%,and 4.0%of remaining total P concentration in the supernatant after P adsorption onto ferrihydrite（FH）,goethite（GE）,ferrihydrite-humic acid complex（FH-HA）,goethite-humic acid complex（GE-HA）,respectively.The 〈1 kDa component of P was still the predominant fraction in the supernatant,and underestimated colloidal P accounted for 2.2%,55.1%,45.5%,and 38.7%of P adsorption onto the solid surface of FH,FH-HA,GE and GE-HA,respectively.Thus,the colloid P could not be neglected.Notably,it could be interpreted that Fe3＋ hydrolysis from the adsorbents followed by the formation of colloidal hydrous ferric oxide aggregates was the main mechanism for the formation of the colloid P in the supernatant.And colloidal adsorbent particles co-existing in the supernatant were another important reason for it.Additionally,dissolve organic matter dissolved from iron oxide-HA complexes could occupy large adsorption sites of colloidal iron causing less colloid P in the supernatant.Ultimately,we believe that the findings can provide a new way to deeply interpret the geochemical cycling of P,even when considering other contaminants such as organic pollutants,heavy metal ions,and arsenate at the sediment/soil-water interface in the real environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21377150 and 51578530)
文摘Municipal wastewater reclamation is becoming of increasing importance in the world to solve the problem of water scarcity. A better understanding of the molecular composition of effluent organic matter（Ef OM） in the treated effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants（WWTPs） is crucial for ensuring the safety of water reuse. In this study, the molecular composition of Ef OM in the secondary effluent of a WWTP in Beijing and the reclaimed water further treated with a coagulation–sedimentation–ozonation process were characterized using a non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry（FT-ICR MS） method and compared to that of natural organic matter（NOM） in the local source water from a reservoir. It was found that the molecular composition of Ef OM in the secondary effluent and reclaimed water was dominated by CHOS formulas, while NOM in the source water was dominated by CHO formulas. The CHO formulas of the three samples had similar origins. Anthropogenic surfactants were responsible for the CHOS formulas in Ef OM of the secondary effluent and were not well removed by the coagulation-sedimentation-ozonation treatment process adopted.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2014CB932001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21237002 and 21425729)
文摘Accumulation of organic contaminants on fullerene nanoparticles（nC（60）） may significantly affect the risks of C（60） in the environment.The objective of this study was to further understand how the interplay of nC（60） formation routes and humic acid modification affects contaminant adsorption of nC（60）.Specifically,adsorption of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene（a model nonionic,hydrophobic organic contaminant） on nC（60） was greatly affected by nC（60）formation route- the formation route significantly affected the aggregation properties of nC（60）,thus affecting the available surface area and the extent of adsorption via the pore-filling mechanism.Depending on whether nC（60） was formed via the ＂top-down＂ route（i.e.,sonicating C（60） powder in aqueous solution） or ＂bottom-up＂ route（i.e.,phase transfer from an organic solvent） and the type of solvent involved（toluene versus tetrahydrofuran）,modification of nC（60） with Suwannee River humic acid（SRHA） could either enhance or inhibit the adsorption affinity of nC（60）.The net effect depended on the specific way in which SRHA interacted with C（60） monomers and/or C（60） aggregates of different sizes and morphology,which determined the relative importance of enhanced adsorption from SRHA modification via preventing C（60） aggregation and inhibited adsorption through blocking available adsorption sites.The findings further demonstrate the complex mechanisms controlling interactions between nC（60） and organic contaminants,and may have significant implications for the life-cycle analysis and risk assessment of C（60）.
基金supported by the project of " Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China " (No. 2008ZX07420-005)the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51290284)the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (No. 20131089247)
文摘The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter（NOM） concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon（DOC） in the source water. KMn O4pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O3＋ activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV254 in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organic matter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2%of color, 96.0% of UV254 and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.
文摘Dissolved organic matter （DOM） concentrations have been measured in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland, the Tablas de Daimiel, Spain, when the system-characterised by variable hydroperiodicity conditions, was completely flooded （February 2011）. Fluxes of DOM from the wetland soils to the overlying waters were measured by using a passive diffusion sampler （peeper）. Not only dissolved organic carbon （DOC） concentrations were measured but refractory organic matter （ROM, usually known as humic substances） was also quantified using a novel voltammetric method. Fluorescence spectra were recorded to help in selecting the appropriate standard for ROM quantification, test the homogeneity of DOM in the waters and get an indication of their source. The results obtained show a 7-fold increase in measured ROM concentrations from the Gigtiela River to the outlet, which points to a net exportation of ROM from the wetland and to the existence of an internal source of ROM in the system, probably diffusion from the wetland soils. This hypothesis is confirmed by the flux of ROM from the soils to the water column measured with the peeper and by the common fluorescence characteristics of colunm and interstitial waters. The smaller increase in DOC concentrations along the wetland, in spite of the higher DOC fluxes from soils, suggests that there is significant turnover of organic carbon （OC） in the water column. The system acts as a major carbon sink but, when flooded, exports .OC as DOM.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2019YFD1100204).The experimental supporting by National Environmental and Energy Base for International Science&Technology Cooperation was greatly appreciated.
文摘Sulfamethoxazole(SMX)is commonly detected in wastewater and cannot be completely decomposed during conventional treatment processes.Ozone(O_(3))is often used in water treatment.This study explored the influence of natural organic matters(NOM)in secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant on the ozonation pathways of SMX.The changes in NOM components during ozonation were also analyzed.SMX was primarily degraded by hydrolysis,isoxazole-ring opening,and double-bond addition,whereas hydroxylation was not the principal route given the low maximum abundances of the hydroxylated products,with m/z of 269 and 287.The hydroxylation process occurred mainly through indirect oxidation because the maximum abundances of the products reduced by about 70%after the radical quencher was added,whereas isoxazole-ring opening and double-bond addition processes mainly depended on direct oxidation,which was unaffected by the quencher.NOM mainly affected the degradation of micropollutants by consuming•OH rather than O_(3)molecules,resulting in the 63%–85%decrease in indirect oxidation products.The NOM in the effluent were also degraded simultaneously during ozonation,and the components with larger aromaticity were more likely degraded through direct oxidation.The dependences of the three main components of NOM in the effluent on indirect oxidation followed the sequence:humic-like substances>fluvic-like substance-s>protein-like substances.This study reveals the ozonation mechanism of SMX in secondary effluent and provides a theoretical basis for the control of SMX and its degradation products in actual water treatment.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(Grant No.2004CB418505)。
文摘To understand the water purification mechanism of potassium permanganate as a coagulation-aid during the preoxidation process,the microtopography of its reductive products,the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide and the aged hydrous manganese dioxide,was investigated.The morphology of natural organic matter(NOM)adsorbed by the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was also com-pared with that of NOM alone.By using the tapping mode atomic force microscopy(AFM),the observation results show that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide possess a perforated sheet(with a thickness of 0-1.75 nm)as well as some spherical particle structures compared with the hydrous manganese dioxide with 2 h aging time,which demonstrated that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide had a large surface area and adsorption capacity.When 1 mmol/L newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was added,the micro-topography of NOM molecules shifted from a loosely dis-persed pancake shape(with adsorption height of 5-8.5 nm)to a densely dispersed and uniform spherical structure.These results provide a valid proof that it is the perfect adsorption capability of the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide that might result in the coagulation aid effect of potassium permanganate preoxidation.
基金support provided by Program for Changjiang Scholars Innovative Research Team in University,NSFC(Nos.51290282 and 51208249)Jiangsu Nature Science Fund for Distinguished Scientists(No.BK2010006)Joint Innovation Project for Production-Study-Research in Jiangsu Province(No.BY2012155) China
文摘A novel, bifunctional, hypercrosslinked, magnetic resin W2 was prepared using divinylbenzene （DVB） and glycidyl methacrylate （GMA） as comonomers in three steps （i.e., suspension polymerization, amination and post-crosslinking reactions）. To evaluate the adsorption of natural organic matter （NOM） and organic micropollutants （OMPs） on the obtained resin W2, two magnetic resins W1 （the precursor of W2 before post-crosslinking） and W0 （the precursor of W1 before amination） were chosen for comparison. The results indicated that W2 would be a promising material for the removal of both NOM and OMPs from aquatic environments.
基金The Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2002AA601120)
文摘Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into the mechanisms that are operative in pre-ozonized coagulation. Effects ofpre-ozonation on organic matter removal during coagulation with IPF-PAC1 were investigated by using PDA （photometric disperse analysis）, apparent molecular weight distribution and chemical fractionation. The dynamic formation of flocs during coagulation process was detected. Changes of aquatic organic matter （AOM） structure resulted from the influence of pre-ozonation were evaluated. Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation. No significant coagulation-aid effect of O3 was observed for all experiments using either A1C13 or PAC1. On the contrary, with the application of pre-ozonation, the coagulation efficiency of A1C13 was significantly deteriorated, reflected by the retardation of floc formation, and the removal decreases of turbidity, DOC, and UV254. However, if PACl was used instead of AlCl3, the adverse effects of pre-ozonation were mitigated obviously, particularly when the O3 dosage was less than 0.69 （mg O3/mg TOC）. The difference between removals of UV254, and DOC indicated that pre-ozonation greatly changed the molecular structure of AOM, but its capability of mineralization was not remarkable. Only 5% or so DOC was removed by pre-ozonation at 0.6--0.8 mg/L alone. Fractionation results showed that the organic products of pre-ozonation exhibited lower molecular weight and more hydrophilicity, which impaired the removal of DOC in the following coagulation process.
文摘Effects of natural organic matters(NOM) and hydrated metal oxides(HMO) in sediments on the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were investigated by means of removing NOM and HMO in Liaohe River sediments sequentially. The results showed that the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB followed pseudo first order kinetics in different sediments. But, the extents and rates of degradation were different, even the other conditions remained the same. Anaerobic degradation rates of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were 0 020 d -1 , 0 009 d -1 and 0 035 month -1 respectively for the sediments without additional carbon resources. However, with addition of carbon resources, the anaerobic degradation rates of γ 666, p, p ' DDT and HCB were 0 071 d -1 , 0 054 d -1 and 0 088 month -1 in the original sediments respectively. After removing NOM, the rates were decreased to 0 047 d -1 , 0 037 d -1 and 0 066 month -1 ; in the sediments removed NOM and HMO, the rates were increased to 0 067 d -1 , 0 059 d -1 and 0 086 month -1 . These results indicated that NOM in the sediments accelerated the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB; the HMO inhibited the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB.
