Indonesian oil sands were systematically separated to investigate their basic composition.The extraction effects of the solvents with different Hilderbrand solubility parameters(HSPs)on the bitumen of Indonesian oil s...Indonesian oil sands were systematically separated to investigate their basic composition.The extraction effects of the solvents with different Hilderbrand solubility parameters(HSPs)on the bitumen of Indonesian oil sands were compared.Furthermore,the Hansen solubility combination parameter(HSCP)and Teas triangle were used to explore rules in the separation of oil sands bitumen via solvent extraction.Finally,the saturates,aromatics,resins,and asphaltenes(SARA)fractions of the bitumen from Indonesian oil sands were analyzed.The results showed that the Indonesian oil sands were oil-wet with a bitumen content of 24.93%.The solvent extraction for bitumen could be accurately and conveniently selected based on the solubility parameter.When the HSPs of the extraction solvent were around 18–19 and the HSCPs were closer to a certain range(δ_(d)=17.5–18.0,δ_(p)=1–3.5,and δ_(h)=2–6),the extraction effect of bitumen from Indonesian oil sands improved,and the primary component affecting the extraction rate of bitumen were asphaltenes.展开更多
Gold-tube pyrolysis experiments were performed on two Athabasca oil sand bitumens at 300℃to 525℃with 2℃/h rate and 25℃step under 50 MPa.Pyrolysis temperature of 425℃is critical for weight loss of bulk bitumen and...Gold-tube pyrolysis experiments were performed on two Athabasca oil sand bitumens at 300℃to 525℃with 2℃/h rate and 25℃step under 50 MPa.Pyrolysis temperature of 425℃is critical for weight loss of bulk bitumen and hydrocarbon generation and destruction.Polar compounds are the main source of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon,gas and coke fractions.Molecular compositions in pyrolyzates vary systematically with increasing pyrolysis temperatures.High molecular weight n-alkanes(C26^+) are gradually destructed during pyrolysis due to thermal cracking.Moderate molecular weight n-alkanes(C21-C25)show the highest thermal stability in designed pyrolysis temperatures.The loss of low molecular weight n-alkanes(C20^-)might be caused by volatilization during pyrolysis,which may alter commonly used molecular parameters such as∑n-C20^-/∑n-C21^+,Pr/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18.Aromatic hydrocarbons were generated from 300 to 425℃,then condensation and dealkylation have been initiated at 425℃as evidenced by decreased summed alkylnaphthalenes to alkylphenanthrenes ratios and increased unsubstituted aromatics to substituted homologs ratios in higher temperatures.The occurrence of anthracene and benz[a]anthracene in pyrolysates indicates pyrogenic origin,while fluoranthene shows unexpected behaviors during pyrolysis.Ratios derived from them are not always reliable for pyrogenic source input diagnosis in environmental samples.展开更多
According to the analysis of the 2020 estimates of the International Energy Agency(2020),the world will require up to 770 billion barrels of oil from now to 2040.However,based on the British Petroleum(BP)statistical r...According to the analysis of the 2020 estimates of the International Energy Agency(2020),the world will require up to 770 billion barrels of oil from now to 2040.However,based on the British Petroleum(BP)statistical review of world energy 2020,the world-wide total reserve of the conventional light oil is only 520.2 billion barrels as at the end of 2019.That implies that the remaining 249.8 billion barrels of oil urgently needed to ensure a smooth transition to a decarbonised global energy and economic systems is provided must come from unconventional oils(i.e.heavy oils and bitumen)reserves.But heavy oils and bitumen are very difficult to produce and the current commercial production technologies have poor efficiency and release large quantities of greenhouse gases.Therefore,these resources should ideally be upgraded and produced using technologies that have greener credentials.This is where the energy-efficient,environmentally friendly,and self-sustaining THAI-CAPRI coupled in situ combustion and in situ catalytic upgrading process comes in.However,the novel THAI-CAPRI process is trialled only once at field and it has not gained wide recognition due to poor understanding of the optimal design parameters and procedures.Hence,this work reports the first ever results of investigations of the effect of operating pressure on the performance of the THAI-CAPRI process.Two experimental scale numerical models of the process based on Athabasca tar sand properties were run at pressures of 8000 kPa and 500 kPa respectively using CMG STARS.This study has shown that the higher the operating pressure,the larger the API gravity and the higher the cumulative volume of high-quality oil is produced(i.e.a 2300 cm3 of z24 oAPI oil produced at 8000 kPa versus the 2050 cm3 of z17.5 oAPI oil produced at 500 kPa).The study has further shown that despite presence of annular catalyst layer,the THAI-CAPRI process operates stably.However,it is found that a more stable and safer operation of the process can only be achieved at optimal pressure that should lie between 500 kPa and 8000 kPa,especially since at the lower pressure,should the process time be extended,it will not take long before oxygen breakthrough takes place.The simulations have shown in details that at higher pressures,the catalyst bed is easily and rapidly coked and thus the catalyst life will be very short especially during actual field reservoir operations.Since the oil drainage flux into the HP well at field-scale is different from that at laboratory-scale,and at field-scale,the combustion front does not propagate inside the HP well,it will be practically very challenging to regenerate or replace the coke-deactivated annular catalyst layer in actual reservoir operations.There-fore,it is concluded that during field operation designs,an optimum pressure must be selected such that a balance is obtained between the combustion front stability and the degree of catalytic upgrading,and between the catalyst life and its effectiveness.展开更多
The presence of a bottom water(BW)layer in heavy oil reservoirs can present substantial problems for efficient oil recovery for all recovery techniques.Hence,it is necessary to know how particular production processes...The presence of a bottom water(BW)layer in heavy oil reservoirs can present substantial problems for efficient oil recovery for all recovery techniques.Hence,it is necessary to know how particular production processes are affected by different BW layer thicknesses,and how standard production procedures can be adapted to handle such reservoirs.Toe-to-heel air injection(THAI)is a thermally efficient process,generating in situ energy in the reservoir by burning a fraction of the oil-in-place as coke and has the potential to economically and environmentally friendly work in reservoirs with BW layer.However,to ascertain that,studies are needed first.These are conducted via numerical simulations using commercial reservoir thermal simulator,CMG STARS.This work has shown that the shape of the combustion zone in THAI remains forward-leaning even in the presence of a BW layer,indicating that the process is stable,and that there is no oxygen bypassing of the combustion front.However,the oil recovery rate is highly negatively affected by how large the thickness of the BWzone is,and the severity of such effect is determined to be proportional to the thickness of the BW layer.This study also shows that there is a period of low oil production rate which corresponds to mobilised oil displacement into the BW zone which in turn causes a surge in water production rate.The practical implication of this is that prolonged period of low oil production rates will expose companies and/or investors to higher risk due to the oil market volatility.In this study,it is also revealed that the height of the mobilised oil that is displaced into the BW zone equates to that of the displaced and replaced water thereby implying that when the BW layer thickness is 50%that of the oil layer(OL),less than 50%of the mobilised oil will be recovered when the entire reservoir is swept by the combustion front.Therefore,conclusively,applying the THAI process in its conventional form in reservoirs containing bottom water is not recommended,and as a result,a new strategy is needed to enhance process economics by improving the oil production and hence recovery rates.展开更多
Based on the analysis of recent projections by the International Energy Agency(IEA),to meet the growing and subsequently declining demands of oil from now to 2040,we need up to around 770 billion barrels of oil.Since ...Based on the analysis of recent projections by the International Energy Agency(IEA),to meet the growing and subsequently declining demands of oil from now to 2040,we need up to around 770 billion barrels of oil.Since the worldwide total proved reserves of easy-and-cheaper-to-produce conventional oils is roughly only 520.2 billion barrels,the remaining 249.8 billion barrels must be obtained from unconventional petroleum resources(i.e.heavy oils and bitumen).These resources are however very difficult and costly to upgrade and produce due to their inherently high asphaltene contents which are reflected in their very high viscosities and large densities.However,still they should prove attractive development prospects if,as much as practicably possible,their upgrading can be performed in conjunction with in situ or downhole catalytic upgrading processes.Such projects will contribute significantly towards smoother and greener transition to full decarbonisation.Advanced technologies,such as the toe-to-heel air injection coupled to its add-on in situ catalytic process(i.e.THAI-CAPRI processes),have the potential to develop these reserves,but require further developmental understanding to realise their full capability.In this work,a new detailed procedure for numerically simulating the THAI-CAPRI processes is presented.The numerical model is made-up of Athabasca-type bitumen and it has a horizontal producer(HP)well that is surrounded by an annular layer of alumina-supported cobalt-oxide-molybdenum-oxide(CoMo/γ-Al2O3)catalyst.The simulation is performed using the computer modelling group(CMG)reservoir simulator,STARS.This new work has shown that the choice of the frequency factor of the catalytic reactions allowed model validation based on the degree of catalytic upgrading in form of API gravity.Overall,the work herein identifies the important parameters,such as API gravity,peak temperature,oil production rate,cumulative oil production,produced oxygen concentration,temperature distribution profile,extent of coke deposition on the catalyst surface,etc.,governing the successful operation of the THAI-CAPRI processes.In particular,this study has shown that even in the vicinities of the mobile oil zone(MOZ)where the catalytic upgrading is expected to be taking place,the catalyst surfaces are covered with high concentration of coke.This finding is in parallel to the observations reported from experiment of CAPRI process alone.Therefore,it is concluded that when experimental studies of the THAI-CAPRI processes are to be conducted,a catalyst regeneration mechanism must be put in place in order to prolong the effectiveness and thus the life of the catalyst so that proper field operation design can be made.Additionally,the study has also shown that the temperature of the MOZ is less than 306°C and that implies that an external source of heating the annular catalyst layer must be provided in order to effect the catalytic upgrading in the THAI-CAPRI processes.Thus,a new study should look at the feasibility of targeted heating(in the case of microwave)or conductive or resistive heating(in the case of electrical heating)to raise the temperature of the annular catalyst layer to that required to achieve the catalytic upgrading.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant number:BK20140260)Joint Project of Industry-University-Research of Jiangsu Province(Grant number:BY2018158,BY2021590)State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing.
文摘Indonesian oil sands were systematically separated to investigate their basic composition.The extraction effects of the solvents with different Hilderbrand solubility parameters(HSPs)on the bitumen of Indonesian oil sands were compared.Furthermore,the Hansen solubility combination parameter(HSCP)and Teas triangle were used to explore rules in the separation of oil sands bitumen via solvent extraction.Finally,the saturates,aromatics,resins,and asphaltenes(SARA)fractions of the bitumen from Indonesian oil sands were analyzed.The results showed that the Indonesian oil sands were oil-wet with a bitumen content of 24.93%.The solvent extraction for bitumen could be accurately and conveniently selected based on the solubility parameter.When the HSPs of the extraction solvent were around 18–19 and the HSCPs were closer to a certain range(δ_(d)=17.5–18.0,δ_(p)=1–3.5,and δ_(h)=2–6),the extraction effect of bitumen from Indonesian oil sands improved,and the primary component affecting the extraction rate of bitumen were asphaltenes.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 41573035,41873049)the Mitacs project at University of Calgary。
文摘Gold-tube pyrolysis experiments were performed on two Athabasca oil sand bitumens at 300℃to 525℃with 2℃/h rate and 25℃step under 50 MPa.Pyrolysis temperature of 425℃is critical for weight loss of bulk bitumen and hydrocarbon generation and destruction.Polar compounds are the main source of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon,gas and coke fractions.Molecular compositions in pyrolyzates vary systematically with increasing pyrolysis temperatures.High molecular weight n-alkanes(C26^+) are gradually destructed during pyrolysis due to thermal cracking.Moderate molecular weight n-alkanes(C21-C25)show the highest thermal stability in designed pyrolysis temperatures.The loss of low molecular weight n-alkanes(C20^-)might be caused by volatilization during pyrolysis,which may alter commonly used molecular parameters such as∑n-C20^-/∑n-C21^+,Pr/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18.Aromatic hydrocarbons were generated from 300 to 425℃,then condensation and dealkylation have been initiated at 425℃as evidenced by decreased summed alkylnaphthalenes to alkylphenanthrenes ratios and increased unsubstituted aromatics to substituted homologs ratios in higher temperatures.The occurrence of anthracene and benz[a]anthracene in pyrolysates indicates pyrogenic origin,while fluoranthene shows unexpected behaviors during pyrolysis.Ratios derived from them are not always reliable for pyrogenic source input diagnosis in environmental samples.
文摘According to the analysis of the 2020 estimates of the International Energy Agency(2020),the world will require up to 770 billion barrels of oil from now to 2040.However,based on the British Petroleum(BP)statistical review of world energy 2020,the world-wide total reserve of the conventional light oil is only 520.2 billion barrels as at the end of 2019.That implies that the remaining 249.8 billion barrels of oil urgently needed to ensure a smooth transition to a decarbonised global energy and economic systems is provided must come from unconventional oils(i.e.heavy oils and bitumen)reserves.But heavy oils and bitumen are very difficult to produce and the current commercial production technologies have poor efficiency and release large quantities of greenhouse gases.Therefore,these resources should ideally be upgraded and produced using technologies that have greener credentials.This is where the energy-efficient,environmentally friendly,and self-sustaining THAI-CAPRI coupled in situ combustion and in situ catalytic upgrading process comes in.However,the novel THAI-CAPRI process is trialled only once at field and it has not gained wide recognition due to poor understanding of the optimal design parameters and procedures.Hence,this work reports the first ever results of investigations of the effect of operating pressure on the performance of the THAI-CAPRI process.Two experimental scale numerical models of the process based on Athabasca tar sand properties were run at pressures of 8000 kPa and 500 kPa respectively using CMG STARS.This study has shown that the higher the operating pressure,the larger the API gravity and the higher the cumulative volume of high-quality oil is produced(i.e.a 2300 cm3 of z24 oAPI oil produced at 8000 kPa versus the 2050 cm3 of z17.5 oAPI oil produced at 500 kPa).The study has further shown that despite presence of annular catalyst layer,the THAI-CAPRI process operates stably.However,it is found that a more stable and safer operation of the process can only be achieved at optimal pressure that should lie between 500 kPa and 8000 kPa,especially since at the lower pressure,should the process time be extended,it will not take long before oxygen breakthrough takes place.The simulations have shown in details that at higher pressures,the catalyst bed is easily and rapidly coked and thus the catalyst life will be very short especially during actual field reservoir operations.Since the oil drainage flux into the HP well at field-scale is different from that at laboratory-scale,and at field-scale,the combustion front does not propagate inside the HP well,it will be practically very challenging to regenerate or replace the coke-deactivated annular catalyst layer in actual reservoir operations.There-fore,it is concluded that during field operation designs,an optimum pressure must be selected such that a balance is obtained between the combustion front stability and the degree of catalytic upgrading,and between the catalyst life and its effectiveness.
文摘The presence of a bottom water(BW)layer in heavy oil reservoirs can present substantial problems for efficient oil recovery for all recovery techniques.Hence,it is necessary to know how particular production processes are affected by different BW layer thicknesses,and how standard production procedures can be adapted to handle such reservoirs.Toe-to-heel air injection(THAI)is a thermally efficient process,generating in situ energy in the reservoir by burning a fraction of the oil-in-place as coke and has the potential to economically and environmentally friendly work in reservoirs with BW layer.However,to ascertain that,studies are needed first.These are conducted via numerical simulations using commercial reservoir thermal simulator,CMG STARS.This work has shown that the shape of the combustion zone in THAI remains forward-leaning even in the presence of a BW layer,indicating that the process is stable,and that there is no oxygen bypassing of the combustion front.However,the oil recovery rate is highly negatively affected by how large the thickness of the BWzone is,and the severity of such effect is determined to be proportional to the thickness of the BW layer.This study also shows that there is a period of low oil production rate which corresponds to mobilised oil displacement into the BW zone which in turn causes a surge in water production rate.The practical implication of this is that prolonged period of low oil production rates will expose companies and/or investors to higher risk due to the oil market volatility.In this study,it is also revealed that the height of the mobilised oil that is displaced into the BW zone equates to that of the displaced and replaced water thereby implying that when the BW layer thickness is 50%that of the oil layer(OL),less than 50%of the mobilised oil will be recovered when the entire reservoir is swept by the combustion front.Therefore,conclusively,applying the THAI process in its conventional form in reservoirs containing bottom water is not recommended,and as a result,a new strategy is needed to enhance process economics by improving the oil production and hence recovery rates.
文摘Based on the analysis of recent projections by the International Energy Agency(IEA),to meet the growing and subsequently declining demands of oil from now to 2040,we need up to around 770 billion barrels of oil.Since the worldwide total proved reserves of easy-and-cheaper-to-produce conventional oils is roughly only 520.2 billion barrels,the remaining 249.8 billion barrels must be obtained from unconventional petroleum resources(i.e.heavy oils and bitumen).These resources are however very difficult and costly to upgrade and produce due to their inherently high asphaltene contents which are reflected in their very high viscosities and large densities.However,still they should prove attractive development prospects if,as much as practicably possible,their upgrading can be performed in conjunction with in situ or downhole catalytic upgrading processes.Such projects will contribute significantly towards smoother and greener transition to full decarbonisation.Advanced technologies,such as the toe-to-heel air injection coupled to its add-on in situ catalytic process(i.e.THAI-CAPRI processes),have the potential to develop these reserves,but require further developmental understanding to realise their full capability.In this work,a new detailed procedure for numerically simulating the THAI-CAPRI processes is presented.The numerical model is made-up of Athabasca-type bitumen and it has a horizontal producer(HP)well that is surrounded by an annular layer of alumina-supported cobalt-oxide-molybdenum-oxide(CoMo/γ-Al2O3)catalyst.The simulation is performed using the computer modelling group(CMG)reservoir simulator,STARS.This new work has shown that the choice of the frequency factor of the catalytic reactions allowed model validation based on the degree of catalytic upgrading in form of API gravity.Overall,the work herein identifies the important parameters,such as API gravity,peak temperature,oil production rate,cumulative oil production,produced oxygen concentration,temperature distribution profile,extent of coke deposition on the catalyst surface,etc.,governing the successful operation of the THAI-CAPRI processes.In particular,this study has shown that even in the vicinities of the mobile oil zone(MOZ)where the catalytic upgrading is expected to be taking place,the catalyst surfaces are covered with high concentration of coke.This finding is in parallel to the observations reported from experiment of CAPRI process alone.Therefore,it is concluded that when experimental studies of the THAI-CAPRI processes are to be conducted,a catalyst regeneration mechanism must be put in place in order to prolong the effectiveness and thus the life of the catalyst so that proper field operation design can be made.Additionally,the study has also shown that the temperature of the MOZ is less than 306°C and that implies that an external source of heating the annular catalyst layer must be provided in order to effect the catalytic upgrading in the THAI-CAPRI processes.Thus,a new study should look at the feasibility of targeted heating(in the case of microwave)or conductive or resistive heating(in the case of electrical heating)to raise the temperature of the annular catalyst layer to that required to achieve the catalytic upgrading.
