In order to evaluate the effects of soil depth on the contents of soil organic nitrogen,organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil profile were quantified using the method proposed by Bremner in 1965.The result...In order to evaluate the effects of soil depth on the contents of soil organic nitrogen,organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil profile were quantified using the method proposed by Bremner in 1965.The results indicated that in addition to the amino sugar-N,all the soil organic N components within the same soil layer in wasteland were more than those in apple-pear orchard soil;with the layer depth increasing,the contents of different organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil and wasteland were decreased;and the proportion of each organic N component within total hydrolysable N was different,and the percentages of ammonia N and amino acid-N components within total hydrolysable N were higher,especially the percentage of ammonia N components within total hydrolysable N was the highest.展开更多
Physical and biochemical properties of apple orchard soils of different productivities (orchard A: 30 t·haǃorchard B: 20 t·haǃ) were analyzed. Most of the physical properties were simi...Physical and biochemical properties of apple orchard soils of different productivities (orchard A: 30 t·haǃorchard B: 20 t·haǃ) were analyzed. Most of the physical properties were similar in both orchards. In orchard A, the horizontal saturated hydraulic conductivity at 10-cm depth was 16.42 cm·dayǃ, and was about four times higher than that in orchard B (4.41 cm·dayǃ). Total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were about two times higher in orchard B soil, whereas total potassium, bacterial biomass, nitrification, and phosphorus mineralization activities were similar in both orchards. Excess nutrients accumulated on the top 15 cm layer of orchard B soil because the topographical and physical conditions were associated with reduced apple productivity. Appropriate management of fallen leaves and reduction of chemical fertilizer seem necessary for a high level of apple productivity.展开更多
Investigations were carried out on the micronutrient contents,of major citrus orchard soils (involving seven soil great groups in 8 provinces and an autonomous region of southern China),and an evaluation on the abunda...Investigations were carried out on the micronutrient contents,of major citrus orchard soils (involving seven soil great groups in 8 provinces and an autonomous region of southern China),and an evaluation on the abundance and deficiency of available micronutrients in these soils was made in this paper.In southern China,citrus orchard soils derived from sandstone,sandy shale,Quaternary red clay,diluvial deposit,granite gneiss and neritic deposit were deficient in available Mo and B and low in Zn.Those developed on purple sandy shale,limestone and slope deposit were all in short supply of available Zn,B and Mo.Coastal solonchak was fairly abundant in B,but its available Fe,Zn and Mo contents were rather low.展开更多
In this study,we investigated the potential nitrification and community structure of soil-based a mmonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)in apple orchard soil during different growth periods and explored the effects of environ...In this study,we investigated the potential nitrification and community structure of soil-based a mmonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)in apple orchard soil during different growth periods and explored the effects of environmental factors on nitrification activity and AOB community composition in the soil of a Hanfu apple orchard,using a culture-dependent technique and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE).We observed that nitrification activity and AOB abundance were the highest in November,lower in May,and the lowest in July.The results of statistical analysis indicated that total nitrogen(N)content,NH4+-N content,NO3--N content,and pH showed significant correlations with AOB abundance and nitrification activity in soil.The Shannon-Winner diversity,as well as species richness and evenness indices(determined by PCR-DGGE banding patterns)in soil samples were the highest in September,but the lowest in July,when compared to additional sampled dates.The DGGE fingerprints of soil-based 16S rRNA genes in November were apparently distinct from those observed in May,July,and September,possessing the lowest species richness indices and the highest dominance indices among all four growth periods.Fourteen DGGE bands were excised for sequencing.The resulting analysis indicated that all AOB communities belonged to theβ-Proteobacteria phylum,with the dominant AOB showing high similarity to the Nitrosospira genus.Therefore,soil-based environmental factors,such as pH variation and content of NH4+-N and NO3--N,can substantially infl uence the abundance of AOB communities in soil,and play a critical role in soil-based nitrification kinetics.展开更多
Fungi play a vital role in the management of soil environment. Although various fungal communities are found in soil, it is difficult to determine the fungal community structure in soil. In this study, we conducted a ...Fungi play a vital role in the management of soil environment. Although various fungal communities are found in soil, it is difficult to determine the fungal community structure in soil. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive survey of fungal communities in Japanese Prunus mume orchard soil from 2010 to 2012 growing seasons using next-generation sequencing technology. Fungal DNA was directly extracted from the soil samples and the internal transcribed spacer 1 region was amplified by PCR and sequenced. We identified 34,826 fungal clone sequences from the soil samples. The fungal clones were sorted into 2132 operational taxonomic units and a majority of the discriminated clone sequences were classified as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The number of fungal species belonging to Ascomycota showed increases in June in the three growing seasons. That belonging to Glomeromycota showed increases in August in the three growing seasons. As Ascomycota fungi are wood decomposers and saprotrophs, the results suggested that the number of plant pathogenic fungi increased in Japanese P. mume orchard soil in June. These findings show for the first time the annual and seasonal fungal community structures in Japanese P. mume orchard soil, and are expected to provide valuable clues for improvement when planting new P. mume trees in Japanese orchards.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the enrichment and paucity of trace elements in the soil environment of peach orchards in Zunyi City,and to provide reference for supplementary application of microeleme...[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the enrichment and paucity of trace elements in the soil environment of peach orchards in Zunyi City,and to provide reference for supplementary application of microelement fertilizers and high-quality peach production in peach orchards.[Methods]Taking the soil of three typical peach orchards(Taoli Renjia peach orchard,Pengrui peach orchard and Taohuadao peach orchard)in Shenxi Town,Honghuagang District,Zunyi City as the research object,the contents of trace elements in soil were analyzed through field sampling and indoor determination of trace elements.[Results]The effective contents of trace elements in the soil of peach orchard bases in the study area were at a medium level,and the soil of the peach orchards was rich in available Fe and Se.The contents of available Cu,Mo and Mn were relatively rich.The contents of available B were not high overall.The contents of available Zn were at a moderate to low level overall.The soil of Taoli Renjia peach orchard was relatively rich in trace elements.[Conclusions]The research results can provide a scientific basis for the production of high-quality crispy peaches in peach orchards.展开更多
Intensified field management in orcahrds has resulted in significant and widespread acidification in the soils.However,effectively mapping the spatial patterns of soil pH aiming to support ecological management is imp...Intensified field management in orcahrds has resulted in significant and widespread acidification in the soils.However,effectively mapping the spatial patterns of soil pH aiming to support ecological management is impeded by its large variotions across soil types and planting durations.Kriging methods were used to integrate soil type and planting duration information for effective mapping of orchard soil pH in a case study in orchards of the Northeast Jiaodong Peninsula,East China.A total o f 1472 surface soil samples were collected,and the planting duration o f each sampled orchard was acquired to generate a planting duration map via Voronoi tessellations.The performance of five kriging methods was compared,namely,ordinary kriging(OK),OK combined with soil type(OK_ST),OK combined with planting duration(OK_PD),cokriging combined with soil type and planting duration(OCK_STPD),and OK combined with soil type and planting duration(OK_STPD).Results showed that soil pH declined significantly with increasing planting duration and exhibited moderate spatial variability over the study area.Soil type and planting duration both had significant influence on the spatial distribution of soil pH.The OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods showed better prediction efficiency than OK,OK_ST,or OK_PD.With regard to the predicted maps of soil pH,the OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods highly reflected local variations associated with soil type and planting duration,but the OK method was poorly representative.Categorical soil type and planting duration information may be used as ancillary information to improve the mapping quality o f orchard soil pH.The OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods were practical and efficient methods for interpolating orchard soil pH in the study area.The resultant high-quality soil pH maps can contribute to improved site-specific management in the orchards.展开更多
Lime application is a conventional technology to control acidification in tea orchard soils. We investigated the effect of lime application on soil microbial community diversity in the soils of three tea orchards, was...Lime application is a conventional technology to control acidification in tea orchard soils. We investigated the effect of lime application on soil microbial community diversity in the soils of three tea orchards, wasteland and forest. The BIOLOG data showed that both the average well color development of all carbon sources and the functional diversity index increased with the liming rate in the tea orchards and the forest, but decreased in the wasteland. The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that the structural diversity index of soil microbial community increased with the liming rate in all the tea orchards, the wasteland and the forest. Lime application also increased the soil-bacterial PLFA content in all the soils. Soil fungal and actinomycete PLFAs in the tea orchards showed an increasing trend from 0 to 3.2 g CaCO 3 /kg application and then a decreasing trend from 3.2 to 6.4 g CaCO 3 /kg application. The principal component analysis of BIOLOG and PLFA data suggested that lime application had a significant effect on soil microbial community structure, and land use had a greater effect on soil microbial community structure compared to lime application.展开更多
Soil organic carbon and nitrogen are used as indexes of soil quality assessment and sustainable land use management. At the same time, soil C/N ratio is a sensitive indicator of soil quality and for assessing the carb...Soil organic carbon and nitrogen are used as indexes of soil quality assessment and sustainable land use management. At the same time, soil C/N ratio is a sensitive indicator of soil quality and for assessing the carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils. We studied the characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen by investigating a large number of apple orchards in major apple production areas in China. High apple orchard soil organic carbon content was observed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, whereas low content was found in the provinces of Shandong, Henan, Hebei, and Shaanxi, with the values ranging between 6.44 and 7.76 g·kg-1. Similar to soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen content also exhibited obvious differences in the 12 major apple producing provinces. Shandong apple orchard soil had the highest total nitrogen content (1.26 g·kg-1), followed by Beijing (1.23 g·kg-1). No significant difference was noted between these two regions, but their total nitrogen content was significantly higher than the other nine provinces, excluding Yunnan. The soil total nitrogen content for Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Henan, and Gansu was between 0.87 and 1.03 g·kg-1, which was significantly lower than that in Shandong and Beijing, but significantly higher than that in Liaoning, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. Six provinces exhibited apple orchard soil C/N ratio higher than 10, including Heilongjiang (15.42), Xinjiang (13.38), Ningxia (14.45), Liaoning (12.24), Yunnan (11.03), and Gansu (10.63). The soil C/N ratio was below 10 in the remaining six provinces, in which the highest was found in Shaanxi (9.47), followed by Beijing (8.98), Henan (7.99), and Shanxi (7.62), and the lowest was found in Hebei (6.80) and Shandong (6.05). Therefore, the improvement of soil organic carbon should be given more attention to increase the steady growth of soil C/N ratio.展开更多
Status of organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), available potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in three different depths (0-5 cm, 5-15 cm and 15?30 cm) on two hill slopes of 35% and 55% in orange orchard c...Status of organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), available potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in three different depths (0-5 cm, 5-15 cm and 15?30 cm) on two hill slopes of 35% and 55% in orange orchard cultivated by the Mro tribe of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) were evaluated and compared with those in degraded bush forests, through digging three profiles in each land use. The content of all the five nutrients was found to be higher in the soil of orange orchard than in the soil of forest. But the variation was not consistent for both the slopes. The content varied depth wise also, having the highest value in surface soil in case of both the land uses on both the slopes. A mean available K content was significantly higher in orange orchard than in forest on 55% slope, while it was lower on 35% slope. Surface soil contained the nutrients of K and Ca with the amount of 0.2905-mg·g^(-1) soil and 3.025-mg·g^(-1)soil respectively in the orchard, while 0.1934-mg·g^(-1) soil and 1.6083-mg·g^(-1) soil were respectively in the forest. Organic carbon and total nitrogen were found more or less similar in surface soil on both the land uses showing a slight difference. Available P was found only in orange orchard, and in forest it was too little in amount to detect by the spectrophotometer. The degraded forests were poor in nutrient content due to high rate of soil erosion, which would be possible to be improved by bringing it under tree cover as proved by the adaptation of orange orchard there.展开更多
Temporal variability in soil CO2 emission from an orchard was measured using a dynamic open-chamber system for measuring soil CO2 efflux in Heshan Guangdong Province, in the lower subtropical area of China. Intensive ...Temporal variability in soil CO2 emission from an orchard was measured using a dynamic open-chamber system for measuring soil CO2 efflux in Heshan Guangdong Province, in the lower subtropical area of China. Intensive measurements were conducted for a period of 12 months. Soil CO2 emissions were also modeled by multiple regression analysis from daily air temperature, dry-bulb saturated vapor pressure, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Data was analyzed based on soil moisture levels and air temperature with annual data being grouped into either hot-humid season or relatively cool season based on the precipitation patterns. This was essential in order to acquire simplified exponential models for parameter estimation. Minimum and maximum daily mean soil CO2 efflux rates were observed in November and July, with respective rates of 1.98 ± 0.66 and 11.04 ± 0.96 μmol m-2 s-1 being recorded. Annual average soil CO2 emission (FCO2) was 5.92 μmol m-2 s-1. Including all the weather variables into the model helped to explain 73.9% of temporal variability in soil CO2 emission during the measurement period. Soil CO2 efflux increased with increasing soil temperature and soil moisture. Preliminary results showed that Q10, which is defined as the difference in respiration rates over a 10 -C interval, was partly explained by fine root biomass. Soil temperature and soil moisture were the dominant factors controlling soil CO2 efflux and were regarded as the driving variables for CO2 production in the soil. Including these two variables in regression models could provide a useful tool for predicting the variation of CO2 emission in the commercial forest soils of South China .展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the effect of mouse thatched on soil temperature,yield and quality in orchards.[Methods]The response of orchard soil,yield and quality to sod culture was studied by compar...[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the effect of mouse thatched on soil temperature,yield and quality in orchards.[Methods]The response of orchard soil,yield and quality to sod culture was studied by comparisons of grassing for two years,three years and clean cultivation.[Results]In April,the soil temperature in mouse thatched area was higher than that in clean cultivation area,and the temperature in the three years of sward was the highest.From May to July,the temperature in mouse thatched area was lower than that in clean cultivation area,and the temperature was lowest in the three years of sward.At the same time,the fruit yield and quality were improved.Averaged the two years,the yield of apple increased by 12%,and the contents of sugar,soluble solids and vitamin C and the firmness of the fruit were increased,and the total acid content was decreased by planting mouse thatched.[Conclusions]Adjusting soil temperature in orchards by planting grass achieved the effects of promoting the activity of microorganisms,facilitating the growth of root system,increasing the yield and improving the quality.展开更多
The Red Soil Hilly Region in South China, where there is a high capacity of carbon(C), and the land use and vegetation cover change greatly, is an important ecological area in the world, and has an important impact on...The Red Soil Hilly Region in South China, where there is a high capacity of carbon(C), and the land use and vegetation cover change greatly, is an important ecological area in the world, and has an important impact on the global carbon cycle and the seasonal fluctuation of atmospheric CO_2. To better evaluate the effects of reclamation systems in orchards converted from grasslands on soil carbon sequestration, we investigated soil organic carbon(SOC) content and stable C isotope(δ^(13)C)composition in three nectarine orchards at Yuchi Experimental Station in South China. Compared with the sloping clean tillage orchard and terraced clean tillage orchard, SOC content in the terraced orchard with grass cover was increased by 14.90% to 38.49%, and 7.40% to 15.33%, respectively. During the 14 years after orchard establishment, the soil organic matter sources influenced both δ^(13)C distribution with depth and carbon replacement. SOC turnover of the upper soil layer in the terraced orchard with grass cover(a mean 63.05% of replacement in the 20 cm after 14 years) was 1.59 and 1.41 times larger than that of the sloping clean tillage orchard and terraced clean tillage orchard under subtropical conditions, respectively. The equilibrium value of soil organic carbon in the three treatments ranged from 16.067 to 25.608 g/kg under the experimental conditions. The equilibrium value of soil organic carbon in the surface layer under grass cover was 54.801 t/hm^2, and the carbon sequestration potential was 24.695 1 t/hm^2.展开更多
Based on the investigation of 56 soil samples( 0-30 cm) in citrus orchards of Guangxi,the content of soil organic matter and available nutrients as well as their correlations in the citrus orchards were studied. The r...Based on the investigation of 56 soil samples( 0-30 cm) in citrus orchards of Guangxi,the content of soil organic matter and available nutrients as well as their correlations in the citrus orchards were studied. The results showed that soil was rich in organic matter,and the proportion of soil samples deficient in available N,P and K was 30. 36%,32. 14% and 28. 57% respectively. Soil was seriously deficient in soil available Ca,Mg and B,while the content of soil available Fe and Cu in soil was too high. There were significant or extremely significant positive or negative correlations between soil pH,organic matter and several available nutrients. It is recommended to apply Mg fertilizer,B fertilizer,lime or other alkaline fertilizer and reduce the spraying of fungicides containing Cu in the citrus orchards.展开更多
Soil samples from 139 agricultural orchard fields (apple, grape, tea, and others) w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> an...Soil samples from 139 agricultural orchard fields (apple, grape, tea, and others) w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> analyzed using the soil fertility index. From these samples, an orchard field database was constructed and the soil properties between orchard, upland, and paddy fields </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">compared. The average value of bacterial biomass in the orchard fields was 7.4 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil, ranging from not detected (lower than 6.6 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil) to 7.7 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">9</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil. The average values of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK), were 24,000 mg/kg (2670 to 128,100 mg/kg), 1460 mg/kg (133 to 6400 mg/kg), 1030 mg/kg (142 to 5362 mg/kg), and 5370 mg/kg (1214 to 18,155 mg/kg), respectively. The C/N and C/P ratios were 19 (3 to 85) and 27 (2 to 101), respectively. Soil properties of the orchard fields were compared with those of the upland and the paddy fields. The average value of bacterial biomass in the orchard fields was almost the same as that in the upland fields (8.0 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil), but the number was lower than that in the paddy fields (12.9 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil). The average values of TC and TN in the orchard fields fell between those in the upland fields (TC: 33,120 mg/kg, TN: 2010 mg/kg) and the paddy fields (TC: 15,420 mg/kg, TN: 1080</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mg/kg). The relationship between the bacterial biomass and TC in the orchard fields resembled that in the upland fields. A suitable soil condition for the orchard fields was determined as TC: ≥25,000 mg/kg, TN: ≥1500 mg/kg, TP: ≥900 mg/kg and TK: 2500 - 10,000 mg/kg.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">These recommended values will be effective for the improvement of the soil quality in the orchard fields by enhancing the number and activities of microorganisms.展开更多
The soil organic matter and nutrients are fundamental for the sustainability of pear production, but little is known about the spatial distribution of soil organic matter and nutrients in a pear orchard. With the soil...The soil organic matter and nutrients are fundamental for the sustainability of pear production, but little is known about the spatial distribution of soil organic matter and nutrients in a pear orchard. With the soil of the pear (cv. Dangshansu on P.betulifolia Bunge. rootstock) orchard under clean and sod cultivation models as test materials, the experiment was conducted to evaluate spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (STN), total phosphorus (STP), total potassium (STK), available nitrogen (SAN), and available potassium (SAK) in and between rows at different soil depths (0-60 cm). The SOM, STN, STP, STK, SAN and SAK of the different soil layers under the two tillage models were different in the vertical direction. The SOM, STN, STP and SAN in the 0-20 cm soil layer were higher than those in the 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers. The STK of 40-60 cm soil layer was higher than that in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers. The STK increased with the depth of soil in the vertical direction in the clean cultivated pear orchard. Variability of the SOM, STN, STP, STK, SAN and SAK of sample sites in between rows of the same soil layer was found in the pear orchard soil in the horizontal direction under clean and sod cultivation management systems, except that STK of all sites did not show the difference in identical soil layers in the pear orchard under clean cultivation. The sod cultivation model improved the SOM, STN, and STK in the 0-20 cm soil layer in the pear orchard, and the three components increased by 12.8, 12.7 and 7.3% compared to clean cultivation, respectively. The results can be applicable to plan collection of orchard soil samples, assess orchard soil quality, and improve orchard soil management practices.展开更多
文摘In order to evaluate the effects of soil depth on the contents of soil organic nitrogen,organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil profile were quantified using the method proposed by Bremner in 1965.The results indicated that in addition to the amino sugar-N,all the soil organic N components within the same soil layer in wasteland were more than those in apple-pear orchard soil;with the layer depth increasing,the contents of different organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil and wasteland were decreased;and the proportion of each organic N component within total hydrolysable N was different,and the percentages of ammonia N and amino acid-N components within total hydrolysable N were higher,especially the percentage of ammonia N components within total hydrolysable N was the highest.
文摘Physical and biochemical properties of apple orchard soils of different productivities (orchard A: 30 t·haǃorchard B: 20 t·haǃ) were analyzed. Most of the physical properties were similar in both orchards. In orchard A, the horizontal saturated hydraulic conductivity at 10-cm depth was 16.42 cm·dayǃ, and was about four times higher than that in orchard B (4.41 cm·dayǃ). Total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were about two times higher in orchard B soil, whereas total potassium, bacterial biomass, nitrification, and phosphorus mineralization activities were similar in both orchards. Excess nutrients accumulated on the top 15 cm layer of orchard B soil because the topographical and physical conditions were associated with reduced apple productivity. Appropriate management of fallen leaves and reduction of chemical fertilizer seem necessary for a high level of apple productivity.
文摘Investigations were carried out on the micronutrient contents,of major citrus orchard soils (involving seven soil great groups in 8 provinces and an autonomous region of southern China),and an evaluation on the abundance and deficiency of available micronutrients in these soils was made in this paper.In southern China,citrus orchard soils derived from sandstone,sandy shale,Quaternary red clay,diluvial deposit,granite gneiss and neritic deposit were deficient in available Mo and B and low in Zn.Those developed on purple sandy shale,limestone and slope deposit were all in short supply of available Zn,B and Mo.Coastal solonchak was fairly abundant in B,but its available Fe,Zn and Mo contents were rather low.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101504 and 31171917)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2011M500575)+1 种基金the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-28)the Shenyang Municipal Science and Technology Research Projects,China(F12-109-3-00)for their financial support
文摘In this study,we investigated the potential nitrification and community structure of soil-based a mmonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)in apple orchard soil during different growth periods and explored the effects of environmental factors on nitrification activity and AOB community composition in the soil of a Hanfu apple orchard,using a culture-dependent technique and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE).We observed that nitrification activity and AOB abundance were the highest in November,lower in May,and the lowest in July.The results of statistical analysis indicated that total nitrogen(N)content,NH4+-N content,NO3--N content,and pH showed significant correlations with AOB abundance and nitrification activity in soil.The Shannon-Winner diversity,as well as species richness and evenness indices(determined by PCR-DGGE banding patterns)in soil samples were the highest in September,but the lowest in July,when compared to additional sampled dates.The DGGE fingerprints of soil-based 16S rRNA genes in November were apparently distinct from those observed in May,July,and September,possessing the lowest species richness indices and the highest dominance indices among all four growth periods.Fourteen DGGE bands were excised for sequencing.The resulting analysis indicated that all AOB communities belonged to theβ-Proteobacteria phylum,with the dominant AOB showing high similarity to the Nitrosospira genus.Therefore,soil-based environmental factors,such as pH variation and content of NH4+-N and NO3--N,can substantially infl uence the abundance of AOB communities in soil,and play a critical role in soil-based nitrification kinetics.
文摘Fungi play a vital role in the management of soil environment. Although various fungal communities are found in soil, it is difficult to determine the fungal community structure in soil. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive survey of fungal communities in Japanese Prunus mume orchard soil from 2010 to 2012 growing seasons using next-generation sequencing technology. Fungal DNA was directly extracted from the soil samples and the internal transcribed spacer 1 region was amplified by PCR and sequenced. We identified 34,826 fungal clone sequences from the soil samples. The fungal clones were sorted into 2132 operational taxonomic units and a majority of the discriminated clone sequences were classified as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The number of fungal species belonging to Ascomycota showed increases in June in the three growing seasons. That belonging to Glomeromycota showed increases in August in the three growing seasons. As Ascomycota fungi are wood decomposers and saprotrophs, the results suggested that the number of plant pathogenic fungi increased in Japanese P. mume orchard soil in June. These findings show for the first time the annual and seasonal fungal community structures in Japanese P. mume orchard soil, and are expected to provide valuable clues for improvement when planting new P. mume trees in Japanese orchards.
基金Supported by Zunyi City-School Joint Science and Technology R&D Fund (ZSKH HZ Z[2023]159)Natural Science Research Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education (QJJ[2022]067+3 种基金QJJ[2023]043)Guizhou Provincial Scientific Special Commissioner Innovation and Entrepreneurship Service Training Demonstration Base (HHG2023001)Zunyi Science and Technology Support Program (ZSKHZC NS[2023]15)Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Honghuagang District,Zunyi City (ZHKHSZ[2022]03)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the enrichment and paucity of trace elements in the soil environment of peach orchards in Zunyi City,and to provide reference for supplementary application of microelement fertilizers and high-quality peach production in peach orchards.[Methods]Taking the soil of three typical peach orchards(Taoli Renjia peach orchard,Pengrui peach orchard and Taohuadao peach orchard)in Shenxi Town,Honghuagang District,Zunyi City as the research object,the contents of trace elements in soil were analyzed through field sampling and indoor determination of trace elements.[Results]The effective contents of trace elements in the soil of peach orchard bases in the study area were at a medium level,and the soil of the peach orchards was rich in available Fe and Se.The contents of available Cu,Mo and Mn were relatively rich.The contents of available B were not high overall.The contents of available Zn were at a moderate to low level overall.The soil of Taoli Renjia peach orchard was relatively rich in trace elements.[Conclusions]The research results can provide a scientific basis for the production of high-quality crispy peaches in peach orchards.
基金This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(No.2016YFE0106400)the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China(No.2012AA06A204-4).
文摘Intensified field management in orcahrds has resulted in significant and widespread acidification in the soils.However,effectively mapping the spatial patterns of soil pH aiming to support ecological management is impeded by its large variotions across soil types and planting durations.Kriging methods were used to integrate soil type and planting duration information for effective mapping of orchard soil pH in a case study in orchards of the Northeast Jiaodong Peninsula,East China.A total o f 1472 surface soil samples were collected,and the planting duration o f each sampled orchard was acquired to generate a planting duration map via Voronoi tessellations.The performance of five kriging methods was compared,namely,ordinary kriging(OK),OK combined with soil type(OK_ST),OK combined with planting duration(OK_PD),cokriging combined with soil type and planting duration(OCK_STPD),and OK combined with soil type and planting duration(OK_STPD).Results showed that soil pH declined significantly with increasing planting duration and exhibited moderate spatial variability over the study area.Soil type and planting duration both had significant influence on the spatial distribution of soil pH.The OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods showed better prediction efficiency than OK,OK_ST,or OK_PD.With regard to the predicted maps of soil pH,the OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods highly reflected local variations associated with soil type and planting duration,but the OK method was poorly representative.Categorical soil type and planting duration information may be used as ancillary information to improve the mapping quality o f orchard soil pH.The OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods were practical and efficient methods for interpolating orchard soil pH in the study area.The resultant high-quality soil pH maps can contribute to improved site-specific management in the orchards.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30671207, 30871600)the Zhejiang Provincial National Science Foundation of China(No. Y5080067)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology (No. 2008BZ04)
文摘Lime application is a conventional technology to control acidification in tea orchard soils. We investigated the effect of lime application on soil microbial community diversity in the soils of three tea orchards, wasteland and forest. The BIOLOG data showed that both the average well color development of all carbon sources and the functional diversity index increased with the liming rate in the tea orchards and the forest, but decreased in the wasteland. The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that the structural diversity index of soil microbial community increased with the liming rate in all the tea orchards, the wasteland and the forest. Lime application also increased the soil-bacterial PLFA content in all the soils. Soil fungal and actinomycete PLFAs in the tea orchards showed an increasing trend from 0 to 3.2 g CaCO 3 /kg application and then a decreasing trend from 3.2 to 6.4 g CaCO 3 /kg application. The principal component analysis of BIOLOG and PLFA data suggested that lime application had a significant effect on soil microbial community structure, and land use had a greater effect on soil microbial community structure compared to lime application.
文摘Soil organic carbon and nitrogen are used as indexes of soil quality assessment and sustainable land use management. At the same time, soil C/N ratio is a sensitive indicator of soil quality and for assessing the carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils. We studied the characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen by investigating a large number of apple orchards in major apple production areas in China. High apple orchard soil organic carbon content was observed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, whereas low content was found in the provinces of Shandong, Henan, Hebei, and Shaanxi, with the values ranging between 6.44 and 7.76 g·kg-1. Similar to soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen content also exhibited obvious differences in the 12 major apple producing provinces. Shandong apple orchard soil had the highest total nitrogen content (1.26 g·kg-1), followed by Beijing (1.23 g·kg-1). No significant difference was noted between these two regions, but their total nitrogen content was significantly higher than the other nine provinces, excluding Yunnan. The soil total nitrogen content for Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Henan, and Gansu was between 0.87 and 1.03 g·kg-1, which was significantly lower than that in Shandong and Beijing, but significantly higher than that in Liaoning, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. Six provinces exhibited apple orchard soil C/N ratio higher than 10, including Heilongjiang (15.42), Xinjiang (13.38), Ningxia (14.45), Liaoning (12.24), Yunnan (11.03), and Gansu (10.63). The soil C/N ratio was below 10 in the remaining six provinces, in which the highest was found in Shaanxi (9.47), followed by Beijing (8.98), Henan (7.99), and Shanxi (7.62), and the lowest was found in Hebei (6.80) and Shandong (6.05). Therefore, the improvement of soil organic carbon should be given more attention to increase the steady growth of soil C/N ratio.
文摘Status of organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), available potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in three different depths (0-5 cm, 5-15 cm and 15?30 cm) on two hill slopes of 35% and 55% in orange orchard cultivated by the Mro tribe of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) were evaluated and compared with those in degraded bush forests, through digging three profiles in each land use. The content of all the five nutrients was found to be higher in the soil of orange orchard than in the soil of forest. But the variation was not consistent for both the slopes. The content varied depth wise also, having the highest value in surface soil in case of both the land uses on both the slopes. A mean available K content was significantly higher in orange orchard than in forest on 55% slope, while it was lower on 35% slope. Surface soil contained the nutrients of K and Ca with the amount of 0.2905-mg·g^(-1) soil and 3.025-mg·g^(-1)soil respectively in the orchard, while 0.1934-mg·g^(-1) soil and 1.6083-mg·g^(-1) soil were respectively in the forest. Organic carbon and total nitrogen were found more or less similar in surface soil on both the land uses showing a slight difference. Available P was found only in orange orchard, and in forest it was too little in amount to detect by the spectrophotometer. The degraded forests were poor in nutrient content due to high rate of soil erosion, which would be possible to be improved by bringing it under tree cover as proved by the adaptation of orange orchard there.
基金the Natural Science Doctorial Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (No.4300613)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30200035)+1 种基金the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN)apost-doctoral fellowship from the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China
文摘Temporal variability in soil CO2 emission from an orchard was measured using a dynamic open-chamber system for measuring soil CO2 efflux in Heshan Guangdong Province, in the lower subtropical area of China. Intensive measurements were conducted for a period of 12 months. Soil CO2 emissions were also modeled by multiple regression analysis from daily air temperature, dry-bulb saturated vapor pressure, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Data was analyzed based on soil moisture levels and air temperature with annual data being grouped into either hot-humid season or relatively cool season based on the precipitation patterns. This was essential in order to acquire simplified exponential models for parameter estimation. Minimum and maximum daily mean soil CO2 efflux rates were observed in November and July, with respective rates of 1.98 ± 0.66 and 11.04 ± 0.96 μmol m-2 s-1 being recorded. Annual average soil CO2 emission (FCO2) was 5.92 μmol m-2 s-1. Including all the weather variables into the model helped to explain 73.9% of temporal variability in soil CO2 emission during the measurement period. Soil CO2 efflux increased with increasing soil temperature and soil moisture. Preliminary results showed that Q10, which is defined as the difference in respiration rates over a 10 -C interval, was partly explained by fine root biomass. Soil temperature and soil moisture were the dominant factors controlling soil CO2 efflux and were regarded as the driving variables for CO2 production in the soil. Including these two variables in regression models could provide a useful tool for predicting the variation of CO2 emission in the commercial forest soils of South China .
基金Supported by Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Yantai(2012053)
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the effect of mouse thatched on soil temperature,yield and quality in orchards.[Methods]The response of orchard soil,yield and quality to sod culture was studied by comparisons of grassing for two years,three years and clean cultivation.[Results]In April,the soil temperature in mouse thatched area was higher than that in clean cultivation area,and the temperature in the three years of sward was the highest.From May to July,the temperature in mouse thatched area was lower than that in clean cultivation area,and the temperature was lowest in the three years of sward.At the same time,the fruit yield and quality were improved.Averaged the two years,the yield of apple increased by 12%,and the contents of sugar,soluble solids and vitamin C and the firmness of the fruit were increased,and the total acid content was decreased by planting mouse thatched.[Conclusions]Adjusting soil temperature in orchards by planting grass achieved the effects of promoting the activity of microorganisms,facilitating the growth of root system,increasing the yield and improving the quality.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province(2017R1016-4)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2017J01072)
文摘The Red Soil Hilly Region in South China, where there is a high capacity of carbon(C), and the land use and vegetation cover change greatly, is an important ecological area in the world, and has an important impact on the global carbon cycle and the seasonal fluctuation of atmospheric CO_2. To better evaluate the effects of reclamation systems in orchards converted from grasslands on soil carbon sequestration, we investigated soil organic carbon(SOC) content and stable C isotope(δ^(13)C)composition in three nectarine orchards at Yuchi Experimental Station in South China. Compared with the sloping clean tillage orchard and terraced clean tillage orchard, SOC content in the terraced orchard with grass cover was increased by 14.90% to 38.49%, and 7.40% to 15.33%, respectively. During the 14 years after orchard establishment, the soil organic matter sources influenced both δ^(13)C distribution with depth and carbon replacement. SOC turnover of the upper soil layer in the terraced orchard with grass cover(a mean 63.05% of replacement in the 20 cm after 14 years) was 1.59 and 1.41 times larger than that of the sloping clean tillage orchard and terraced clean tillage orchard under subtropical conditions, respectively. The equilibrium value of soil organic carbon in the three treatments ranged from 16.067 to 25.608 g/kg under the experimental conditions. The equilibrium value of soil organic carbon in the surface layer under grass cover was 54.801 t/hm^2, and the carbon sequestration potential was 24.695 1 t/hm^2.
基金Supported by Research and Development Project of Yongning District,Nanning City,Guangxi(20170103B)
文摘Based on the investigation of 56 soil samples( 0-30 cm) in citrus orchards of Guangxi,the content of soil organic matter and available nutrients as well as their correlations in the citrus orchards were studied. The results showed that soil was rich in organic matter,and the proportion of soil samples deficient in available N,P and K was 30. 36%,32. 14% and 28. 57% respectively. Soil was seriously deficient in soil available Ca,Mg and B,while the content of soil available Fe and Cu in soil was too high. There were significant or extremely significant positive or negative correlations between soil pH,organic matter and several available nutrients. It is recommended to apply Mg fertilizer,B fertilizer,lime or other alkaline fertilizer and reduce the spraying of fungicides containing Cu in the citrus orchards.
文摘Soil samples from 139 agricultural orchard fields (apple, grape, tea, and others) w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> analyzed using the soil fertility index. From these samples, an orchard field database was constructed and the soil properties between orchard, upland, and paddy fields </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">compared. The average value of bacterial biomass in the orchard fields was 7.4 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil, ranging from not detected (lower than 6.6 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil) to 7.7 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">9</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil. The average values of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK), were 24,000 mg/kg (2670 to 128,100 mg/kg), 1460 mg/kg (133 to 6400 mg/kg), 1030 mg/kg (142 to 5362 mg/kg), and 5370 mg/kg (1214 to 18,155 mg/kg), respectively. The C/N and C/P ratios were 19 (3 to 85) and 27 (2 to 101), respectively. Soil properties of the orchard fields were compared with those of the upland and the paddy fields. The average value of bacterial biomass in the orchard fields was almost the same as that in the upland fields (8.0 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil), but the number was lower than that in the paddy fields (12.9 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/g-soil). The average values of TC and TN in the orchard fields fell between those in the upland fields (TC: 33,120 mg/kg, TN: 2010 mg/kg) and the paddy fields (TC: 15,420 mg/kg, TN: 1080</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mg/kg). The relationship between the bacterial biomass and TC in the orchard fields resembled that in the upland fields. A suitable soil condition for the orchard fields was determined as TC: ≥25,000 mg/kg, TN: ≥1500 mg/kg, TP: ≥900 mg/kg and TK: 2500 - 10,000 mg/kg.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">These recommended values will be effective for the improvement of the soil quality in the orchard fields by enhancing the number and activities of microorganisms.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-29-40)
文摘The soil organic matter and nutrients are fundamental for the sustainability of pear production, but little is known about the spatial distribution of soil organic matter and nutrients in a pear orchard. With the soil of the pear (cv. Dangshansu on P.betulifolia Bunge. rootstock) orchard under clean and sod cultivation models as test materials, the experiment was conducted to evaluate spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (STN), total phosphorus (STP), total potassium (STK), available nitrogen (SAN), and available potassium (SAK) in and between rows at different soil depths (0-60 cm). The SOM, STN, STP, STK, SAN and SAK of the different soil layers under the two tillage models were different in the vertical direction. The SOM, STN, STP and SAN in the 0-20 cm soil layer were higher than those in the 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers. The STK of 40-60 cm soil layer was higher than that in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers. The STK increased with the depth of soil in the vertical direction in the clean cultivated pear orchard. Variability of the SOM, STN, STP, STK, SAN and SAK of sample sites in between rows of the same soil layer was found in the pear orchard soil in the horizontal direction under clean and sod cultivation management systems, except that STK of all sites did not show the difference in identical soil layers in the pear orchard under clean cultivation. The sod cultivation model improved the SOM, STN, and STK in the 0-20 cm soil layer in the pear orchard, and the three components increased by 12.8, 12.7 and 7.3% compared to clean cultivation, respectively. The results can be applicable to plan collection of orchard soil samples, assess orchard soil quality, and improve orchard soil management practices.
