BACKGROUND De novo malignancy is a leading cause of late morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients.Cumulative immunosuppression has been shown to contribute to post-transplant malignancy(PTM)risk.There is...BACKGROUND De novo malignancy is a leading cause of late morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients.Cumulative immunosuppression has been shown to contribute to post-transplant malignancy(PTM)risk.There is emerging evidence on the differential carcinogenic risk profile of individual immunosuppressive drugs,independent of the net effect of immunosuppression.Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus may promote tumourigenesis,whereas mycophenolic acid(MPA),the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil,may limit tumour progression.Liver transplantation(LT)is relatively unique among solid organ transplantation in that immunosuppression monotherapy with either tacrolimus or MPA is often achievable,which makes careful consideration of the risk-benefit profile of these immunosuppression agents particularly relevant for this cohort.However,there is limited clinical data on this subject in both LT and other solid organ transplant recipients.AIM To investigate the relative carcinogenicity of tacrolimus and MPA in solid organ transplantation.METHODS A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and Embase databases using the key terms“solid organ transplantation”,“tacrolimus”,“mycophenolic acid”,and“carcinogenicity”,in order to identify relevant articles published in English between 1st January 2002 to 11th August 2022.Related terms,synonyms and explosion of MeSH terms,Boolean operators and truncations were also utilised in the search.Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed to identify any additional articles.Excluding duplicates,abstracts from 1230 records were screened by a single reviewer,whereby 31 records were reviewed in detail.Full-text articles were assessed for eligibility based on pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS A total of 6 studies were included in this review.All studies were large population registries or cohort studies,which varied in transplant era,type of organ transplanted and immunosuppression protocol used.Overall,there was no clear difference demonstrated between tacrolimus and MPA in de novo PTM risk following solid organ transplantation.Furthermore,no study provided a direct comparison of carcinogenic risk between tacrolimus and MPA monotherapy in solid organ transplantation recipients.CONCLUSION The contrasting carcinogenic risk profiles of tacrolimus and MPA demonstrated in previous experimental studies,and its application in solid organ transplantation,is yet to be confirmed in clinical studies.Thus,the optimal choice of immunosuppression drug to use as maintenance monotherapy in LT recipients is not supported by a strong evidence base and remains unclear.展开更多
Tacrolimus(Tac)is currently the most common calcineurin-inhibitor employed in solid organ transplantation.High intra-patient variability(IPV)of Tac(Tac IPV)has been associated with an increased risk of immune-mediated...Tacrolimus(Tac)is currently the most common calcineurin-inhibitor employed in solid organ transplantation.High intra-patient variability(IPV)of Tac(Tac IPV)has been associated with an increased risk of immune-mediated rejection and poor outcomes after kidney transplantation.Few data are available concerning the impact of high Tac IPV in non-kidney transplants.However,even in kidney transplantation,there is still a controversy whether high Tac IPV is indeed detrimental in respect to graft and/or patient survival.This may be due to different methods employed to evaluate IPV and distinct time frames adopted to assess graft and patient survival in those reports published up to now in the literature.Little is also known about the influence of high Tac IPV in the development of other untoward adverse events,update of the current knowledge regarding the impact of Tac IPV in different outcomes following kidney,liver,heart,lung,and pancreas tran-splantation to better evaluate its use in clinical practice.展开更多
The success of solid organ transplant has steadily improved which has led to a unique set of post-transplant issues.The rates of de novo cancer in the solid organ transplant recipient population are higher than those ...The success of solid organ transplant has steadily improved which has led to a unique set of post-transplant issues.The rates of de novo cancer in the solid organ transplant recipient population are higher than those in the general population.There is growing evidence that breast and gynecologic cancers may have a higher mortality rate in post-transplant patients.Cervical and vulvovaginal cancers specifically have a significantly higher mortality in this population.Despite this increased mortality risk,there is currently no consistent standard in screening and identifying these cancers in post-transplant patients.Breast,ovarian and endometrial cancers do not appear to have significantly increased incidence.However,the data on these cancers remains limited.Further studies are needed to determine if more aggressive screening strategies would be of benefit for these cancers.Here we review the cancer incidence,mortality risk and current screening methods associated with breast and gynecologic cancers in the post-solid organ transplant population.展开更多
Glucocorticoids(GCs)have been the mainstay of immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation(SOT)for decades,due to their potent effects on innate immunity and tissue protective effects.However,some SOT cent...Glucocorticoids(GCs)have been the mainstay of immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation(SOT)for decades,due to their potent effects on innate immunity and tissue protective effects.However,some SOT centers are reluctant to administer GCs long-term because of the various related side effects.This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of GCs in SOT.PubMed and Scopus databases were searched from 2011 to April 2021 using search syntaxes covering“transplantation”and“glucocorticoids”.GCs are used in transplant recipients,transplant donors,and organ perfusate solution to improve transplant outcomes.In SOT recipients,GCs are administered as induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapy.GCs are also the cornerstone to treat acute antibody-and T-cell-mediated rejections.Addition of GCs to organ perfusate solution and pretreatment of transplant donors with GCs are recommended by some guidelines and protocols,to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury peri-transplant.GCs with low bioavailability and high potency for GC receptors,such as budesonide,nanoparticle-mediated targeted delivery of GCs to specific organs,and combination use of dexamethasone with inducers of immuneregulatory cells,are new methods of GC application in SOT patients to reduce side effects or induce immune-tolerance instead of immunosuppression.Various side effects involving different non-targeted organs/tissues,such as bone,cardiovascular,neuromuscular,skin and gastrointestinal tract,have been noted for GCs.There are also potential drug-drug interactions for GCs in SOT patients.展开更多
Tens of thousands of people worldwide became infected with syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2).Death rate in general population is about 1%-6%,but this rate rises up to 15%in those with comorbidities.Recent publication...Tens of thousands of people worldwide became infected with syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2).Death rate in general population is about 1%-6%,but this rate rises up to 15%in those with comorbidities.Recent publications showed that the clinical progression of this disease in organ recipients is more destructive,with a fatality rate of up to 14%-25%.We aimed to review the effect of pandemic on various transplantation patients.coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has not only interrupted waiting list patients’lives;it has also impacted transplantation strategies,transplant surgeries and broke donation chains.COVID-19 was directly and indirectly accountable for 73%surplus in mortality of this population as compared to wait listed patients in earlier years.The impact of chronic immunosuppression on outcomes of COVID-19 remains unclear but understanding the immunological mechanisms related to the virus is critically important for the lifetime of transplantation and immune suppressed patients.It is hard to endorse changing anti-rejection therapy,as the existing data appraised is not adequate to advise substituting tacrolimus with cyclosporine during severe COVID-19 disease.展开更多
Organ transplantation is considered to be an effective method for the treatment of end-stage organ failure,early malignant tumors and tissue damage.In order to reduce the rejection of the transplanted organ by the hos...Organ transplantation is considered to be an effective method for the treatment of end-stage organ failure,early malignant tumors and tissue damage.In order to reduce the rejection of the transplanted organ by the host,immunosuppressive drugs should be used for a long time,but the suppression of the host immune system by immunosuppressive drugs can cause serious side effects.Therefore,how to induce the recipient's immune system to have no response to the transplanted organ after transplantation,while still showing a normal immune response to the alien antigen.Induction of immune tolerance to donor organs has long been a focus of research by transplant scientists.Soluble CD83(sCD83)is a glycoprotein with specific immunosuppressive effects.In recent years,there have been more and more reports on the immune tolerance induced by sCD83 in animal experiments,which has shown a broad prospect in the treatment of host immune rejection after organ transplantation and provided an experimental basis for its clinical transformation.展开更多
Solid organ transplantation offers life-saving treatment for patients with endorgan dysfunction.Patient survival and quality of life have improved over the past few decades as a result of pharmacological development,e...Solid organ transplantation offers life-saving treatment for patients with endorgan dysfunction.Patient survival and quality of life have improved over the past few decades as a result of pharmacological development,expansion of the donor pool,technological advances and standardization of practices related to transplantation.Still,transplantation is associated with cardiovascular complications,of which post-transplant diabetes mellitus(PTDM)is one of the most important.PTDM increases mortality,which is best documented in patients who have received kidney and heart transplants.PTDM results from traditional risk factors seen in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,but also from specific posttransplant risk factors such as metabolic side effects of immunosuppressive drugs,post-transplant viral infections and hypomagnesemia.Oral hypoglycaemic agents are the first choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in non-transplanted patients.However,the evidence on the safety and efficacy of oral hypoglycaemic agents in transplant recipients is limited.The favourable risk/benefit ratio,which is suggested by large-scale and long-term studies on new glucoselowering drug classes such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors,makes studies warranted to assess the potential role of these agents in the management of PTDM.展开更多
Weight gain is a frequent postoperative complication following a solid organ transplant which can be solved by bariatric surgery.The outcomes of bariatric surgery among patients with an organ transplant history are al...Weight gain is a frequent postoperative complication following a solid organ transplant which can be solved by bariatric surgery.The outcomes of bariatric surgery among patients with an organ transplant history are always a challengeable subject for surgeons and surgery candidates.In this review article,we aim to investigate the existence literature about the rates of morbidity and mortality,frequent complications in terms of graft function,remission in diabetes,hypertension,pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders,hepatic and renal functions,and immunosuppressive stability,as well as the safety of bariatric surgery among patients.展开更多
Objective To summarize our clinical experience in liver transplantation while considering the background in this filed in China. Methods Ninety-five patients who had received liver transplantation from April 1993 to M...Objective To summarize our clinical experience in liver transplantation while considering the background in this filed in China. Methods Ninety-five patients who had received liver transplantation from April 1993 to March 2002 were analyzed retrospectively. Three periods were defined objectively as period Ⅰ(1993-1997),Ⅱ(1999) and Ⅲ(2000 -2002). Operative techniques, recipients, original diseases, complications and survival rates were compared among the three periods. Results Malignant liver lesions were the main cause for liver transplantation in period Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The ratio of number of malignant disease to total recipients decreased gradually from period Ⅰ to Ⅱ (100%, 53% and 35%, respectively). The 1-year survival rate in patients with benign liver disease was 85 % and the total operative mortality was 5% in period Ⅲ. The incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation or reinfection was 24% twelve months after liver transplantation. Vascular complication decreased but biliary complications did展开更多
Kidney disease after non-kidney solid organ transplantation(NKSOT)is a common post-transplant complication associated with deleterious outcomes.Kidney disease,both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease(CKD)al...Kidney disease after non-kidney solid organ transplantation(NKSOT)is a common post-transplant complication associated with deleterious outcomes.Kidney disease,both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease(CKD)alike,emanates from multifactorial,summative pre-,peri-and post-transplant events.Several factors leading to kidney disease are shared amongst solid organ transplantation in addition to distinct mechanisms unique to individual transplant types.The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature describing kidney disease in NKSOT.We conducted a narrative review of pertinent studies on the subject,limiting our search to full text studies in the English language.Kidney disease after NKSOT is prevalent,particularly in intestinal and lung transplantation.Management strategies in the peri-operative and post-transplant periods including proteinuria management,calcineurin-inhibitor minimization/sparing approaches,and nephrology referral can counteract CKD progression and/or aid in subsequent kidney after solid organ transplantation.Kidney disease after NKSOT is an important consideration in organ allocation practices,ethics of transplantation.Kidney disease after SOT is an incipient condition demanding further inquiry.While some truths have been revealed about this chronic disease,as we have aimed to describe in this review,continued multidisciplinary efforts are needed more than ever to combat this threat to patient and allograft survival.展开更多
In January 2019,the fourth rabies case caused by organ transplantation was noticed in China,with the conditions of one per year for the recent four years.Different from the previous cases,there were no definite epidem...In January 2019,the fourth rabies case caused by organ transplantation was noticed in China,with the conditions of one per year for the recent four years.Different from the previous cases,there were no definite epidemiological histories of exposure or rabies-related symptoms from this patient.This case strongly supports the call for the legislation of establishing a national-level management that will incorporate the screening programs on donors prior to the practice of organ transplantation to reduce the risks on rabies caused by organ transplantation.展开更多
Objective We aimed to identify new,more accurate risk factors of liver transplantation for liver cancer through using the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database.Methods Using the SEER database,we iden...Objective We aimed to identify new,more accurate risk factors of liver transplantation for liver cancer through using the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database.Methods Using the SEER database,we identified patients that had undergone surgical resection for non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and subsequent liver transplantation between 2010 and 2017.Overall survival(OS)was estimated using Kaplan-Meier plotter.Cox proportional hazards regression modelling was used to identify factors independently associated with recurrent disease[presented as adjusted hazard ratios(HR)with 95%CIs].Results Totally,1530 eligible patients were included in the analysis.There were significant differences in ethnicity(P=0.04),cancer stage(P<0.001),vascular invasion(P<0.001)and gall bladder involvement(P<0.001)between the groups that survived,died due to cancer,or died due to other causes.In the Cox regression model,there were no significant differences in OS at 5 years with different operative strategies(autotransplantation versus allotransplantation),nor at survival at 1 year with neoadjuvant radiotherapy.However,neoadjuvant radiotherapy did appear to improve survival at both 3 years(HR:0.540,95%CI:0.326–0.896,P=0.017)and 5 years(HR:0.338,95%CI:0.153–0.747,P=0.007)from diagnosis.Conclusion This study demonstrated differences in patient characteristics between prognostic groups after liver resection and transplantation for HCC.These criteria can be used to inform patient selection and consent in this setting.Preoperative radiotherapy may improve long-term survival post-transplantation.展开更多
BACKGROUND The United States has witnessed significant advancements in the field of organ transplantation over the course of the last five decades,as demonstrated by a notable increase in the quantity of academic rese...BACKGROUND The United States has witnessed significant advancements in the field of organ transplantation over the course of the last five decades,as demonstrated by a notable increase in the quantity of academic research.The presence of a highly dynamic research environment necessitates continuous evaluations to maintain the integrity and progress of the field.AIM To evaluate the total output and thematic emphasis of transplant research conducted in the United States.METHODS On January 10,2023,we conducted a bibliometric search of United States research output in transplantation journals from the Web of Science database's Science Citation Index Expanded.We excluded editorials,meeting abstracts,and other non-article types.We analyzed annual trends,authors,institutions,articles,keywords,and countries collaborating with the United States,using VOSviewer 1.6.18 to create figures and tables.RESULTS The United States published 25956 papers(3078 reviews and 22878 articles)representing 37.7%of the world's scientific output.Canada emerged as the top collaborator with the United States,co-authoring 1263 articles.Leading institutions in United States transplantation research were the University of Pittsburgh(1749 articles),Mayo Clinic(1605 articles),Harvard Medical School(1549 articles),and Johns Hopkins University(1280 articles).The top three keywords with over 2000 occurrences were"recipients,""survival,"and"outcomes,"indicating a focus on graft and recipient outcome markers by United States researchers.CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the United States leadership in organ transplantation research,contributing significantly to the global scientific output in this field.However,opportunities exist for fostering expansive partnerships,particularly with developing countries.This study provides valuable insights into the transplantation research landscape in the United States,emphasizing the importance of ongoing evaluations to maintain and propel advancements in this critical medical discipline.The results may facilitate future collaborations,knowledge exchange,and the pursuit of innovative solutions in the realm of organ transplantation.展开更多
The much-anticipated change in the practice of organ donation and transplantation in China is now underway and affirmed by an important Hangzhou Resolution promulgated at the 2013 China Transplant Congress.Support of ...The much-anticipated change in the practice of organ donation and transplantation in China is now underway and affirmed by an important Hangzhou Resolution promulgated at the 2013 China Transplant Congress.Support of the National Health and Family Planning Commission On October 29,2013,in a meeting of the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC)officials with Jie-Fu Huang,Head of National Organ Transplant Committee(OTC), Hai-Bo Wang,Director of China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS)展开更多
BACKGROUND The Hispanic community has a high demand for organ donation but a shortage of donors.Studies investigating factors that could promote or hinder organ donation have examined emotional video interventions.Fac...BACKGROUND The Hispanic community has a high demand for organ donation but a shortage of donors.Studies investigating factors that could promote or hinder organ donation have examined emotional video interventions.Factors acting as barriers to organ donation registration have been classified as:(1)Bodily integrity;(2)medical mistrust;(3)“ick”-feelings of disgust towards organ donation;and(4)“jinx”-fear that registration may result in one dying due to premeditated plans.We predict that by providing necessary information and education about the donation process via a short video,individuals will be more willing to register as organ donors.AIM To determine perceptions and attitudes regarding barriers and facilitators to organ donation intention among Hispanic residents in the New York metropolitan area.METHODS This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Northwell Health.The approval reference number is No.19-0009(as presented in Supplementary material).Eligible participants included Hispanic New York City(NYC)residents,18 years of age and above,who were recruited voluntarily through Cloud Research and participated in a larger randomized survey study of NYC residents.The survey an 85-item Redcap survey measured participant demographics,attitudes,and knowledge of organ donation as well as the intention to register as an organ donor.Attention checks were implemented throughout the survey,and responses were excluded for those who did fail.Participants were randomly assigned two-between subject conditions:To view a short video on organ donation and then proceed to complete the survey(i.e.,video first)and view the same video at the end of the survey(video last).No intra-group activities were conducted.This study utilized an evidenced-based emotive educational intervention(video)which was previously utilized and was shown to increase organ donation registration rates at the Ohio Department of Motor Vehicles.Results were analyzed using Jamovi statistical software.Three hundred sixty-five Hispanic individuals were included in the analysis.Once consent was obtained and participants entered the survey(the survey sample is presented in Supplementary material),participants were asked to report on demographic variables and their general impression of organ donation after death.The video depicted stories regarding organ donation after death from various viewpoints,including from the loved ones of a deceased person who died waiting for a transplant;from the loved ones of a deceased person whose organs were donated upon death;and,from those who were currently waiting for a transplant.RESULTS Using a binomial logistic regression,the analysis provides information about the relationship between the effects of an emotive video and the intention to donate among Hispanic participants who were not already registered as donors.The willingness to go back and register was found to be significantly more probable for those who watched the emotive video before being asked about their organ donation opinions(odds ratio:2.05,95%confidence interval:1.06-3.97).Motivations for participation in organ donation were also captured with many stating the importance of messages coming from“people like me”and a message that highlights“the welfare of those in need”.Overall,the findings suggest that using an emotive video that addresses organ donation barriers to prompt organ donation intentions can be effective among the Hispanic populous.Future studies should explore using targeted messaging that resonates with specific cultural groups,highlighting the welfare of others.CONCLUSION This study suggests that an emotive educational intervention is likely to be effective in improving organ donation registration intent among the Hispanic population residing in NYC.展开更多
Gastrointestinal complications are common after renal transplantation,and they have a wide clinical spectrum,varying from diarrhoea to post-transplant inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Chronic immunosuppression may incr...Gastrointestinal complications are common after renal transplantation,and they have a wide clinical spectrum,varying from diarrhoea to post-transplant inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Chronic immunosuppression may increase the risk of post-transplant infection and medication-related injury and may also be responsible for IBD in kidney transplant re-cipients despite immunosuppression.Differentiating the various forms of post-transplant colitis is challenging,since most have similar clinical and histological features.Drug-related colitis are the most frequently encountered colitis after kidney transplantation,particularly those related to the chronic use of mycophenolate mofetil,while de novo IBDs are quite rare.This review will explore colitis after kidney transplantation,with a particular focus on different clinical and histological features,attempting to clearly identify the right treatment,thereby improving the final outcome of patients.展开更多
Liver transplantation represents the only curative option for patients with endstage liver disease,fulminant hepatitis and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.Even though major advances in transplantation in the last de...Liver transplantation represents the only curative option for patients with endstage liver disease,fulminant hepatitis and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.Even though major advances in transplantation in the last decades have achieved excellent survival rates in the early post-transplantation period,long-term survival is hampered by the lack of improvement in survival in the late post transplantation period(over 5 years after transplantation).The main etiologies for late mortality are malignancies and cardiovascular complications.The latter are increasingly prevalent in liver transplant recipients due to the development or worsening of metabolic syndrome and all its components(arterial hypertension,dyslipidemia,obesity,renal injury,etc.).These comorbidities result from a combination of pre-liver transplant features,immunosuppressive agent side-effects,changes in metabolism and hemodynamics after liver transplantation and the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle.In this review we describe the most prevalent metabolic and cardiovascular complications present after liver transplantation,as well as proposing management strategies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving intervention for end-stage organ disease.Post-transplant diabetes mellitus(PTDM)is a common complication in solid organ transplant recipients,and significantly c...BACKGROUND Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving intervention for end-stage organ disease.Post-transplant diabetes mellitus(PTDM)is a common complication in solid organ transplant recipients,and significantly compromises long-term survival beyond a year.AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate incidence of PTDM and compare the effects of the 3 major immunosuppressants on incidence of PTDM.METHODS Two hundred and six eligible studies identified 75595 patients on Tacrolimus,51242 on Cyclosporine and 3020 on Sirolimus.Random effects meta-analyses was used to calculate incidence.RESULTS Network meta-analysis estimated the overall risk of developing PTDM was higher with tacrolimus(OR=1.495%CI:1.0–2.0)and sirolimus(OR=1.8;95%CI:1.5–2.2)than with Cyclosporine.The overall incidence of PTDM at years 2-3 was 17%for kidney,19%for liver and 22%for heart.The risk factors for PTDM most frequently identified in the primary studies were age,body mass index,hepatitis C,and African American descent.CONCLUSION Tacrolimus tends to exhibit higher diabetogenicity in the short-term(2-3 years post-transplant),whereas sirolimus exhibits higher diabetogenicity in the longterm(5-10 years post-transplant).This study will aid clinicians in recognition of risk factors for PTDM and encourage careful evaluation of the risk/benefit of different immunosuppressant regimens in transplant recipients.展开更多
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic has had a profound worldwide impact.Indeed,it has led to a vast decrease in organ transplantation,including liver transplants(LT).There is little data regardin...BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic has had a profound worldwide impact.Indeed,it has led to a vast decrease in organ transplantation,including liver transplants(LT).There is little data regarding adjustments made by LT centers as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.AIM To assess the experience of LT centers in the United States during the pandemic.METHODS We performed an observational survey study from May 11,2020 to June 5,2020.We sent out a 13 question survey to 15 LT centers across the southeastern United States.RESULTS Eleven LT centers responded to the survey.We found that(11/11)100%of transplant centers made adjustments because of the COVID-19 pandemic.At least 50%of transplant centers had at least one transplant recipient infected with COVID-19.To adjust,greater than 50%of centers performed fewer LT,100%of patients were tested for COVID-19,and most centers implemented a virtual platform.CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected liver transplantation in the southeastern United States.It was evident that a concerted effort was made by LT centers to protect their patients and employees from COVID-19 but also to continue the lifesaving procedure of LT in this sick patient population.Further studies are needed to assess how LT centers around the world managed the pandemic in order to learn strategies to continue life-saving procedures in this patient population.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus(HEV)infection is underdiagnosed due to the use of serological assays with low sensitivity.Although most patients with HEV recover completely,HEV infection among patients with pre-existing ...BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus(HEV)infection is underdiagnosed due to the use of serological assays with low sensitivity.Although most patients with HEV recover completely,HEV infection among patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and organ-transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy can result in decompensated liver disease and death.AIM To demonstrate the prevalence of HEV infection in solid organ transplant(SOT)recipients.METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE,EMBASE,and the Cochrane Library for eligible articles through October 2020.The inclusion criteria consisted of adult patients with history of SOT.HEV infection is confirmed by either HEV-immunoglobulin G,HEV-immunoglobulin M,or HEV RNA assay.RESULTS Of 563 citations,a total of 22 studies(n=4557)were included in this metaanalysis.The pooled estimated prevalence of HEV infection in SOT patients was 20.2%[95%confidence interval(CI):14.9-26.8].The pooled estimated prevalence of HEV infection for each organ transplant was as follows:liver(27.2%;95%CI:20.0-35.8),kidney(12.8%;95%CI:9.3-17.3),heart(12.8%;95%CI:9.3-17.3),and lung(5.6%;95%CI:1.6-17.9).Comparison across organ transplants demonstrated statistical significance(Q=16.721,P=0.002).The subgroup analyses showed that the prevalence of HEV infection among SOT recipients was significantly higher in middle-income countries compared to high-income countries.The pooled estimated prevalence of de novo HEV infection was 5.1%(95%CI:2.6-9.6)and the pooled estimated prevalence of acute HEV infection was 4.3%(95%CI:1.9-9.4).CONCLUSION HEV infection is common in SOT recipients,particularly in middle-income countries.The prevalence of HEV infection in lung transplant recipients is considerably less common than other organ transplants.More studies examining the clinical impacts of HEV infection in SOT recipients,such as graft failure,rejection,and mortality are warranted.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND De novo malignancy is a leading cause of late morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients.Cumulative immunosuppression has been shown to contribute to post-transplant malignancy(PTM)risk.There is emerging evidence on the differential carcinogenic risk profile of individual immunosuppressive drugs,independent of the net effect of immunosuppression.Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus may promote tumourigenesis,whereas mycophenolic acid(MPA),the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil,may limit tumour progression.Liver transplantation(LT)is relatively unique among solid organ transplantation in that immunosuppression monotherapy with either tacrolimus or MPA is often achievable,which makes careful consideration of the risk-benefit profile of these immunosuppression agents particularly relevant for this cohort.However,there is limited clinical data on this subject in both LT and other solid organ transplant recipients.AIM To investigate the relative carcinogenicity of tacrolimus and MPA in solid organ transplantation.METHODS A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and Embase databases using the key terms“solid organ transplantation”,“tacrolimus”,“mycophenolic acid”,and“carcinogenicity”,in order to identify relevant articles published in English between 1st January 2002 to 11th August 2022.Related terms,synonyms and explosion of MeSH terms,Boolean operators and truncations were also utilised in the search.Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed to identify any additional articles.Excluding duplicates,abstracts from 1230 records were screened by a single reviewer,whereby 31 records were reviewed in detail.Full-text articles were assessed for eligibility based on pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS A total of 6 studies were included in this review.All studies were large population registries or cohort studies,which varied in transplant era,type of organ transplanted and immunosuppression protocol used.Overall,there was no clear difference demonstrated between tacrolimus and MPA in de novo PTM risk following solid organ transplantation.Furthermore,no study provided a direct comparison of carcinogenic risk between tacrolimus and MPA monotherapy in solid organ transplantation recipients.CONCLUSION The contrasting carcinogenic risk profiles of tacrolimus and MPA demonstrated in previous experimental studies,and its application in solid organ transplantation,is yet to be confirmed in clinical studies.Thus,the optimal choice of immunosuppression drug to use as maintenance monotherapy in LT recipients is not supported by a strong evidence base and remains unclear.
文摘Tacrolimus(Tac)is currently the most common calcineurin-inhibitor employed in solid organ transplantation.High intra-patient variability(IPV)of Tac(Tac IPV)has been associated with an increased risk of immune-mediated rejection and poor outcomes after kidney transplantation.Few data are available concerning the impact of high Tac IPV in non-kidney transplants.However,even in kidney transplantation,there is still a controversy whether high Tac IPV is indeed detrimental in respect to graft and/or patient survival.This may be due to different methods employed to evaluate IPV and distinct time frames adopted to assess graft and patient survival in those reports published up to now in the literature.Little is also known about the influence of high Tac IPV in the development of other untoward adverse events,update of the current knowledge regarding the impact of Tac IPV in different outcomes following kidney,liver,heart,lung,and pancreas tran-splantation to better evaluate its use in clinical practice.
文摘The success of solid organ transplant has steadily improved which has led to a unique set of post-transplant issues.The rates of de novo cancer in the solid organ transplant recipient population are higher than those in the general population.There is growing evidence that breast and gynecologic cancers may have a higher mortality rate in post-transplant patients.Cervical and vulvovaginal cancers specifically have a significantly higher mortality in this population.Despite this increased mortality risk,there is currently no consistent standard in screening and identifying these cancers in post-transplant patients.Breast,ovarian and endometrial cancers do not appear to have significantly increased incidence.However,the data on these cancers remains limited.Further studies are needed to determine if more aggressive screening strategies would be of benefit for these cancers.Here we review the cancer incidence,mortality risk and current screening methods associated with breast and gynecologic cancers in the post-solid organ transplant population.
文摘Glucocorticoids(GCs)have been the mainstay of immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation(SOT)for decades,due to their potent effects on innate immunity and tissue protective effects.However,some SOT centers are reluctant to administer GCs long-term because of the various related side effects.This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of GCs in SOT.PubMed and Scopus databases were searched from 2011 to April 2021 using search syntaxes covering“transplantation”and“glucocorticoids”.GCs are used in transplant recipients,transplant donors,and organ perfusate solution to improve transplant outcomes.In SOT recipients,GCs are administered as induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapy.GCs are also the cornerstone to treat acute antibody-and T-cell-mediated rejections.Addition of GCs to organ perfusate solution and pretreatment of transplant donors with GCs are recommended by some guidelines and protocols,to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury peri-transplant.GCs with low bioavailability and high potency for GC receptors,such as budesonide,nanoparticle-mediated targeted delivery of GCs to specific organs,and combination use of dexamethasone with inducers of immuneregulatory cells,are new methods of GC application in SOT patients to reduce side effects or induce immune-tolerance instead of immunosuppression.Various side effects involving different non-targeted organs/tissues,such as bone,cardiovascular,neuromuscular,skin and gastrointestinal tract,have been noted for GCs.There are also potential drug-drug interactions for GCs in SOT patients.
文摘Tens of thousands of people worldwide became infected with syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2).Death rate in general population is about 1%-6%,but this rate rises up to 15%in those with comorbidities.Recent publications showed that the clinical progression of this disease in organ recipients is more destructive,with a fatality rate of up to 14%-25%.We aimed to review the effect of pandemic on various transplantation patients.coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has not only interrupted waiting list patients’lives;it has also impacted transplantation strategies,transplant surgeries and broke donation chains.COVID-19 was directly and indirectly accountable for 73%surplus in mortality of this population as compared to wait listed patients in earlier years.The impact of chronic immunosuppression on outcomes of COVID-19 remains unclear but understanding the immunological mechanisms related to the virus is critically important for the lifetime of transplantation and immune suppressed patients.It is hard to endorse changing anti-rejection therapy,as the existing data appraised is not adequate to advise substituting tacrolimus with cyclosporine during severe COVID-19 disease.
文摘Organ transplantation is considered to be an effective method for the treatment of end-stage organ failure,early malignant tumors and tissue damage.In order to reduce the rejection of the transplanted organ by the host,immunosuppressive drugs should be used for a long time,but the suppression of the host immune system by immunosuppressive drugs can cause serious side effects.Therefore,how to induce the recipient's immune system to have no response to the transplanted organ after transplantation,while still showing a normal immune response to the alien antigen.Induction of immune tolerance to donor organs has long been a focus of research by transplant scientists.Soluble CD83(sCD83)is a glycoprotein with specific immunosuppressive effects.In recent years,there have been more and more reports on the immune tolerance induced by sCD83 in animal experiments,which has shown a broad prospect in the treatment of host immune rejection after organ transplantation and provided an experimental basis for its clinical transformation.
文摘Solid organ transplantation offers life-saving treatment for patients with endorgan dysfunction.Patient survival and quality of life have improved over the past few decades as a result of pharmacological development,expansion of the donor pool,technological advances and standardization of practices related to transplantation.Still,transplantation is associated with cardiovascular complications,of which post-transplant diabetes mellitus(PTDM)is one of the most important.PTDM increases mortality,which is best documented in patients who have received kidney and heart transplants.PTDM results from traditional risk factors seen in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,but also from specific posttransplant risk factors such as metabolic side effects of immunosuppressive drugs,post-transplant viral infections and hypomagnesemia.Oral hypoglycaemic agents are the first choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in non-transplanted patients.However,the evidence on the safety and efficacy of oral hypoglycaemic agents in transplant recipients is limited.The favourable risk/benefit ratio,which is suggested by large-scale and long-term studies on new glucoselowering drug classes such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors,makes studies warranted to assess the potential role of these agents in the management of PTDM.
文摘Weight gain is a frequent postoperative complication following a solid organ transplant which can be solved by bariatric surgery.The outcomes of bariatric surgery among patients with an organ transplant history are always a challengeable subject for surgeons and surgery candidates.In this review article,we aim to investigate the existence literature about the rates of morbidity and mortality,frequent complications in terms of graft function,remission in diabetes,hypertension,pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders,hepatic and renal functions,and immunosuppressive stability,as well as the safety of bariatric surgery among patients.
文摘Objective To summarize our clinical experience in liver transplantation while considering the background in this filed in China. Methods Ninety-five patients who had received liver transplantation from April 1993 to March 2002 were analyzed retrospectively. Three periods were defined objectively as period Ⅰ(1993-1997),Ⅱ(1999) and Ⅲ(2000 -2002). Operative techniques, recipients, original diseases, complications and survival rates were compared among the three periods. Results Malignant liver lesions were the main cause for liver transplantation in period Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The ratio of number of malignant disease to total recipients decreased gradually from period Ⅰ to Ⅱ (100%, 53% and 35%, respectively). The 1-year survival rate in patients with benign liver disease was 85 % and the total operative mortality was 5% in period Ⅲ. The incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation or reinfection was 24% twelve months after liver transplantation. Vascular complication decreased but biliary complications did
文摘Kidney disease after non-kidney solid organ transplantation(NKSOT)is a common post-transplant complication associated with deleterious outcomes.Kidney disease,both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease(CKD)alike,emanates from multifactorial,summative pre-,peri-and post-transplant events.Several factors leading to kidney disease are shared amongst solid organ transplantation in addition to distinct mechanisms unique to individual transplant types.The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature describing kidney disease in NKSOT.We conducted a narrative review of pertinent studies on the subject,limiting our search to full text studies in the English language.Kidney disease after NKSOT is prevalent,particularly in intestinal and lung transplantation.Management strategies in the peri-operative and post-transplant periods including proteinuria management,calcineurin-inhibitor minimization/sparing approaches,and nephrology referral can counteract CKD progression and/or aid in subsequent kidney after solid organ transplantation.Kidney disease after NKSOT is an important consideration in organ allocation practices,ethics of transplantation.Kidney disease after SOT is an incipient condition demanding further inquiry.While some truths have been revealed about this chronic disease,as we have aimed to describe in this review,continued multidisciplinary efforts are needed more than ever to combat this threat to patient and allograft survival.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Programof the National Ministry of Science(2017YFC1200503).
文摘In January 2019,the fourth rabies case caused by organ transplantation was noticed in China,with the conditions of one per year for the recent four years.Different from the previous cases,there were no definite epidemiological histories of exposure or rabies-related symptoms from this patient.This case strongly supports the call for the legislation of establishing a national-level management that will incorporate the screening programs on donors prior to the practice of organ transplantation to reduce the risks on rabies caused by organ transplantation.
基金supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82000602)the Chen Xiao-Ping Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(No.CXPJJH11900001-2019330)Innovation Team Project of Health Commission of Hubei Province(No.WJ2021C001).
文摘Objective We aimed to identify new,more accurate risk factors of liver transplantation for liver cancer through using the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database.Methods Using the SEER database,we identified patients that had undergone surgical resection for non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and subsequent liver transplantation between 2010 and 2017.Overall survival(OS)was estimated using Kaplan-Meier plotter.Cox proportional hazards regression modelling was used to identify factors independently associated with recurrent disease[presented as adjusted hazard ratios(HR)with 95%CIs].Results Totally,1530 eligible patients were included in the analysis.There were significant differences in ethnicity(P=0.04),cancer stage(P<0.001),vascular invasion(P<0.001)and gall bladder involvement(P<0.001)between the groups that survived,died due to cancer,or died due to other causes.In the Cox regression model,there were no significant differences in OS at 5 years with different operative strategies(autotransplantation versus allotransplantation),nor at survival at 1 year with neoadjuvant radiotherapy.However,neoadjuvant radiotherapy did appear to improve survival at both 3 years(HR:0.540,95%CI:0.326–0.896,P=0.017)and 5 years(HR:0.338,95%CI:0.153–0.747,P=0.007)from diagnosis.Conclusion This study demonstrated differences in patient characteristics between prognostic groups after liver resection and transplantation for HCC.These criteria can be used to inform patient selection and consent in this setting.Preoperative radiotherapy may improve long-term survival post-transplantation.
文摘BACKGROUND The United States has witnessed significant advancements in the field of organ transplantation over the course of the last five decades,as demonstrated by a notable increase in the quantity of academic research.The presence of a highly dynamic research environment necessitates continuous evaluations to maintain the integrity and progress of the field.AIM To evaluate the total output and thematic emphasis of transplant research conducted in the United States.METHODS On January 10,2023,we conducted a bibliometric search of United States research output in transplantation journals from the Web of Science database's Science Citation Index Expanded.We excluded editorials,meeting abstracts,and other non-article types.We analyzed annual trends,authors,institutions,articles,keywords,and countries collaborating with the United States,using VOSviewer 1.6.18 to create figures and tables.RESULTS The United States published 25956 papers(3078 reviews and 22878 articles)representing 37.7%of the world's scientific output.Canada emerged as the top collaborator with the United States,co-authoring 1263 articles.Leading institutions in United States transplantation research were the University of Pittsburgh(1749 articles),Mayo Clinic(1605 articles),Harvard Medical School(1549 articles),and Johns Hopkins University(1280 articles).The top three keywords with over 2000 occurrences were"recipients,""survival,"and"outcomes,"indicating a focus on graft and recipient outcome markers by United States researchers.CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the United States leadership in organ transplantation research,contributing significantly to the global scientific output in this field.However,opportunities exist for fostering expansive partnerships,particularly with developing countries.This study provides valuable insights into the transplantation research landscape in the United States,emphasizing the importance of ongoing evaluations to maintain and propel advancements in this critical medical discipline.The results may facilitate future collaborations,knowledge exchange,and the pursuit of innovative solutions in the realm of organ transplantation.
基金The Peking Union Medical College has received grant support from the China Medical Board for the time,meetings,and travel associated with the work described in this manuscript
文摘The much-anticipated change in the practice of organ donation and transplantation in China is now underway and affirmed by an important Hangzhou Resolution promulgated at the 2013 China Transplant Congress.Support of the National Health and Family Planning Commission On October 29,2013,in a meeting of the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC)officials with Jie-Fu Huang,Head of National Organ Transplant Committee(OTC), Hai-Bo Wang,Director of China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS)
基金The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Northwell Health(Approval No.19-0009).
文摘BACKGROUND The Hispanic community has a high demand for organ donation but a shortage of donors.Studies investigating factors that could promote or hinder organ donation have examined emotional video interventions.Factors acting as barriers to organ donation registration have been classified as:(1)Bodily integrity;(2)medical mistrust;(3)“ick”-feelings of disgust towards organ donation;and(4)“jinx”-fear that registration may result in one dying due to premeditated plans.We predict that by providing necessary information and education about the donation process via a short video,individuals will be more willing to register as organ donors.AIM To determine perceptions and attitudes regarding barriers and facilitators to organ donation intention among Hispanic residents in the New York metropolitan area.METHODS This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Northwell Health.The approval reference number is No.19-0009(as presented in Supplementary material).Eligible participants included Hispanic New York City(NYC)residents,18 years of age and above,who were recruited voluntarily through Cloud Research and participated in a larger randomized survey study of NYC residents.The survey an 85-item Redcap survey measured participant demographics,attitudes,and knowledge of organ donation as well as the intention to register as an organ donor.Attention checks were implemented throughout the survey,and responses were excluded for those who did fail.Participants were randomly assigned two-between subject conditions:To view a short video on organ donation and then proceed to complete the survey(i.e.,video first)and view the same video at the end of the survey(video last).No intra-group activities were conducted.This study utilized an evidenced-based emotive educational intervention(video)which was previously utilized and was shown to increase organ donation registration rates at the Ohio Department of Motor Vehicles.Results were analyzed using Jamovi statistical software.Three hundred sixty-five Hispanic individuals were included in the analysis.Once consent was obtained and participants entered the survey(the survey sample is presented in Supplementary material),participants were asked to report on demographic variables and their general impression of organ donation after death.The video depicted stories regarding organ donation after death from various viewpoints,including from the loved ones of a deceased person who died waiting for a transplant;from the loved ones of a deceased person whose organs were donated upon death;and,from those who were currently waiting for a transplant.RESULTS Using a binomial logistic regression,the analysis provides information about the relationship between the effects of an emotive video and the intention to donate among Hispanic participants who were not already registered as donors.The willingness to go back and register was found to be significantly more probable for those who watched the emotive video before being asked about their organ donation opinions(odds ratio:2.05,95%confidence interval:1.06-3.97).Motivations for participation in organ donation were also captured with many stating the importance of messages coming from“people like me”and a message that highlights“the welfare of those in need”.Overall,the findings suggest that using an emotive video that addresses organ donation barriers to prompt organ donation intentions can be effective among the Hispanic populous.Future studies should explore using targeted messaging that resonates with specific cultural groups,highlighting the welfare of others.CONCLUSION This study suggests that an emotive educational intervention is likely to be effective in improving organ donation registration intent among the Hispanic population residing in NYC.
基金Supported by FIR 2014 Project,University of Catania.
文摘Gastrointestinal complications are common after renal transplantation,and they have a wide clinical spectrum,varying from diarrhoea to post-transplant inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Chronic immunosuppression may increase the risk of post-transplant infection and medication-related injury and may also be responsible for IBD in kidney transplant re-cipients despite immunosuppression.Differentiating the various forms of post-transplant colitis is challenging,since most have similar clinical and histological features.Drug-related colitis are the most frequently encountered colitis after kidney transplantation,particularly those related to the chronic use of mycophenolate mofetil,while de novo IBDs are quite rare.This review will explore colitis after kidney transplantation,with a particular focus on different clinical and histological features,attempting to clearly identify the right treatment,thereby improving the final outcome of patients.
文摘Liver transplantation represents the only curative option for patients with endstage liver disease,fulminant hepatitis and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.Even though major advances in transplantation in the last decades have achieved excellent survival rates in the early post-transplantation period,long-term survival is hampered by the lack of improvement in survival in the late post transplantation period(over 5 years after transplantation).The main etiologies for late mortality are malignancies and cardiovascular complications.The latter are increasingly prevalent in liver transplant recipients due to the development or worsening of metabolic syndrome and all its components(arterial hypertension,dyslipidemia,obesity,renal injury,etc.).These comorbidities result from a combination of pre-liver transplant features,immunosuppressive agent side-effects,changes in metabolism and hemodynamics after liver transplantation and the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle.In this review we describe the most prevalent metabolic and cardiovascular complications present after liver transplantation,as well as proposing management strategies.
文摘BACKGROUND Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving intervention for end-stage organ disease.Post-transplant diabetes mellitus(PTDM)is a common complication in solid organ transplant recipients,and significantly compromises long-term survival beyond a year.AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate incidence of PTDM and compare the effects of the 3 major immunosuppressants on incidence of PTDM.METHODS Two hundred and six eligible studies identified 75595 patients on Tacrolimus,51242 on Cyclosporine and 3020 on Sirolimus.Random effects meta-analyses was used to calculate incidence.RESULTS Network meta-analysis estimated the overall risk of developing PTDM was higher with tacrolimus(OR=1.495%CI:1.0–2.0)and sirolimus(OR=1.8;95%CI:1.5–2.2)than with Cyclosporine.The overall incidence of PTDM at years 2-3 was 17%for kidney,19%for liver and 22%for heart.The risk factors for PTDM most frequently identified in the primary studies were age,body mass index,hepatitis C,and African American descent.CONCLUSION Tacrolimus tends to exhibit higher diabetogenicity in the short-term(2-3 years post-transplant),whereas sirolimus exhibits higher diabetogenicity in the longterm(5-10 years post-transplant).This study will aid clinicians in recognition of risk factors for PTDM and encourage careful evaluation of the risk/benefit of different immunosuppressant regimens in transplant recipients.
文摘BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic has had a profound worldwide impact.Indeed,it has led to a vast decrease in organ transplantation,including liver transplants(LT).There is little data regarding adjustments made by LT centers as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.AIM To assess the experience of LT centers in the United States during the pandemic.METHODS We performed an observational survey study from May 11,2020 to June 5,2020.We sent out a 13 question survey to 15 LT centers across the southeastern United States.RESULTS Eleven LT centers responded to the survey.We found that(11/11)100%of transplant centers made adjustments because of the COVID-19 pandemic.At least 50%of transplant centers had at least one transplant recipient infected with COVID-19.To adjust,greater than 50%of centers performed fewer LT,100%of patients were tested for COVID-19,and most centers implemented a virtual platform.CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected liver transplantation in the southeastern United States.It was evident that a concerted effort was made by LT centers to protect their patients and employees from COVID-19 but also to continue the lifesaving procedure of LT in this sick patient population.Further studies are needed to assess how LT centers around the world managed the pandemic in order to learn strategies to continue life-saving procedures in this patient population.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus(HEV)infection is underdiagnosed due to the use of serological assays with low sensitivity.Although most patients with HEV recover completely,HEV infection among patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and organ-transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy can result in decompensated liver disease and death.AIM To demonstrate the prevalence of HEV infection in solid organ transplant(SOT)recipients.METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE,EMBASE,and the Cochrane Library for eligible articles through October 2020.The inclusion criteria consisted of adult patients with history of SOT.HEV infection is confirmed by either HEV-immunoglobulin G,HEV-immunoglobulin M,or HEV RNA assay.RESULTS Of 563 citations,a total of 22 studies(n=4557)were included in this metaanalysis.The pooled estimated prevalence of HEV infection in SOT patients was 20.2%[95%confidence interval(CI):14.9-26.8].The pooled estimated prevalence of HEV infection for each organ transplant was as follows:liver(27.2%;95%CI:20.0-35.8),kidney(12.8%;95%CI:9.3-17.3),heart(12.8%;95%CI:9.3-17.3),and lung(5.6%;95%CI:1.6-17.9).Comparison across organ transplants demonstrated statistical significance(Q=16.721,P=0.002).The subgroup analyses showed that the prevalence of HEV infection among SOT recipients was significantly higher in middle-income countries compared to high-income countries.The pooled estimated prevalence of de novo HEV infection was 5.1%(95%CI:2.6-9.6)and the pooled estimated prevalence of acute HEV infection was 4.3%(95%CI:1.9-9.4).CONCLUSION HEV infection is common in SOT recipients,particularly in middle-income countries.The prevalence of HEV infection in lung transplant recipients is considerably less common than other organ transplants.More studies examining the clinical impacts of HEV infection in SOT recipients,such as graft failure,rejection,and mortality are warranted.
