BACKGROUND Complicated cataract surgery is challenging,especially in cases of hard nuclear cataract with severe anterior capsule organization.It is important to avoid the risk of surgery and improve the surgical skill...BACKGROUND Complicated cataract surgery is challenging,especially in cases of hard nuclear cataract with severe anterior capsule organization.It is important to avoid the risk of surgery and improve the surgical skills of surgeons.CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old man presented with severe cataract and visual impairment.The anterior capsule of the lens was irregularly organized and pulled to the surrounding capsule,and white porcelain organized cord and brown-black lens nucleus were clearly visible.In phacoemulsification,maintaining the anterior capsule round and intact plays a key role in a successful surgery.In this case,if the conventional capsule treatment method was used,the anterior capsule would be torn.Therefore,we adopted a segmented anterior capsule treatment method,and a blasting method to release energy when dealing with the lens nucleus,and achieved good surgical results.CONCLUSION Complicated cataract surgery is challenging and requires precise skills.Operation plans should be made reasonably to predict the risk of surgery,and improve the visual quality of the patients.展开更多
With the development of online social networks,a special group of online users named organized posters(or Internet water army,Internet paid posters in some literatures) have fl ooded the social network communities. Th...With the development of online social networks,a special group of online users named organized posters(or Internet water army,Internet paid posters in some literatures) have fl ooded the social network communities. They are organized in groups to post with specific purposes and sometimes even confuse or mislead normal users.In this paper,we study the individual and group characteristics of organized posters. A classifier is constructed based on the individual and group characteristics to detect them. Extensive experimental results on three real datasets demonstrate that our method based on individual and group characteristics using SVM model(IGCSVM) is effective in detecting organized posters and better than existing methods. We take a first look at finding the promoters based on the detected organized posters of our IGCSVM method. Our experiments show that it is effective in detecting promoters.展开更多
The author puts forward the proposition of Complexity and Self Organized Criticality of Solid Earth System in the light of: (1) the science of complexity studies the mechanisms of emergence of complexity and is...The author puts forward the proposition of Complexity and Self Organized Criticality of Solid Earth System in the light of: (1) the science of complexity studies the mechanisms of emergence of complexity and is the science of the 21st century, (2) the study of complexity of the earth system would be one of the growing points occupying a strategic position in the development of geosciences in the 21st century. By the proposition we try to cogitate from a new viewpoint the ancient yet ever new solid earth system. The author abstracts the fundamental problem of the solid earth system from the essence of the generalized geological systems and processes which reads: the complexity and self organized criticality of the global nature, structure and dynamical behavior of the whole solid earth system emerging from the multiple coupling and superposition of non linear interactions among the multicomponents of the earths material and the multiple generalized geological (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) processes . Starting from this cognizance the author proposes eight major themes and the methodology of researches on the complexity and self organized criticality of the solid earth system.展开更多
The origin of power-law distributions in self-organized criticality is investigated by treating the variation of the number of active sites in the system as a stochastic process. An avalanche is then regarded as a fir...The origin of power-law distributions in self-organized criticality is investigated by treating the variation of the number of active sites in the system as a stochastic process. An avalanche is then regarded as a first-return random walk process in a one-dimensional lattice. We assume that the variation of the number of active sites has three possibilities in each update： to increase by 1 with probability f1, to decrease by 1 with probability f2, or remain unchanged with probability 1 - f1 - f2. This mimics the dynamics in the system. Power-law distributions of the lifetime are found when the random walk is unbiased with equal probability to move in opposite directions. This shows that power-law distributions in self-organized criticality may be caused by the balance of competitive interactions.展开更多
The dynamical behavior in the cortical brain network of macaque is studied by modelling each cortical areawith a subnetwork of interacting excitable neurons.We find that the avalanche of our model on different levels ...The dynamical behavior in the cortical brain network of macaque is studied by modelling each cortical areawith a subnetwork of interacting excitable neurons.We find that the avalanche of our model on different levels exhibitspower-law.Furthermore the power-law exponent of the distribution and the average avalanche size are affected by thetopology of the network.展开更多
Taking its development in Baoding City as an example, we introduced service fields of rural cooperative economic organized united association. It mainly includes setting up service platform and providing scientific an...Taking its development in Baoding City as an example, we introduced service fields of rural cooperative economic organized united association. It mainly includes setting up service platform and providing scientific and technological services; organizing economic and trade negotiation and exchange, and promoting farmer-supermarket partnership; providing financial services and solving fund-raising problems. In line with these fields, we analyzed existing problems: (i) regional development is unbalanced and organization lacks internal connection; (ii) the development in some counties (cities) is to be improved, and the promotion effect is not significant; (iii) there is shortage of talent and the innovation strength is not enough; and (iv) it lacks system and management lacks restriction mechanism. Finally, we put forward countermeasures and recommendations: strengthen propaganda and cultivate farmers' cooperative awareness; incorporate rural cooperative economic organized united association into formal system arrangement, and absorb professional talents; innovate upon organization system of rural cooperative economic organized united association and improve service methods; improve internal operating mechanism and innovate upon working contents of rural cooperative economic organized united association at new development background.展开更多
GENERAL INFORMATIONThe Chinese Society of Metals is pleased to announcethat The Second International Conference on HSLASteels (HSLA’90) will be held in Beijing,China inOctober 1990.Much progress in research and devel...GENERAL INFORMATIONThe Chinese Society of Metals is pleased to announcethat The Second International Conference on HSLASteels (HSLA’90) will be held in Beijing,China inOctober 1990.Much progress in research and devel-opment of HSLA steels has been achieved by theworld’s metallurgical and materials community since展开更多
The cooperative evolutionary stability under self-organized organization is discussed in this paper. The differences between the objects studied by cooperative game theory and the ones studied by cooperative game in s...The cooperative evolutionary stability under self-organized organization is discussed in this paper. The differences between the objects studied by cooperative game theory and the ones studied by cooperative game in science ＆ technology alliance are analyzed. The mutant probability of agent＇s utility under endoge- nous technical factor condition is analyzed. By clarifying the connotation of Pareto-dominate institution in cooperative game, the efficient and feasible managerial definition of Pareto-dominate Institution in science ＆ technology alliance is presented. The evolutionarily cooperative game for the agent in Pareto-dominate institution is explained. And then the necessary condition of cooperative evolutionary stabilization based on multi-agent utility＇s dynamic equilibrium is put forward. Finally, the model of alliance＇s utility＇s dynamic equilibrium under self-organization is established.展开更多
The effect of a self-organized SiNs interlayer on the defect density of （1122） semipolar GaN grown on 7n-plane sapphire is studied by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and high resolution x-r...The effect of a self-organized SiNs interlayer on the defect density of （1122） semipolar GaN grown on 7n-plane sapphire is studied by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and high resolution x-ray diffrac- tion. The SiNx interlayer reduces the c-type dislocation density from 2.5 ×10^10 cm^-2 to 5 ×10^8 cm 2. The SiNx interlayer produces regions that are free from basal plane stacking faults （BSFs） and dislocations. The overall BSF density is reduced from 2.1×10^5 cm-1 to 1.3×10^4 cm^-1. The large dislocations and BSF reduction in semipolar （1122） GaN with the SiNx, interlayer result from two primary mechanisms. The first mechanism is the direct dislocation blocking by the SiNx interlayer, and the second mechanism is associated with the unique structure character of （1122） semipolar GaN.展开更多
GENERAL INFORMATIONThe Chinese Society of Metals is pleased to announcethat The Second International Conference on HSLASteels(HSLA’90)will be held in Beijing,China inOctober 1990.Much progress in research and devel-o...GENERAL INFORMATIONThe Chinese Society of Metals is pleased to announcethat The Second International Conference on HSLASteels(HSLA’90)will be held in Beijing,China inOctober 1990.Much progress in research and devel-opment of HSLA steels has been achieved by theworld’s metallurgical and materials community since展开更多
Criminal networks erode the legitimacy of democratic politics, affecting regions as diverse as Latin America （Briscoe, Perdomo, ＆ Uribe Burcher, 2014）, the Baltic States （Villaveces-Izquierdo ＆ Uribe Burcher, 201...Criminal networks erode the legitimacy of democratic politics, affecting regions as diverse as Latin America （Briscoe, Perdomo, ＆ Uribe Burcher, 2014）, the Baltic States （Villaveces-Izquierdo ＆ Uribe Burcher, 2013）, and West Africa （Aning ＆ Edu-Afful, 2013a; 2013b）. Contemporary research on this topic describes various factors that might increase the vulnerability of political actors, institutions, and processes to organized crime （Uribe Burcher, 2017）. In addition, there is a need to identify strategies to strengthen those political actors, institutions, and processes, making them resilient against criminal influence. Drawing from extensive field research conducted in Latin America, Africa, and West Asia in 2015-2016 （Perdomo ＆ Uribe Burcher, 2016; Hunter ＆ Reitano, 2016; Briscoe ＆ Goff, 2016a; 2016b）, as well as additional desk research conducted during the same period, this paper maps a set of 28 actions that may increase these institutions＇ and actors＇ resilience to the influence of organized crime networks based on documented global experiences implementing such measures. The paper also reflects some of the findings from a pilot experience to assess the threat of nexus between organized crime in democratic politics in Peru conducted in 2015-2016, which used some of the proposed action points to build a prevention and mitigation plan.展开更多
In recent years, increased attention from the media, the international community and policy makers has highlighted the destabilizing effects criminal networks have on the legitimacy of democratic politics, as well as ...In recent years, increased attention from the media, the international community and policy makers has highlighted the destabilizing effects criminal networks have on the legitimacy of democratic politics, as well as the capacity of democratic systems to deliver basic services. Indeed, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development highlighted in 2014 how illicit financial flows drain the state from resources needed to provide basic services （OECD, 2014）. While this problem affects not only developing and fragile states, these countries are particularly affected as this phenomenon tends to exacerbate inequality （Briscoe, Perdomo ＆ Uribe Burcher, 2014）. Mapping the factors that make politics vulnerable to the influence of organized crime is a key element in the effort to implement adequate strategies to prevent and mitigate this phenomenon. This paper explores 21 threat factors identified, understood as some of the conditions that may contribute to the likelihood that political corruption linked to organized crime takes place. These threat factors underline institutional weaknesses--including those related to illicit political fmance---and organized crime activities, which create opportunities for illicit networks to penetrate democratic political systems. The paper also discusses how these institutional weaknesses interrelate to specific criminal markets and networks. The paper draws from extensive desk research in 2015, which complements previous desk and field research on the same topic carded out in 2011-2014 in the Baltic States, Latin America and West Africa.展开更多
A new analysis of a previously studied traveling agent model, showed that there is a relation between the degree of homogeneity of the medium where the agents move, agent motion patterns, and the noise generated from ...A new analysis of a previously studied traveling agent model, showed that there is a relation between the degree of homogeneity of the medium where the agents move, agent motion patterns, and the noise generated from their displacements. We proved that for a particular value of homogeneity, the system self organizes in a state where the agents carry out Lévy walks and the displacement signal corresponds to 1/f noise. Using probabilistic arguments, we conjectured that 1/f noise is a fingerprint of a statistical phase transition, from randomness (disorder) to predictability (order), and that it emerges from the contextuality nature of the system which generates it.展开更多
From July 21st to 22nd,2022,the Chinese Association for International Understanding (CAFIU) organized series of field trips with the theme of First-lland Experience of China’s Ecological and Environmental Protection ...From July 21st to 22nd,2022,the Chinese Association for International Understanding (CAFIU) organized series of field trips with the theme of First-lland Experience of China’s Ecological and Environmental Protection Development,in which around 30 foreign students from Beijing Normal University and young staff from CAFIU participated.展开更多
The differential diagnosis for expansile masses of the sphenoid sinuses includes both benign and malignant lesions. We herein present a case of a 79-year-old female who presented with chronic epistaxis and an expansil...The differential diagnosis for expansile masses of the sphenoid sinuses includes both benign and malignant lesions. We herein present a case of a 79-year-old female who presented with chronic epistaxis and an expansile soft tissue mass centered in the sphenoid sinus with erosion of the skull base. Endoscopic resection of the lesion was performed, with histopathological examination revealing organized hematoma. To our knowl- edge, this is the first reported case of sphenoid sinus organizing hematoma treated with pre-operative embolization followed by endoscopic excision.展开更多
This paper proposes a probabilistic model of object category learning in conjunction with attention-guided organized perception. This model consists of a model of attention-guided organized perception of object segmen...This paper proposes a probabilistic model of object category learning in conjunction with attention-guided organized perception. This model consists of a model of attention-guided organized perception of object segments on Markov random fields and a model of learning object categories based on a probabilistic latent component analysis. In attention guided organized perception, concurrent figure-ground segmentation is performed on dynamically-formed Markov random fields around salient preattentive points and co-occurring segments are grouped in the neighborhood of selective attended segments. In object category learning, a set of classes of each object category is obtained based on the probabilistic latent component analysis with the variable number of classes from bags of features of segments extracted from images which contain the categorical objects in context and an object category is represented by a composite of object classes. Through experiments using two image data sets, it is shown that the model learns a probabilistic structure of intra-categorical composition and inter-categorical difference of object categories and achieves high performance in object category recognition.展开更多
The X-ray crystal structures of C,C,N-triaryl-substituted imine compounds, which have methoxy or hydroxy group adjacent to the imino moiety, are reported and discussed in comparison with those of the precursor ketone ...The X-ray crystal structures of C,C,N-triaryl-substituted imine compounds, which have methoxy or hydroxy group adjacent to the imino moiety, are reported and discussed in comparison with those of the precursor ketone compounds, 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene and 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2-hydroxy-7-methoxynaphthalene. In crystals, three aromatic rings in a molecule of the methyl ether-retained imine compound are positioned almost perpendicularly to each other by giving non-coplanar spatial organization of the single molecular structure [dihedral angles: 85.32(18)° for C-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;79.27(17)° for N-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;84.78(17)° for C-linked phenyl ring and N-linked phenyl ring]. Spatial organization of the analogous methyl ether-cleaved imine compound has essentially same topology [dihedral angles 80.39(6)° for the C-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;82.35(6)° for the N-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;87.09(7)° for C- and N-linked phenyl rings]. These structural features of triarylimines apparently differ from those of the precursor ketones. Two aromatic rings in the methyl ether-cleaved ketone compound make smaller dihedral angle [58.10(6)°] by intramolecular hydrogen bond between ketonic carbonyl group and hydroxy group [2.5573(16) A] than that of the methyl ether-retained ketone [72.06(7)°]. In molecular packing, the methyl ether-retained imine forms tubular molecular alignments composed of R—S dimeric molecular pairs, whereas the methyl ether-retained ketone affords consecutively stacks of one configurated molecules.展开更多
Dear Editor,The timing of spiking activity across neurons is believed to play an important role in information coding in brain circuits1[1].At the cellular level,neurons can fire spikes with millisecond precision and ...Dear Editor,The timing of spiking activity across neurons is believed to play an important role in information coding in brain circuits1[1].At the cellular level,neurons can fire spikes with millisecond precision and the relative timing of pre-and postsynaptic spikes can determine the direction and extent of synaptic modification[2].When such spike-timing-dependent plasticity(STDP)and other physiological and anatomical properties are implemented in theoretical models,the simulated networks of interconnected spiking neurons exhibit neuronal groups with stereotypical time-locked spatiotemporal firing patterns with millisecond temporal precision[3].展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Complicated cataract surgery is challenging,especially in cases of hard nuclear cataract with severe anterior capsule organization.It is important to avoid the risk of surgery and improve the surgical skills of surgeons.CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old man presented with severe cataract and visual impairment.The anterior capsule of the lens was irregularly organized and pulled to the surrounding capsule,and white porcelain organized cord and brown-black lens nucleus were clearly visible.In phacoemulsification,maintaining the anterior capsule round and intact plays a key role in a successful surgery.In this case,if the conventional capsule treatment method was used,the anterior capsule would be torn.Therefore,we adopted a segmented anterior capsule treatment method,and a blasting method to release energy when dealing with the lens nucleus,and achieved good surgical results.CONCLUSION Complicated cataract surgery is challenging and requires precise skills.Operation plans should be made reasonably to predict the risk of surgery,and improve the visual quality of the patients.
基金supported by 973 Program of China(Grant No.2013CB329601, 2013CB329602,2013CB329604)NSFC of China(Grant No.60933005,91124002)+1 种基金863 Program of China(Grant No.2012AA01A401, 2012AA01A402)National Key Technology RD Program of China(Grant No.2012BAH38B04, 2012BAH38B06)
文摘With the development of online social networks,a special group of online users named organized posters(or Internet water army,Internet paid posters in some literatures) have fl ooded the social network communities. They are organized in groups to post with specific purposes and sometimes even confuse or mislead normal users.In this paper,we study the individual and group characteristics of organized posters. A classifier is constructed based on the individual and group characteristics to detect them. Extensive experimental results on three real datasets demonstrate that our method based on individual and group characteristics using SVM model(IGCSVM) is effective in detecting organized posters and better than existing methods. We take a first look at finding the promoters based on the detected organized posters of our IGCSVM method. Our experiments show that it is effective in detecting promoters.
文摘The author puts forward the proposition of Complexity and Self Organized Criticality of Solid Earth System in the light of: (1) the science of complexity studies the mechanisms of emergence of complexity and is the science of the 21st century, (2) the study of complexity of the earth system would be one of the growing points occupying a strategic position in the development of geosciences in the 21st century. By the proposition we try to cogitate from a new viewpoint the ancient yet ever new solid earth system. The author abstracts the fundamental problem of the solid earth system from the essence of the generalized geological systems and processes which reads: the complexity and self organized criticality of the global nature, structure and dynamical behavior of the whole solid earth system emerging from the multiple coupling and superposition of non linear interactions among the multicomponents of the earths material and the multiple generalized geological (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) processes . Starting from this cognizance the author proposes eight major themes and the methodology of researches on the complexity and self organized criticality of the solid earth system.
基金The project supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.10635020 and 10475032the Major Project of the Ministry of Education of China under Grant No.306022.
文摘The origin of power-law distributions in self-organized criticality is investigated by treating the variation of the number of active sites in the system as a stochastic process. An avalanche is then regarded as a first-return random walk process in a one-dimensional lattice. We assume that the variation of the number of active sites has three possibilities in each update： to increase by 1 with probability f1, to decrease by 1 with probability f2, or remain unchanged with probability 1 - f1 - f2. This mimics the dynamics in the system. Power-law distributions of the lifetime are found when the random walk is unbiased with equal probability to move in opposite directions. This shows that power-law distributions in self-organized criticality may be caused by the balance of competitive interactions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10675060
文摘The dynamical behavior in the cortical brain network of macaque is studied by modelling each cortical areawith a subnetwork of interacting excitable neurons.We find that the avalanche of our model on different levels exhibitspower-law.Furthermore the power-law exponent of the distribution and the average avalanche size are affected by thetopology of the network.
基金Supported by social science project of Hebei province(HB12YJ092)Development Funds of Agricultural University of Hebei(SK201111)
文摘Taking its development in Baoding City as an example, we introduced service fields of rural cooperative economic organized united association. It mainly includes setting up service platform and providing scientific and technological services; organizing economic and trade negotiation and exchange, and promoting farmer-supermarket partnership; providing financial services and solving fund-raising problems. In line with these fields, we analyzed existing problems: (i) regional development is unbalanced and organization lacks internal connection; (ii) the development in some counties (cities) is to be improved, and the promotion effect is not significant; (iii) there is shortage of talent and the innovation strength is not enough; and (iv) it lacks system and management lacks restriction mechanism. Finally, we put forward countermeasures and recommendations: strengthen propaganda and cultivate farmers' cooperative awareness; incorporate rural cooperative economic organized united association into formal system arrangement, and absorb professional talents; innovate upon organization system of rural cooperative economic organized united association and improve service methods; improve internal operating mechanism and innovate upon working contents of rural cooperative economic organized united association at new development background.
文摘GENERAL INFORMATIONThe Chinese Society of Metals is pleased to announcethat The Second International Conference on HSLASteels (HSLA’90) will be held in Beijing,China inOctober 1990.Much progress in research and devel-opment of HSLA steels has been achieved by theworld’s metallurgical and materials community since
基金Sponsored by Humanities and Social Sciences Fund of Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (MEPRC) (07JA880011)the Eleventh Fives Educational Plan Fund of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (ADA07067)the Graduate Educational Inno-vation Program of MEPRC (P-0801)
文摘The cooperative evolutionary stability under self-organized organization is discussed in this paper. The differences between the objects studied by cooperative game theory and the ones studied by cooperative game in science ＆ technology alliance are analyzed. The mutant probability of agent＇s utility under endoge- nous technical factor condition is analyzed. By clarifying the connotation of Pareto-dominate institution in cooperative game, the efficient and feasible managerial definition of Pareto-dominate Institution in science ＆ technology alliance is presented. The evolutionarily cooperative game for the agent in Pareto-dominate institution is explained. And then the necessary condition of cooperative evolutionary stabilization based on multi-agent utility＇s dynamic equilibrium is put forward. Finally, the model of alliance＇s utility＇s dynamic equilibrium under self-organization is established.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61204006 and 61574108the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No JB141101the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications of Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No 15CS01
文摘The effect of a self-organized SiNs interlayer on the defect density of （1122） semipolar GaN grown on 7n-plane sapphire is studied by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and high resolution x-ray diffrac- tion. The SiNx interlayer reduces the c-type dislocation density from 2.5 ×10^10 cm^-2 to 5 ×10^8 cm 2. The SiNx interlayer produces regions that are free from basal plane stacking faults （BSFs） and dislocations. The overall BSF density is reduced from 2.1×10^5 cm-1 to 1.3×10^4 cm^-1. The large dislocations and BSF reduction in semipolar （1122） GaN with the SiNx, interlayer result from two primary mechanisms. The first mechanism is the direct dislocation blocking by the SiNx interlayer, and the second mechanism is associated with the unique structure character of （1122） semipolar GaN.
文摘GENERAL INFORMATIONThe Chinese Society of Metals is pleased to announcethat The Second International Conference on HSLASteels(HSLA’90)will be held in Beijing,China inOctober 1990.Much progress in research and devel-opment of HSLA steels has been achieved by theworld’s metallurgical and materials community since
文摘Criminal networks erode the legitimacy of democratic politics, affecting regions as diverse as Latin America （Briscoe, Perdomo, ＆ Uribe Burcher, 2014）, the Baltic States （Villaveces-Izquierdo ＆ Uribe Burcher, 2013）, and West Africa （Aning ＆ Edu-Afful, 2013a; 2013b）. Contemporary research on this topic describes various factors that might increase the vulnerability of political actors, institutions, and processes to organized crime （Uribe Burcher, 2017）. In addition, there is a need to identify strategies to strengthen those political actors, institutions, and processes, making them resilient against criminal influence. Drawing from extensive field research conducted in Latin America, Africa, and West Asia in 2015-2016 （Perdomo ＆ Uribe Burcher, 2016; Hunter ＆ Reitano, 2016; Briscoe ＆ Goff, 2016a; 2016b）, as well as additional desk research conducted during the same period, this paper maps a set of 28 actions that may increase these institutions＇ and actors＇ resilience to the influence of organized crime networks based on documented global experiences implementing such measures. The paper also reflects some of the findings from a pilot experience to assess the threat of nexus between organized crime in democratic politics in Peru conducted in 2015-2016, which used some of the proposed action points to build a prevention and mitigation plan.
文摘In recent years, increased attention from the media, the international community and policy makers has highlighted the destabilizing effects criminal networks have on the legitimacy of democratic politics, as well as the capacity of democratic systems to deliver basic services. Indeed, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development highlighted in 2014 how illicit financial flows drain the state from resources needed to provide basic services （OECD, 2014）. While this problem affects not only developing and fragile states, these countries are particularly affected as this phenomenon tends to exacerbate inequality （Briscoe, Perdomo ＆ Uribe Burcher, 2014）. Mapping the factors that make politics vulnerable to the influence of organized crime is a key element in the effort to implement adequate strategies to prevent and mitigate this phenomenon. This paper explores 21 threat factors identified, understood as some of the conditions that may contribute to the likelihood that political corruption linked to organized crime takes place. These threat factors underline institutional weaknesses--including those related to illicit political fmance---and organized crime activities, which create opportunities for illicit networks to penetrate democratic political systems. The paper also discusses how these institutional weaknesses interrelate to specific criminal markets and networks. The paper draws from extensive desk research in 2015, which complements previous desk and field research on the same topic carded out in 2011-2014 in the Baltic States, Latin America and West Africa.
文摘A new analysis of a previously studied traveling agent model, showed that there is a relation between the degree of homogeneity of the medium where the agents move, agent motion patterns, and the noise generated from their displacements. We proved that for a particular value of homogeneity, the system self organizes in a state where the agents carry out Lévy walks and the displacement signal corresponds to 1/f noise. Using probabilistic arguments, we conjectured that 1/f noise is a fingerprint of a statistical phase transition, from randomness (disorder) to predictability (order), and that it emerges from the contextuality nature of the system which generates it.
文摘From July 21st to 22nd,2022,the Chinese Association for International Understanding (CAFIU) organized series of field trips with the theme of First-lland Experience of China’s Ecological and Environmental Protection Development,in which around 30 foreign students from Beijing Normal University and young staff from CAFIU participated.
文摘The differential diagnosis for expansile masses of the sphenoid sinuses includes both benign and malignant lesions. We herein present a case of a 79-year-old female who presented with chronic epistaxis and an expansile soft tissue mass centered in the sphenoid sinus with erosion of the skull base. Endoscopic resection of the lesion was performed, with histopathological examination revealing organized hematoma. To our knowl- edge, this is the first reported case of sphenoid sinus organizing hematoma treated with pre-operative embolization followed by endoscopic excision.
文摘This paper proposes a probabilistic model of object category learning in conjunction with attention-guided organized perception. This model consists of a model of attention-guided organized perception of object segments on Markov random fields and a model of learning object categories based on a probabilistic latent component analysis. In attention guided organized perception, concurrent figure-ground segmentation is performed on dynamically-formed Markov random fields around salient preattentive points and co-occurring segments are grouped in the neighborhood of selective attended segments. In object category learning, a set of classes of each object category is obtained based on the probabilistic latent component analysis with the variable number of classes from bags of features of segments extracted from images which contain the categorical objects in context and an object category is represented by a composite of object classes. Through experiments using two image data sets, it is shown that the model learns a probabilistic structure of intra-categorical composition and inter-categorical difference of object categories and achieves high performance in object category recognition.
文摘The X-ray crystal structures of C,C,N-triaryl-substituted imine compounds, which have methoxy or hydroxy group adjacent to the imino moiety, are reported and discussed in comparison with those of the precursor ketone compounds, 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene and 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2-hydroxy-7-methoxynaphthalene. In crystals, three aromatic rings in a molecule of the methyl ether-retained imine compound are positioned almost perpendicularly to each other by giving non-coplanar spatial organization of the single molecular structure [dihedral angles: 85.32(18)° for C-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;79.27(17)° for N-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;84.78(17)° for C-linked phenyl ring and N-linked phenyl ring]. Spatial organization of the analogous methyl ether-cleaved imine compound has essentially same topology [dihedral angles 80.39(6)° for the C-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;82.35(6)° for the N-linked phenyl ring and naphthalene ring;87.09(7)° for C- and N-linked phenyl rings]. These structural features of triarylimines apparently differ from those of the precursor ketones. Two aromatic rings in the methyl ether-cleaved ketone compound make smaller dihedral angle [58.10(6)°] by intramolecular hydrogen bond between ketonic carbonyl group and hydroxy group [2.5573(16) A] than that of the methyl ether-retained ketone [72.06(7)°]. In molecular packing, the methyl ether-retained imine forms tubular molecular alignments composed of R—S dimeric molecular pairs, whereas the methyl ether-retained ketone affords consecutively stacks of one configurated molecules.
基金supported in part by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB32030200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A6005,31621002,and 31070935)973 Program(2013CB835100).
文摘Dear Editor,The timing of spiking activity across neurons is believed to play an important role in information coding in brain circuits1[1].At the cellular level,neurons can fire spikes with millisecond precision and the relative timing of pre-and postsynaptic spikes can determine the direction and extent of synaptic modification[2].When such spike-timing-dependent plasticity(STDP)and other physiological and anatomical properties are implemented in theoretical models,the simulated networks of interconnected spiking neurons exhibit neuronal groups with stereotypical time-locked spatiotemporal firing patterns with millisecond temporal precision[3].
