In order to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of highfines sand(HFS)produced by the mine,full solid waste shotcrete(HFS-BFRS)was prepared with HFS asfine aggregate in cooperation with basaltfiber(BF).The strengt...In order to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of highfines sand(HFS)produced by the mine,full solid waste shotcrete(HFS-BFRS)was prepared with HFS asfine aggregate in cooperation with basaltfiber(BF).The strength growth characteristics of HFS-BFRS were analyzed.And thefitting equation of compressive strength growth characteristics of HFS-BFRS under the synergistic effect of multiple factors was given.And based on the orthogonal experimental method,the effects on the compressive strength,splitting tensile strength andflex-ural strength of HFS-BFRS under the action of different levels of influencing factors were investigated.The effect of three factors on the mechanical properties of HFS-BFRS,3,and 28 d,respectively,was revealed by choosing the colloidal sand ratio(C/H),basaltfiber volume fraction(BF Vol)and naphthalene high-efficiency water reducing agent(FDN)as the design variables,combined with indoor tests and theoretical analysis.The results show that the sensitivity of the three factors on compressive strength andflexural strength is C/H>FDN>BF Vol,and split-ting tensile strength is BF Vol>FDN>C/H.Finally,thefitting ratio of HFS-BFRS was optimized by the factor index method,and the rationality was verified by thefield test.For thefluidity of HFS-BFRS,the slump can be improved by 139%under the action of 1.2%FDN,which guarantees the pump-ability of HFS-BFRS.展开更多
[Objectives]This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of quercetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus.[Methods]The natural product quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was extracted by ultrason...[Objectives]This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of quercetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus.[Methods]The natural product quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted method,and the content of quercetin in the extract was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.The effect of ethanol concentration,solid/liquid ratio,temperature,time and ultrasonic power on the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was investigated by using single-factor experiments.Based on the results of single-factor experiments,an orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the extraction process.The experimental data obtained were subjected to range analysis,analysis of variance and SSR test using SPSS 20.0 software to obtain the optimal extraction process.The results concluded were verified.[Results]The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was as follows:temperature of 85℃,time of 30 min,solid/liquid ratio of 1∶20 g/mL,ethanol concentration of 50%.Under the optimal extraction conditions,the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was the highest.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus.展开更多
An orthogonal design was used to optimize SSR-PCR amplification system using Panax ginseng genomic DNA as template. Four levels of five factors (DNA template, Taq DNA polymerase, Mg^(2+), primer, and dNTP) and anneali...An orthogonal design was used to optimize SSR-PCR amplification system using Panax ginseng genomic DNA as template. Four levels of five factors (DNA template, Taq DNA polymerase, Mg^(2+), primer, and dNTP) and annealing temperature have been tested separately in this system. The results demonstrated the reaction efficiency was affected by these factors. Based on the results, a stable, productive and reproducible PCR system and cycling program for amplifying a ginseng SSR locus were obtained: 20 μL system containing 1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase, 2.0 mmol·L^(-1) Mg^(2+), 0.2 mmol·L^(-1) dNTPs, 0.3 μmol·L^(-1) SSR primer, 60 ng·μL^(-1) DNA template, performed with a program of 94°C for 5 min, 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 56.3°C for 30 s, 72°C for 1 min, 37 cycles, finishing at 72°C for 7 min, and storing at 4°C.展开更多
Using a suitable solvent for extracting pigments from sediment for high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis is critical for obtaining qualitative and quantitative estimates of phytoplanktonic and benthic ...Using a suitable solvent for extracting pigments from sediment for high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis is critical for obtaining qualitative and quantitative estimates of phytoplanktonic and benthic algal biomass,as well as community composition. Five methodological factors(sample dehydration,extraction solvent,extraction duration,number of extractions,and ratio of solvent volume:sample weight) were studied using an L 9(3 4 ) orthogonal design in a sedimentary pigment extraction experiment on samples collected from the Changjiang large-river delta-front estuary(LDE),using HPLC analysis. The results show that the optimal extraction method for sedimentary pigments should include freeze-drying samples prior to extraction. The effects of different factors on sedimentary pigment extraction were separated by the L 9(3 4 ) orthogonal design experiments and showed that the extraction solvent was the most important,with extraction duration the second most important,and numbers of extraction and ratio of solvent volume:sample weight was the least important. The mixed solvent treatment comprised of acetone,methanol and water(80:15:5,by volume) was best for polar pigment extraction,with 100% acetone better for apolar pigments. For most pigments employed in this study(i.e.,peridinin,fucoxanthin,alloxanthin,diatoxanthin,zeaxanthin,pheophytin-a and β-carotene) ,3 h was found to be enough time for extraction from these deltaic sediments. However,for chlorophyll-a,the most important pigment used for estimating algal biomass,12 h was needed. A small amount of solvent(3 ml) with duplicate extractions obtained the greatest amount and diversity of pigments. Unfortunately,no extraction method was found to be suitable for all pigments in sediments. The choice of extraction procedure should be made in accordance with the objective of each study,taking into consideration the properties of sediments and pigments in question.展开更多
Cavitation is one of the most important performance of centrifugal pumps. However, the current optimization works of centrifugal pump are mostly focusing on hydraulic efficiency only, which may result in poor cavitati...Cavitation is one of the most important performance of centrifugal pumps. However, the current optimization works of centrifugal pump are mostly focusing on hydraulic efficiency only, which may result in poor cavitation performance. Therefore, it is necessary to find an appropriate solution to improve cavitation performance with acceptable efficiency. In this paper, to improve the cavitation performance of a centrifugal pump with a vaned diffuser, the influence of impeller geometric parameters on the cavitation of the pump is investigated using the orthogonal design of experiment(DOE) based on computational fluid dynamics. The impeller inlet diameter D_1, inlet incidence angle Δβ, and blade wrap angle φ are selected as the main impeller geometric parameters and the orthogonal experiment of L_9(3*3) is performed. Three-dimensional steady simulations for cavitation are conducted by using constant gas mass fraction model with second-order upwind, and the predicated cavitation performance is validated by laboratory experiment. The optimization results are obtained by the range analysis method to improve cavitation performance without obvious decreasing the efficiency of the centrifugal pump. The internal flow of the pump is analyzed in order to identify the flow behavior that can affect cavitation performance. The results show that D_1 has the greatest influence on the pump cavitation and the final optimized impeller provides better flow distribution at blade leading edge. The final optimized impeller accomplishes better cavitation and hydraulic performance and the NPSHR decreases by 0.63 m compared with the original one. The presented work supplies a feasible route in engineering practice to optimize a centrifugal pump impeller for better cavitation performance.展开更多
Background:To facilitate the preparation of traditional Chinese medicines they are pre-mashed,i.e.,mashed in advance.However,storage conditions for pre-mashed traditional Chinese medicines are based on subjective judg...Background:To facilitate the preparation of traditional Chinese medicines they are pre-mashed,i.e.,mashed in advance.However,storage conditions for pre-mashed traditional Chinese medicines are based on subjective judgments of pharmacists,and the best storage conditions have not generally been determined.Semen Zizyphi Spinosae is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine,and it is usually used after it is fried.The medicine needs to be mashed in a timely manner to ensure its effectiveness.The Chinese Pharmacopoeia provides a limit for its aflatoxin content.Methods:The orthogonal experimental design method optimizes the best plan for pre-mashed fried Semen Zizyphi Spinosae.Experimental conditions were defined using the L^(9)(3^(4))orthogonal design table.Four factors and three levels were used to study storage conditions.The four factors and three levels are as follows:storage temperature(10°C,20°C,and 30°C),storage humidity(45%,60%,and 75%),storage times(10,20 and 30 days),and particle sizes for the powder(coarsest,coarse and medium powders).The contents of jujuboside A,spinosin,aflatoxin B1,total aflatoxins(aflatoxins B1,B2,G1,and G2),moisture,total ash,acid value,and saponification values were measured.Results:The results demonstrated that the highest jujuboside A and spinosin contents were obtained using a storage temperature of 20°C,a storage humidity of 75%,a storage time of 10 days,and with a coarse powder particle size.Aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins(aflatoxins B1,B2,G1 and G2)were not detected under these conditions.Conclusion:There is no requirement for traditional Chinese medicines to be pre-mashed.This study evaluated various storage conditions for pre-mashed fried Semen Zizyphi Spinosae,and considered the influence of four factors on the contents of jujuboside A,spinolin and aflatoxin for quality control to provide a reference for other pre-mashed traditional Chinese medicines.展开更多
Room and pillar sizes are key factors for safe mining and ore recovery in open-stope mining.To investigate the influence of room and pillar configurations on stope stability in highly fractured and weakened areas,an o...Room and pillar sizes are key factors for safe mining and ore recovery in open-stope mining.To investigate the influence of room and pillar configurations on stope stability in highly fractured and weakened areas,an orthogonal design with two factors,three levels and nine runs was proposed,followed by three-dimensional numerical simulation using ANSYS and FLAC3 D.Results show that surface settlement after excavation is concentrically ringed,and increases with the decrease of pillar width and distances to stope gobs.In the meantime,the ore-control fault at the ore-rock boundary and the fractured argillaceous dolomite with intercalated slate at the hanging wall deteriorate the roof settlement.Additionally,stope stability is challenged due to pillar rheological yield and stress concentration,and both are induced by redistribution of stress and plastic zones after mining.Following an objective function and a constraint function,room and pillar configuration with widths of 14 m and 16 m,respectively,is presented as the optimization for improving the ore recovery rate while maintaining a safe working environment.展开更多
[Objectives] To determine the optimum conditions and antioxidant activity of Myrica ruba leaf pigment,and provide reference for further development and use of Myrica ruba leaves. [Methods]Pigment of Myrica ruba leaves...[Objectives] To determine the optimum conditions and antioxidant activity of Myrica ruba leaf pigment,and provide reference for further development and use of Myrica ruba leaves. [Methods]Pigment of Myrica ruba leaves was extracted by ethanol extraction method. Absorbance was measured at wavelength of 300 nm. Effects of ethanol volume fraction,solid-to-liquid ratio,temperature,and extraction time were studied. L_9( 3~3) orthogonal experiment was carried out to optimize the extraction process,and DPPH scavenging ability was measured.[Results]The optimum extraction process of Myrica ruba leaf pigment was as follows: the ethanol volume fraction was 50%; the solid-to-liquid ratio was 1: 60( w/v),extraction temperature 70℃; extraction time was 60 min; after the concentration of purified Myrica ruba leaf pigment reached 0. 4455 mg/mL,the DPPH scavenging ability was basically the same as the same concentration Vc.[Conclusions] The experiment indicates that the optimized extraction process has a high yield rate,and Myrica ruba leaf pigment has high anti-oxidant activity.展开更多
The geometry of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etcher is usually considered to be an important factor for determining both plasma and process uniformity over a large wafer. During the past few decades, these para...The geometry of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etcher is usually considered to be an important factor for determining both plasma and process uniformity over a large wafer. During the past few decades, these parameters were determined by the "trial and error" method, resulting in wastes of time and funds. In this paper, a new approach of regression orthogonal design with plasma simulation experiments is proposed to investigate the sensitivity of the structural parameters on the uniformity of plasma characteristics. The tool for simulating plasma is CFD-ACE+, which is commercial multi-physical modeling software that has been proven to be accurate for plasma simulation. The simulated experimental results are analyzed to get a regression equation on three structural parameters. Through this equation, engineers can compute the uni- formity of the electron number density rapidly without modeling by CFD-ACE+. An optimization performed at the end produces good results.展开更多
In this paper, the influence of plasma arc powder surfacing technical parameters on the property of layer is defined using the orthogonal design. By the orthogonal polynomial regression, when plasma arc powder surfaci...In this paper, the influence of plasma arc powder surfacing technical parameters on the property of layer is defined using the orthogonal design. By the orthogonal polynomial regression, when plasma arc powder surfacing is used on the surface of the X65 steel plate with the Fe-07 alloy powder, the optimum technical parameters are the following: I=180～190 A , G=41.5 g/min , v=102 mm/min , T0=350 ℃ , Ql=280 L/h , Qs=400 L/h . Further, analysis of the cracking test data showed that the cracking preheat temperature is 350 ℃ .展开更多
The individual difference and non-repeatability in acupuncture have not only restricted the development of acupuncture,but have also affected the specificity of acupoints.The present study used instruments to control ...The individual difference and non-repeatability in acupuncture have not only restricted the development of acupuncture,but have also affected the specificity of acupoints.The present study used instruments to control needle depth,lifting and thrusting frequency,and the duration of acupuncture.Effects of the quantified acupuncture were observed at Neiguan(PC6)with different stimulation parameters.A frequency of 1,2,or 3 Hz and duration of 5,60,or 180 seconds were used to observe cerebral blood flow and ratio of infarct volume recovery.Results showed that stimulation at Neiguan with a frequency of 1 Hz and long duration of 180 seconds or 2/3 Hz and long duration of 5/60seconds significantly increased cerebral blood flow and decreased the ratio of infarct volume.Interactions between frequency and duration play a critical role in quantified acupuncture therapy.展开更多
A new space-time block codes based on quasi-orthogonal designs are put forward. First the channel model is formulated. Then the connection between orthogonal /quasi-orthogonal designs and space-time block codes is exp...A new space-time block codes based on quasi-orthogonal designs are put forward. First the channel model is formulated. Then the connection between orthogonal /quasi-orthogonal designs and space-time block codes is explored. Finally we make simulations for the transmission of 4 bits/s/Hz and 6 bits/s/Hz using eight transmit antennas using the rate 3/4 quasi-orthogonal space-time block code and the rate 1/2 full-diversity orthogonal space-time block code. Simulation results show that full transmission rate is more important for very low signal noise ratio (SNR) and high bit error probability (BEP), while full diversity is more important for very high SNR and low BEP.展开更多
The carbon fiber reinforced composite is a new type of composite material with an excellent property in strength and elastic modulus,and has found extensive applications in aerospace,energy,automotive industry and so ...The carbon fiber reinforced composite is a new type of composite material with an excellent property in strength and elastic modulus,and has found extensive applications in aerospace,energy,automotive industry and so on.However,this composite has a strict requirement on processing techniques,for example,brittle damage or delamination often exists in conventional processing techniques.Abrasive water jet machining technology is a new type of green machining technique with distinct advantages such as high-energy and thermal distortion free.The use of abrasive water jet technique to process carbon fiber composite materials has become a popular trend since it can significantly improve the processing accuracy and surface quality of carbon fiber composite materials.However,there are too many parameters that affect the quality of an abrasive water jet machining.At present,few studies are carried out on the parameter optimization of such a machining process,which leads to the unstable quality of surface processing.In this paper,orthogonal design of experiment and regression analysis were employed to establish the empirical model between cutting surface roughness and machining process parameters.Then a verified model was used to optimize the machining process parameters for abrasive water jet cutting carbon fiber reinforced composites.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to establish the optimal ISSR-PCR system for Armeniaca sibirica. [Method] With Armeniaca sibirica as experimental material, genomic DNA was extracted from tender leaves using CTAB method. Ortho...[Objective] The aim was to establish the optimal ISSR-PCR system for Armeniaca sibirica. [Method] With Armeniaca sibirica as experimental material, genomic DNA was extracted from tender leaves using CTAB method. Orthogonal experiment L9 (34) was conducted with four factors (Mg2+, dNTPs, primers, Taq DNA polymerase) in ISSR-PCR system of Armeniaca sibirica at three levels. The results of orthogonal experimental design were analyzed by using SPSS statistical software. [Result] Different levels of various factors all had significant effects on PCR results, specifically, the amount of Taq DNA polymerase had the most significant effect. The optimal ISSR-PCR reaction system of Armeniaca sibirica was established: the total PCR reaction volume was 20 μl, containing 1.0 U of Taq DNA polymerase, 1.0 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.15 mmol/L dNTPs and 0.30 μmol/L primers. Validation result shows that this reaction system is very stable and strongly operational. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for genetic diversity analysis and germplasm resource investigation of Armeniaca sibirica.展开更多
Microwave assisted-semi bionic extraction (MASBE) process for lignans from Fructus Forsythiae was studied. The influences of solvent pH value, microwave power, dosage of solvent and irradiation time were investigated....Microwave assisted-semi bionic extraction (MASBE) process for lignans from Fructus Forsythiae was studied. The influences of solvent pH value, microwave power, dosage of solvent and irradiation time were investigated. Optimum extracting parameters were determined by orthogonal experiments as follows: pH value of solvent at first extraction is 5.5-6.0, that at the second extraction is 7-8; microwave power is 700 W; mass ratio of Fructus Forsythiae to water is 1-12; irradiation time is 10 min, and extracting times is two. Under these optimal conditions, the yield of lignans reaches 0.364%. Compared with the conventional extraction methods, the MASBE process has the advantages of high extraction rate, high extraction selectivity.展开更多
Differential modulation was widely used for wireless networks in which channel estimation was diffi-cult.Based on orthogonal design,a novel distributed differential space-time coding/decoding scheme forM-PSK modulatio...Differential modulation was widely used for wireless networks in which channel estimation was diffi-cult.Based on orthogonal design,a novel distributed differential space-time coding/decoding scheme forM-PSK modulations was proposed,which had a high code rate of 2/3 and second-order diversity for thetwo-user cooperative networks.The performance of decode-and-forward (DF) protocols was evaluated.Simulations show that the differential space-time modulation scheme in this paper has better bit error rate(BER) performance or higher code rate than the schemes proposed by Tarasak and Wang when interuserchannel states are good enough.The impacts of transmission error between two users for the whole systemBER performance were also investigated.展开更多
Using Schiff base as a phase transfer catalyst,ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate was synthesized by reacting ethyl chloroformate with sodium thiocyanate.In order to get the best synthetic technology,an orthogonal test(L9(...Using Schiff base as a phase transfer catalyst,ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate was synthesized by reacting ethyl chloroformate with sodium thiocyanate.In order to get the best synthetic technology,an orthogonal test(L9(34)) was applied.The results show that reaction temperature,reaction time,content of catalyst and molar ratio of sodium thiocyanate to ethyl chloroformate are the main factors influencing the yield.The four factors chosen for the present investigation are based on the results of a single-factor test.The optimum synthetic technology is determined as follows:reaction temperature 35 °C,reaction time 3 h,the content of catalyst(molar fraction based on ethyl chloroformate) 1.5% and molar ratio of sodium thiocyanate to ethyl chloroformate 1.1.Under the optimized synthetic technology,the experimental yield reaches 96.8%.展开更多
Space-filling designs are widely used in computer experiments.They are frequently evaluated by the orthogonality and distance-related criteria.Rotating orthogonal arrays is an appealing approach to constructing orthog...Space-filling designs are widely used in computer experiments.They are frequently evaluated by the orthogonality and distance-related criteria.Rotating orthogonal arrays is an appealing approach to constructing orthogonal space-filling designs.An important issue that has been rarely addressed in the literature is the design selection for the initial orthogonal arrays.This paper studies the maximin L_(2)-distance properties of orthogonal designs generated by rotating two-level orthogonal arrays under three criteria.We provide theoretical justifications for the rotation method from a maximin distance perspective and further propose to select initial orthogonal arrays by the minimum G_(2)-aberration criterion.New infinite families of orthogonal or 3-orthogonal U-type designs,which also perform well under the maximin distance criterion,are obtained and tabulated.Examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the constructed designs for building statistical surrogate models.展开更多
As a new bionic algorithm,Spider Monkey Optimization(SMO)has been widely used in various complex optimization problems in recent years.However,the new space exploration power of SMO is limited and the diversity of the...As a new bionic algorithm,Spider Monkey Optimization(SMO)has been widely used in various complex optimization problems in recent years.However,the new space exploration power of SMO is limited and the diversity of the population in SMO is not abundant.Thus,this paper focuses on how to reconstruct SMO to improve its performance,and a novel spider monkey optimization algorithm with opposition-based learning and orthogonal experimental design(SMO^(3))is developed.A position updatingmethod based on the historical optimal domain and particle swarmfor Local Leader Phase(LLP)andGlobal Leader Phase(GLP)is presented to improve the diversity of the population of SMO.Moreover,an opposition-based learning strategy based on self-extremum is proposed to avoid suffering from premature convergence and getting stuck at locally optimal values.Also,a local worst individual elimination method based on orthogonal experimental design is used for helping the SMO algorithm eliminate the poor individuals in time.Furthermore,an extended SMO^(3)named CSMO^(3)is investigated to deal with constrained optimization problems.The proposed algorithm is applied to both unconstrained and constrained functions which include the CEC2006 benchmark set and three engineering problems.Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than three well-known SMO algorithms and other evolutionary algorithms in unconstrained and constrained problems.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51834001,52104129)a project supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M672226,2022T150195)Key Laboratory of Mine Ecological Effects and Systematic Restoration,Ministry of Natural Resources,Open Fund(MEER-2022-09).
文摘In order to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of highfines sand(HFS)produced by the mine,full solid waste shotcrete(HFS-BFRS)was prepared with HFS asfine aggregate in cooperation with basaltfiber(BF).The strength growth characteristics of HFS-BFRS were analyzed.And thefitting equation of compressive strength growth characteristics of HFS-BFRS under the synergistic effect of multiple factors was given.And based on the orthogonal experimental method,the effects on the compressive strength,splitting tensile strength andflex-ural strength of HFS-BFRS under the action of different levels of influencing factors were investigated.The effect of three factors on the mechanical properties of HFS-BFRS,3,and 28 d,respectively,was revealed by choosing the colloidal sand ratio(C/H),basaltfiber volume fraction(BF Vol)and naphthalene high-efficiency water reducing agent(FDN)as the design variables,combined with indoor tests and theoretical analysis.The results show that the sensitivity of the three factors on compressive strength andflexural strength is C/H>FDN>BF Vol,and split-ting tensile strength is BF Vol>FDN>C/H.Finally,thefitting ratio of HFS-BFRS was optimized by the factor index method,and the rationality was verified by thefield test.For thefluidity of HFS-BFRS,the slump can be improved by 139%under the action of 1.2%FDN,which guarantees the pump-ability of HFS-BFRS.
基金Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for Undergraduates of Xiamen Medical College(201812631035,201912631026).
文摘[Objectives]This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of quercetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus.[Methods]The natural product quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted method,and the content of quercetin in the extract was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.The effect of ethanol concentration,solid/liquid ratio,temperature,time and ultrasonic power on the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was investigated by using single-factor experiments.Based on the results of single-factor experiments,an orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the extraction process.The experimental data obtained were subjected to range analysis,analysis of variance and SSR test using SPSS 20.0 software to obtain the optimal extraction process.The results concluded were verified.[Results]The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was as follows:temperature of 85℃,time of 30 min,solid/liquid ratio of 1∶20 g/mL,ethanol concentration of 50%.Under the optimal extraction conditions,the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was the highest.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus.
基金This research was supported by Department of Wildlife Conservation, State Forestry Administration, P. R. China.
文摘An orthogonal design was used to optimize SSR-PCR amplification system using Panax ginseng genomic DNA as template. Four levels of five factors (DNA template, Taq DNA polymerase, Mg^(2+), primer, and dNTP) and annealing temperature have been tested separately in this system. The results demonstrated the reaction efficiency was affected by these factors. Based on the results, a stable, productive and reproducible PCR system and cycling program for amplifying a ginseng SSR locus were obtained: 20 μL system containing 1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase, 2.0 mmol·L^(-1) Mg^(2+), 0.2 mmol·L^(-1) dNTPs, 0.3 μmol·L^(-1) SSR primer, 60 ng·μL^(-1) DNA template, performed with a program of 94°C for 5 min, 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 56.3°C for 30 s, 72°C for 1 min, 37 cycles, finishing at 72°C for 7 min, and storing at 4°C.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under contract Nos 40920164004, 40676068 and 40806029China Scholarship Council under contract No. 2009633049
文摘Using a suitable solvent for extracting pigments from sediment for high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis is critical for obtaining qualitative and quantitative estimates of phytoplanktonic and benthic algal biomass,as well as community composition. Five methodological factors(sample dehydration,extraction solvent,extraction duration,number of extractions,and ratio of solvent volume:sample weight) were studied using an L 9(3 4 ) orthogonal design in a sedimentary pigment extraction experiment on samples collected from the Changjiang large-river delta-front estuary(LDE),using HPLC analysis. The results show that the optimal extraction method for sedimentary pigments should include freeze-drying samples prior to extraction. The effects of different factors on sedimentary pigment extraction were separated by the L 9(3 4 ) orthogonal design experiments and showed that the extraction solvent was the most important,with extraction duration the second most important,and numbers of extraction and ratio of solvent volume:sample weight was the least important. The mixed solvent treatment comprised of acetone,methanol and water(80:15:5,by volume) was best for polar pigment extraction,with 100% acetone better for apolar pigments. For most pigments employed in this study(i.e.,peridinin,fucoxanthin,alloxanthin,diatoxanthin,zeaxanthin,pheophytin-a and β-carotene) ,3 h was found to be enough time for extraction from these deltaic sediments. However,for chlorophyll-a,the most important pigment used for estimating algal biomass,12 h was needed. A small amount of solvent(3 ml) with duplicate extractions obtained the greatest amount and diversity of pigments. Unfortunately,no extraction method was found to be suitable for all pigments in sediments. The choice of extraction procedure should be made in accordance with the objective of each study,taking into consideration the properties of sediments and pigments in question.
基金Supported by National Science&Technology Pillar Program of China(Grant No.2014BAB08B01)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51409123)+1 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.BK20140554)Training Project for Young Core Teacher of Jiangsu University,China
文摘Cavitation is one of the most important performance of centrifugal pumps. However, the current optimization works of centrifugal pump are mostly focusing on hydraulic efficiency only, which may result in poor cavitation performance. Therefore, it is necessary to find an appropriate solution to improve cavitation performance with acceptable efficiency. In this paper, to improve the cavitation performance of a centrifugal pump with a vaned diffuser, the influence of impeller geometric parameters on the cavitation of the pump is investigated using the orthogonal design of experiment(DOE) based on computational fluid dynamics. The impeller inlet diameter D_1, inlet incidence angle Δβ, and blade wrap angle φ are selected as the main impeller geometric parameters and the orthogonal experiment of L_9(3*3) is performed. Three-dimensional steady simulations for cavitation are conducted by using constant gas mass fraction model with second-order upwind, and the predicated cavitation performance is validated by laboratory experiment. The optimization results are obtained by the range analysis method to improve cavitation performance without obvious decreasing the efficiency of the centrifugal pump. The internal flow of the pump is analyzed in order to identify the flow behavior that can affect cavitation performance. The results show that D_1 has the greatest influence on the pump cavitation and the final optimized impeller provides better flow distribution at blade leading edge. The final optimized impeller accomplishes better cavitation and hydraulic performance and the NPSHR decreases by 0.63 m compared with the original one. The presented work supplies a feasible route in engineering practice to optimize a centrifugal pump impeller for better cavitation performance.
基金This work was supported by the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning(No.20174Y0034)the Third batch of specialized subject construction of traditional Chinese medicine in Jiading District-Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2020-JDZYYZDXK-01).
文摘Background:To facilitate the preparation of traditional Chinese medicines they are pre-mashed,i.e.,mashed in advance.However,storage conditions for pre-mashed traditional Chinese medicines are based on subjective judgments of pharmacists,and the best storage conditions have not generally been determined.Semen Zizyphi Spinosae is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine,and it is usually used after it is fried.The medicine needs to be mashed in a timely manner to ensure its effectiveness.The Chinese Pharmacopoeia provides a limit for its aflatoxin content.Methods:The orthogonal experimental design method optimizes the best plan for pre-mashed fried Semen Zizyphi Spinosae.Experimental conditions were defined using the L^(9)(3^(4))orthogonal design table.Four factors and three levels were used to study storage conditions.The four factors and three levels are as follows:storage temperature(10°C,20°C,and 30°C),storage humidity(45%,60%,and 75%),storage times(10,20 and 30 days),and particle sizes for the powder(coarsest,coarse and medium powders).The contents of jujuboside A,spinosin,aflatoxin B1,total aflatoxins(aflatoxins B1,B2,G1,and G2),moisture,total ash,acid value,and saponification values were measured.Results:The results demonstrated that the highest jujuboside A and spinosin contents were obtained using a storage temperature of 20°C,a storage humidity of 75%,a storage time of 10 days,and with a coarse powder particle size.Aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins(aflatoxins B1,B2,G1 and G2)were not detected under these conditions.Conclusion:There is no requirement for traditional Chinese medicines to be pre-mashed.This study evaluated various storage conditions for pre-mashed fried Semen Zizyphi Spinosae,and considered the influence of four factors on the contents of jujuboside A,spinolin and aflatoxin for quality control to provide a reference for other pre-mashed traditional Chinese medicines.
基金Projects(50934002,51074013,51104100)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(IRT0950)supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China
文摘Room and pillar sizes are key factors for safe mining and ore recovery in open-stope mining.To investigate the influence of room and pillar configurations on stope stability in highly fractured and weakened areas,an orthogonal design with two factors,three levels and nine runs was proposed,followed by three-dimensional numerical simulation using ANSYS and FLAC3 D.Results show that surface settlement after excavation is concentrically ringed,and increases with the decrease of pillar width and distances to stope gobs.In the meantime,the ore-control fault at the ore-rock boundary and the fractured argillaceous dolomite with intercalated slate at the hanging wall deteriorate the roof settlement.Additionally,stope stability is challenged due to pillar rheological yield and stress concentration,and both are induced by redistribution of stress and plastic zones after mining.Following an objective function and a constraint function,room and pillar configuration with widths of 14 m and 16 m,respectively,is presented as the optimization for improving the ore recovery rate while maintaining a safe working environment.
基金Supported by Student’s Platform for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China in 2016(201610599033)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Ethnical Medicine Teaching Team Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China(Gui Jiao Gao Jiao[2015]93&Gui Jiao Gao Jiao[2016]6)
文摘[Objectives] To determine the optimum conditions and antioxidant activity of Myrica ruba leaf pigment,and provide reference for further development and use of Myrica ruba leaves. [Methods]Pigment of Myrica ruba leaves was extracted by ethanol extraction method. Absorbance was measured at wavelength of 300 nm. Effects of ethanol volume fraction,solid-to-liquid ratio,temperature,and extraction time were studied. L_9( 3~3) orthogonal experiment was carried out to optimize the extraction process,and DPPH scavenging ability was measured.[Results]The optimum extraction process of Myrica ruba leaf pigment was as follows: the ethanol volume fraction was 50%; the solid-to-liquid ratio was 1: 60( w/v),extraction temperature 70℃; extraction time was 60 min; after the concentration of purified Myrica ruba leaf pigment reached 0. 4455 mg/mL,the DPPH scavenging ability was basically the same as the same concentration Vc.[Conclusions] The experiment indicates that the optimized extraction process has a high yield rate,and Myrica ruba leaf pigment has high anti-oxidant activity.
基金supported by Important National Science & Technology Specific Projects of China (No.2) (Nos.2009ZX02001,2011ZX02403)
文摘The geometry of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etcher is usually considered to be an important factor for determining both plasma and process uniformity over a large wafer. During the past few decades, these parameters were determined by the "trial and error" method, resulting in wastes of time and funds. In this paper, a new approach of regression orthogonal design with plasma simulation experiments is proposed to investigate the sensitivity of the structural parameters on the uniformity of plasma characteristics. The tool for simulating plasma is CFD-ACE+, which is commercial multi-physical modeling software that has been proven to be accurate for plasma simulation. The simulated experimental results are analyzed to get a regression equation on three structural parameters. Through this equation, engineers can compute the uni- formity of the electron number density rapidly without modeling by CFD-ACE+. An optimization performed at the end produces good results.
文摘In this paper, the influence of plasma arc powder surfacing technical parameters on the property of layer is defined using the orthogonal design. By the orthogonal polynomial regression, when plasma arc powder surfacing is used on the surface of the X65 steel plate with the Fe-07 alloy powder, the optimum technical parameters are the following: I=180～190 A , G=41.5 g/min , v=102 mm/min , T0=350 ℃ , Ql=280 L/h , Qs=400 L/h . Further, analysis of the cracking test data showed that the cracking preheat temperature is 350 ℃ .
基金funded by Development Plan(973 Plan) of National Critical and Basic Research,No.2012CB518505,2010CB530500,2006CB504504
文摘The individual difference and non-repeatability in acupuncture have not only restricted the development of acupuncture,but have also affected the specificity of acupoints.The present study used instruments to control needle depth,lifting and thrusting frequency,and the duration of acupuncture.Effects of the quantified acupuncture were observed at Neiguan(PC6)with different stimulation parameters.A frequency of 1,2,or 3 Hz and duration of 5,60,or 180 seconds were used to observe cerebral blood flow and ratio of infarct volume recovery.Results showed that stimulation at Neiguan with a frequency of 1 Hz and long duration of 180 seconds or 2/3 Hz and long duration of 5/60seconds significantly increased cerebral blood flow and decreased the ratio of infarct volume.Interactions between frequency and duration play a critical role in quantified acupuncture therapy.
文摘A new space-time block codes based on quasi-orthogonal designs are put forward. First the channel model is formulated. Then the connection between orthogonal /quasi-orthogonal designs and space-time block codes is explored. Finally we make simulations for the transmission of 4 bits/s/Hz and 6 bits/s/Hz using eight transmit antennas using the rate 3/4 quasi-orthogonal space-time block code and the rate 1/2 full-diversity orthogonal space-time block code. Simulation results show that full transmission rate is more important for very low signal noise ratio (SNR) and high bit error probability (BEP), while full diversity is more important for very high SNR and low BEP.
基金National High-Tech R&D Program of China(863 Program)(2015AA043401)。
文摘The carbon fiber reinforced composite is a new type of composite material with an excellent property in strength and elastic modulus,and has found extensive applications in aerospace,energy,automotive industry and so on.However,this composite has a strict requirement on processing techniques,for example,brittle damage or delamination often exists in conventional processing techniques.Abrasive water jet machining technology is a new type of green machining technique with distinct advantages such as high-energy and thermal distortion free.The use of abrasive water jet technique to process carbon fiber composite materials has become a popular trend since it can significantly improve the processing accuracy and surface quality of carbon fiber composite materials.However,there are too many parameters that affect the quality of an abrasive water jet machining.At present,few studies are carried out on the parameter optimization of such a machining process,which leads to the unstable quality of surface processing.In this paper,orthogonal design of experiment and regression analysis were employed to establish the empirical model between cutting surface roughness and machining process parameters.Then a verified model was used to optimize the machining process parameters for abrasive water jet cutting carbon fiber reinforced composites.
基金Supported by Start-up Fund for High-level Scientific Research Personnel(11GK30)
文摘[Objective] The aim was to establish the optimal ISSR-PCR system for Armeniaca sibirica. [Method] With Armeniaca sibirica as experimental material, genomic DNA was extracted from tender leaves using CTAB method. Orthogonal experiment L9 (34) was conducted with four factors (Mg2+, dNTPs, primers, Taq DNA polymerase) in ISSR-PCR system of Armeniaca sibirica at three levels. The results of orthogonal experimental design were analyzed by using SPSS statistical software. [Result] Different levels of various factors all had significant effects on PCR results, specifically, the amount of Taq DNA polymerase had the most significant effect. The optimal ISSR-PCR reaction system of Armeniaca sibirica was established: the total PCR reaction volume was 20 μl, containing 1.0 U of Taq DNA polymerase, 1.0 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.15 mmol/L dNTPs and 0.30 μmol/L primers. Validation result shows that this reaction system is very stable and strongly operational. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for genetic diversity analysis and germplasm resource investigation of Armeniaca sibirica.
基金Project(06SK3042) supported by the Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Hunan Province, China
文摘Microwave assisted-semi bionic extraction (MASBE) process for lignans from Fructus Forsythiae was studied. The influences of solvent pH value, microwave power, dosage of solvent and irradiation time were investigated. Optimum extracting parameters were determined by orthogonal experiments as follows: pH value of solvent at first extraction is 5.5-6.0, that at the second extraction is 7-8; microwave power is 700 W; mass ratio of Fructus Forsythiae to water is 1-12; irradiation time is 10 min, and extracting times is two. Under these optimal conditions, the yield of lignans reaches 0.364%. Compared with the conventional extraction methods, the MASBE process has the advantages of high extraction rate, high extraction selectivity.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China(No.2006AA123320)
文摘Differential modulation was widely used for wireless networks in which channel estimation was diffi-cult.Based on orthogonal design,a novel distributed differential space-time coding/decoding scheme forM-PSK modulations was proposed,which had a high code rate of 2/3 and second-order diversity for thetwo-user cooperative networks.The performance of decode-and-forward (DF) protocols was evaluated.Simulations show that the differential space-time modulation scheme in this paper has better bit error rate(BER) performance or higher code rate than the schemes proposed by Tarasak and Wang when interuserchannel states are good enough.The impacts of transmission error between two users for the whole systemBER performance were also investigated.
基金Project(2007AA06Z122) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(20110491267) supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of ChinaProject(74341015502) supported by Postdoctoral Fund of Central South University,China
文摘Using Schiff base as a phase transfer catalyst,ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate was synthesized by reacting ethyl chloroformate with sodium thiocyanate.In order to get the best synthetic technology,an orthogonal test(L9(34)) was applied.The results show that reaction temperature,reaction time,content of catalyst and molar ratio of sodium thiocyanate to ethyl chloroformate are the main factors influencing the yield.The four factors chosen for the present investigation are based on the results of a single-factor test.The optimum synthetic technology is determined as follows:reaction temperature 35 °C,reaction time 3 h,the content of catalyst(molar fraction based on ethyl chloroformate) 1.5% and molar ratio of sodium thiocyanate to ethyl chloroformate 1.1.Under the optimized synthetic technology,the experimental yield reaches 96.8%.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11901199 and 71931004),supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11971098 and 11471069)the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory for Applied Statistics of Ministry of Education,Northeast Normal University(Grant No.130028906)+1 种基金Shanghai Chenguang Program(Grant No.19CG26)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0714102)。
文摘Space-filling designs are widely used in computer experiments.They are frequently evaluated by the orthogonality and distance-related criteria.Rotating orthogonal arrays is an appealing approach to constructing orthogonal space-filling designs.An important issue that has been rarely addressed in the literature is the design selection for the initial orthogonal arrays.This paper studies the maximin L_(2)-distance properties of orthogonal designs generated by rotating two-level orthogonal arrays under three criteria.We provide theoretical justifications for the rotation method from a maximin distance perspective and further propose to select initial orthogonal arrays by the minimum G_(2)-aberration criterion.New infinite families of orthogonal or 3-orthogonal U-type designs,which also perform well under the maximin distance criterion,are obtained and tabulated.Examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the constructed designs for building statistical surrogate models.
基金supported by the First Batch of Teaching Reform Projects of Zhejiang Higher Education“14th Five-Year Plan”(jg20220434)Special Scientific Research Project for Space Debris and Near-Earth Asteroid Defense(KJSP2020020202)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LGG19F030010)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61703183).
文摘As a new bionic algorithm,Spider Monkey Optimization(SMO)has been widely used in various complex optimization problems in recent years.However,the new space exploration power of SMO is limited and the diversity of the population in SMO is not abundant.Thus,this paper focuses on how to reconstruct SMO to improve its performance,and a novel spider monkey optimization algorithm with opposition-based learning and orthogonal experimental design(SMO^(3))is developed.A position updatingmethod based on the historical optimal domain and particle swarmfor Local Leader Phase(LLP)andGlobal Leader Phase(GLP)is presented to improve the diversity of the population of SMO.Moreover,an opposition-based learning strategy based on self-extremum is proposed to avoid suffering from premature convergence and getting stuck at locally optimal values.Also,a local worst individual elimination method based on orthogonal experimental design is used for helping the SMO algorithm eliminate the poor individuals in time.Furthermore,an extended SMO^(3)named CSMO^(3)is investigated to deal with constrained optimization problems.The proposed algorithm is applied to both unconstrained and constrained functions which include the CEC2006 benchmark set and three engineering problems.Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than three well-known SMO algorithms and other evolutionary algorithms in unconstrained and constrained problems.
