Background:Observational studies have shown that inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),such as ulcerative colitis(UC)and Crohn disease(CD),is associated with gingivitis and periodontal disease(GP).This study aims to investi...Background:Observational studies have shown that inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),such as ulcerative colitis(UC)and Crohn disease(CD),is associated with gingivitis and periodontal disease(GP).This study aims to investigate whether there is a causal relationship between IBD and GP.Methods:This study assessed the causal relationship between IBD and GP through a two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR)study.The required data were obtained through the IEU OpenGWAS project.Instrumental variable screening and the MR and sensitivity analyses were performed using the“TwoSampleMR”R package.Results:IBD,UC,and CD may have a causal effect on GP(IBD,inverse variance weighting[IVW]OR=1.05,95%CI=1.00–1.10,P=0.03;UC,IVWOR=1.05,95%CI=1.00–1.11,P=0.03;CD,weighted median OR=1.06,95%CI=1.00–1.13,P=0.04;simple mode OR=1.15,95%CI=1.02–1.31,P=0.03).Scatterplots,forest plots,and funnel plots showed a significant relationship between IBD and GP and confirmed the robustness of the model.In sensitivity testing,no horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity was found in this study.Conclusions:This study found a possible causal relationship between IBD(UC and CD)and GP,which deserves to be considered in clinical practice.展开更多
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)includes a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and accounts for major morbidity and premature death worldwide.Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease ...Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)includes a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and accounts for major morbidity and premature death worldwide.Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with the gradual destruction of supporting tissues around the teeth,including gingiva,periodontal ligament,alveolar bone,and cementum.Periodontitis has been found to potentially increase the risk of ASCVD.Generally,oral microorganisms and inflammation are the major factors for periodontitis to the incidence of ASCVD.Recently,evidence has shown that the loss of masticatory function is another important factor of periodontitis to the incidence of ASCVD.In this review,we illustrate the recent finding of the relationship between periodontitis and ASCVD,from a microscale perspective-oral microorganisms,inflammation,and tooth loss.With the high prevalence of periodontitis,it is important to add oral therapy as a regular ASCVD prevention strategy.Regular dental visits could be a helpful strategy for ASCVD patients or general medical practitioners.展开更多
Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease. Recent studies suggest that periodontal infection and the ensuing increase in the levels of inflammatory markers may ...Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease. Recent studies suggest that periodontal infection and the ensuing increase in the levels of inflammatory markers may be associated with myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular disease. The present article aimed at reviewing contemporary data on the pathophysiology of vascular endothelium and its association with periodontitis in the scenario of cardiovascular disease.展开更多
AIM: To investigate whether periodontal disease(PD) is associated with increasing coronary heart disease(CHD) risk by performing a meta-analysis.METHODS: Two authors independently searched Pub Med and China National K...AIM: To investigate whether periodontal disease(PD) is associated with increasing coronary heart disease(CHD) risk by performing a meta-analysis.METHODS: Two authors independently searched Pub Med and China National Knowledge Infrastructure up to January 10 th, 2013 for relevant case-control studies that investigated the association between PD and CHD. After quality assessment using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and data extraction by two independent authors, the overall and subgroup meta-analyses were performed and publication bias were examined using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V2 software. Potential publication bias was assessed using visual inspection of the funnel plots, Egger linear regression test, and trims and fill method.RESULTS: Finally 38 relevant case-control studies were identified, involving 4950 CHD patients and 5490 controls. Eleven studies were rated low quality and 27 were high quality. Based on random-effects, a significant association was identified between PD and CHD(OR 3.79, 95%CI: 2.23-6.43, P < 0.001, I2 = 98.59%), and sensitivity analysis showed that this result was robust. Subgroup analyses according to adjusted/unadjusted ORs, source of control, methodological quality, end point, assessment of PD/CHD, and ethnicity also indicated a significant association. Publication bias was detected, and the estimated OR including the "missing" studies did not substantially differ from our estimate with adjustment for missing studies(OR 4.15, 95%CI: 2.62-6.54, P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Based on the meta-analysis, PD is probably associated with CHD risk independently and significantly.展开更多
Background:Both periodontal disease and benign prostatic hyperplasia are age-related diseases that affect millions of people worldwide.Hence,this study aimed to investigate the association between periodontal disease ...Background:Both periodontal disease and benign prostatic hyperplasia are age-related diseases that affect millions of people worldwide.Hence,this study aimed to investigate the association between periodontal disease and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Methods:A total of 4930 participants were selected from an available health examination that was carried out in 2017,only males were considered for further analysis.All eligible males were divided into benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal groups,the benign prostatic hyperplasia group was then divided into prostate volume≤60 g and>60 g subgroups;all their periodontal status was extracted and then into normal(CPI score of 0),periodontal disease(CPI score between 1 and 4),and periodontitis(CPI score between 3 and 4)groups.The correlation between periodontal disease and benign prostatic hyperplasia was investigated using logistic regression analyses and greedy matching case-control analysis.Subgroup analysis based on prostate volume was also performed.All analyses were conducted with SAS 9.4 software.Results:A total of 2171 males were selected for this analysis.The presence of periodontal disease significantly increased the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia by 1.68 times(OR=1.68,95%CI:1.26–2.24),and individuals with periodontitis showed a higher risk(OR=4.18,95%CI:2.75–6.35).In addition,among matched cases and controls,this association remained robust(periodontal disease:OR=1.85,95%CI:1.30–2.64;periodontitis:OR=4.83,95%CI:2.57–9.07).Subgroup analysis revealed that periodontal disease significantly increased benign prostate hyperplasia risk as well(for prostate volume≤60 g:OR=1.64,95%CI:1.22–2.20;for volume>60 g:OR=2.17,95%CI:1.04–4.53),and there was a higher risk in the group with a prostate volume greater than 60 g.Conclusions:Periodontal disease is significantly and positively associated with an increased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Further validation studies should be performed to explore the relationship between periodontal treatment and benign prostate hyperplasia.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>Dental students play a role in both oral and general health education in their communities, so it is important that they have good knowledge to enable them offer good counsel. ...<strong>Background: </strong>Dental students play a role in both oral and general health education in their communities, so it is important that they have good knowledge to enable them offer good counsel. Knowing the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic conditions will put them in better stead when giving oral health education. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge among dental students of the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions, and to determine whether there was a correlation between this knowledge and their oral hygiene practices. <strong>Methods:</strong> This was a cross-sectional study among dental students of the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Consenting participants were given a self-administered questionnaire eliciting socio-demographic information, knowledge about the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases, as well as oral hygiene practices. Each correct response on knowledge was scored as 1, while incorrect responses were scored 0, with a maximum score of 7. Participants’ knowledge was graded as poor (0 - 2), fair (3 - 5) and good (6 - 7). Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Spearman’s ranked correlation was used to assess the correlation between knowledge of the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases and oral hygiene practices. <strong>Results:</strong> There were 109 dental students (58 males, 51 females) in this study, with a mean age of 24.1 ± 3.6 years. Preclinical students were 43 (39.4%) while clinical students were 66 (60.6%). All (100%) participants knew that oral health was important to systemic health, with 89.9% knowing that periodontal disease was specifically linked to systemic disease. Only 50.5% of participants knew that there was a link between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Sixty-four (58.7%) of the participants regularly cleaned in between their teeth. The most commonly used interdental cleaning aid was toothpick (45.0%). Clinical students had significantly better knowledge on the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disease compared to pre-clinical students (p = 0.001). There was positive correlation between knowledge about periodontal disease and its link with systemic disease and better oral hygiene practices, but this was not statistically significant. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The majority of dental students had a fair knowledge about the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>Given the increase in the numbers of expatriates in Saudi Arabia and the shortage of information about expatriates’ oral health and periodontal disease severity and progressio...<strong>Background: </strong>Given the increase in the numbers of expatriates in Saudi Arabia and the shortage of information about expatriates’ oral health and periodontal disease severity and progression. <strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the racial differences on oral health and periodontal disease extent, staging, and grading among the multi-ethnic expatriates in the Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This cross-sectional study was carried out on 300 expatriates in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. They were divided into three equal racial different groups (n = 100), Arabs (AR), Asians (AS), and Africans (AF). The interviews of all participants were completed then the clinical examinations of periodontal diseases extent, staging, and grading parameters were performed. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA test, Tukey’s test, and Chi-square test. The statistical significance level was determined at p < 0.05. <strong>Results: </strong>There were statistically significant differences in the comparison between the three ethnic/racial groups in clinical parameters except in GBI, PCR, FI, TFO, and BC, where there were no statistically significant differences in the comparison between the three ethnic/racial groups. There were differences associated with age, gender, smoking, and diabetes, without statistically significant differences among the three racial groups.<strong> Conclusion:</strong> We concluded that most participants in this study had a generalized severe grade 4 plaque-induced gingivitis and localized periodontitis stage III grade B.展开更多
Objective: The goal of the removable partial denture is to restore impaired esthetics and masticatory function by replacing missing teeth. The aim of this study was to establish a possible correla-tion between removab...Objective: The goal of the removable partial denture is to restore impaired esthetics and masticatory function by replacing missing teeth. The aim of this study was to establish a possible correla-tion between removable partial denture in acrylic resin use after 5 years and dental diseases. Materials and Methods: Partially edentulous patients presenting for removable denture treatment at the Prosthodontics service of the Affiliated Hospital of Kinshasa University, Democratic Republic of Congo were assessed in this study. Patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups: Denture and non-denture group. Caries and periodontal diseases were compared between both groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The average age in the denture and non-denture-group was 53.15 (±SD 22.05) and 31.59 (±SD 11.98) years. Out of 160 teeth were decayed, both 110 teeth (68.75%) in the denture-group and 50 teeth (31.25%) in the non-denture group. The DMFT index calculated at start time of the study was 0.2 for both groups, after five years was 7.1 for the denture-group and 2.6 for the non-denture-group. The plaque index in the denture-group had an index of 1 and that of non-denture-group was 0.5. Conclusion: The relationship has been found between patients’ wearers a RPD and dental diseases.展开更多
The prevalence of periodontal disease among pregnant women increases with gestational age. Therefore, oral health education in the early stage of pregnancy should prevent periodontal disease and decrease the risk of a...The prevalence of periodontal disease among pregnant women increases with gestational age. Therefore, oral health education in the early stage of pregnancy should prevent periodontal disease and decrease the risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome such as preterm delivery and low birth weight. However, there has been no study on oral health care intervention for prevention of periodontal disease during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of an oral health education program on periodontal disease among Japanese low-risk pregnant women. A total of 207 pregnant women before 20 weeks of gestation were recruited. The first 131 of them were assigned to the control group and the remaining 76 to the experimental group. The experiment participants received an oral health education program including the toothpick brushing method in their early stage of pregnancy. Improvement of the self-assessment score of periodontal symptoms was used as a binary outcome variable. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the intervention (OR = 3.83) and proficiency of the toothpick brushing method (OR = 24.93) were statistically significant predictors of the outcome in the late stage of pregnancy. The positive outcome appeared after practice of the toothpick method brushing for 20 or more weeks, and was associated with the decrease in the log-transformed proportion of the count of Candida species in salivary microbiota (p = 0.026).展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> The relationship between pregnancy and periodontal health had well documented in the literature. Of many studies of periodontal diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo, no...<strong>Background:</strong> The relationship between pregnancy and periodontal health had well documented in the literature. Of many studies of periodontal diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo, no study had evaluated these diseases in pregnant women during Prenatal Consultation (PC). This study aimed to describe the occurrence and clinical profile of periodontal diseases in pregnant women admitted to the PC at the General Military Hospital of BOBILA. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> It is a cross-sectional and analytical study of pregnant women admitted to the PC from August to December 31, 2018, at the General Reference Military Hospital of BOBILA/Kinshasa City. The data were collected through a survey combined with the stomatological interview. Sociodemographic data, clinical and periodontal indices included Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and Periodontal Disease Index (PDI) were assessed. The statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS version 20.0 software. The Chi-square tests, Student t-test were used to determine differences in the distribution of variables, and the odd Ratio with a confidence interval (IC) at 95% was used to estimate the degree of association. The results were significant at p < 0.05. <strong>Results:</strong> Of the 105 pregnant women received at the PC, 83 were included in this study. The age group between 20 - 29 was the most represented, with a predominance of stay-at-home mothers (75.9%) and married cases (73.4%), they had an average economic status (56.6%) and a secondary education level (63.8%). Gingival bleeding (44.6%) was the main complaint of the pregnant. Gestational age was a significant factor associated with gum bleeding (p < 0.005). Most of the pregnant had poor oral hygiene, localized gravidities (69.6%) during the third semester. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> A significant proportion of women had experienced periodontal diseases during the pregnancy period, mostly in the third trimester, and was associated with a gestational age of pregnant women.展开更多
The endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is responsible for the physiological production of NO in endo-thelial cells and platelets. There is evidence that the G894T polymorphism of the eNOS gene is asso...The endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is responsible for the physiological production of NO in endo-thelial cells and platelets. There is evidence that the G894T polymorphism of the eNOS gene is associated with this enzyme's basal activity and NO production, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases (PD). Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the role of G894T polymorphism in the eNOS gene as a predisposing factor to periodontal disease. In this study we investigated the association of this polymorphism with PD in an admix-ture population (N = 119) separated into three groups: Healthy control, Moderate and Severe PD, without statistical differences among them for risk factors for PD, such as age, gender and smoking status. We observed that the GG ge-notype was associated with the progression of PD as indicated by an increase in frequency of approximately 18% in the Moderate and 26% in the Severe groups compared to the Healthy control group (p = 0.0302). This finding indicates that patients carrying the GG genotype have a greater chance of developing PD compared with those carrying the T allele, and it reinforces the notion that genetic factors contribute to the development and aggravation of PD.展开更多
BACKGROUND In the clinical scenario,adult patients with periodontal diseases and dental malformation,characterized by dental crowding in lower anterior teeth with the thin biotype,often require orthodontic treatment.T...BACKGROUND In the clinical scenario,adult patients with periodontal diseases and dental malformation,characterized by dental crowding in lower anterior teeth with the thin biotype,often require orthodontic treatment.This case report aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics(PAOO)combined with autologous platelet-rich fibrin(PRF)in an adult patient with class I malocclusion along with dental crowding,a thin periodontal biotype,and buccal plate deficiency.CASE SUMMARY A 32-year-old female complaining of dental crowding and gingival bleeding was referred to the orthodontic clinic.The patient underwent periodontal risk assessment prior to orthodontic treatment.She was diagnosed with a high risk of gingival recession due to dental crowding,root prominence,loss of buccal plates,and a thin gingival tissue biotype.The treatment regimen included PAOO combined with autologous PRF for alveolar augmentation and interproximal enamel reduction for moderate dental crowding.Clinically,PAOO-assisted orthodontic tooth movement in this case showed enhanced periodontium remodeling.Radiographic outcomes also showed statistically significant improvements(P<0.01)in the mandibular buccal alveolar bone.CONCLUSION This case report suggests the combination of autologous PRF with PAOO to enhance bone augmentation and long-term tissue support in adult orthodontic patients with periodontal disease.展开更多
Periodontal disease is of inflammatory origin and affects the dental support tissues. The initial phase is characterized by the accumulation of biofilm, which is a predisposing factor for several oral pathologies. The...Periodontal disease is of inflammatory origin and affects the dental support tissues. The initial phase is characterized by the accumulation of biofilm, which is a predisposing factor for several oral pathologies. The combination of extrinsic factors such as lack of hygiene, smoking and diet, and intrinsic factors such as genetics, and major changes in the immune response associated with immune escape mechanisms of biofilm constituents are crucial to the development and progression of the disease, which when untreated entails local irreversible consequences that can lead to systemic changes. In this brief review, we describe general aspects of periodontal disease, its risk factors and ways of preventing the disease. In particular, we discuss some of the mechanisms of immune response to periodontal pathogens, as well as the escape mechanisms of these microorganisms.展开更多
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play an important role in regulation of the immuno- inflammatory response; however, the function of miRNAs in periodontal inflammation has not been investigated. The object...MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play an important role in regulation of the immuno- inflammatory response; however, the function of miRNAs in periodontal inflammation has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to explore the properties of miRNAs in periodontal inflammation by comparing miRNA profiles of inflamed and healthy gingival tissues. Gingival tissues were obtained from 10 periodontitis patients and 10 healthy subjects. After RNA extraction, miRNA profiles were analyzed by microarray, and expression levels of selected miRNAs were confirmed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Analyses using two computational methods, Targetscan and MicroRNA.org, were combined to identify common targets of these miRNAs. Finally, the individual miRNA expression levels of three toll-like receptor (TLR)-related miRNAs from inflamed and healthy gingival tissues were evaluated by RT-PCR. Ninety-one miRNAs were found to be upregulated and thirty-four downregulated over two-fold in inflamed gingival tissue compared with those in healthy gingival tissue. Twelve selected inflammatory-related miRNAs, hsa-miR-126*, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-19a, hsa-let-7f, hsa-miR-203, hsa-miR-17, hsa-miR-223, hsa-miR-146b, hsa-miR-146a, hsa-miR-155, and hsa-miR-205 showed comparable expression levels by microarray and real-time quantitative RT-PCR analyses. In addition, the putative inflammation targets of these miRNAs were predicted, and three that were tested (hsa-miRNA-146a, hsa-miRNA-146b, and hsa-miRNA-155), showed significant differences between inflamed and healthy gingiva. This remarkable difference in miRNA profiles between periodontal diseased and healthy gingiva implicates a probable close relationship between miRNAs and periodontal inflammation. The data also suggest that the regulation of TLRs in periodontal inflammation may involve miRNA pathways.展开更多
Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans.Although H.pylori may be detected in the stomach of approximately half of the world’s population,the mechanisms of trans...Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans.Although H.pylori may be detected in the stomach of approximately half of the world’s population,the mechanisms of transmission of the microorganism from individual to individual are not yet clear.Transmission of H.pylori could occur through iatrogenic,fecal-oral,and oral-oral routes,and through food and water.The microorganism may be transmitted orally and has been detected in dental plaque and saliva.However,the role of the oral cavity in the transmission and recurrence of H.pylori infection has been the subject of debate.A large number of studies investigating the role of oral hygiene and periodontal disease in H.pylori infection have varied significantly in terms of their methodology and sample population,resulting in a wide variation in the reported results.Nevertheless,recent studies have not only shown that the microorganism can be detected fairly consistently from the oral cavity but also demonstrated that the chances of recurrence of H.pylori infection is more likely among patients who harbor the organism in the oral cavity.Furthermore,initial results from clinical trials have shown that H.pylori-positive dyspeptic patients may benefit from periodontal therapy.This paper attempts to review the current body of evidence regarding the role of dental plaque,saliva,and periodontal disease in H.pylori infection.展开更多
Research on the association between maternal periodontal disease and the risk of preeclampsia has generated inconsistent results. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between maternal periodont...Research on the association between maternal periodontal disease and the risk of preeclampsia has generated inconsistent results. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between maternal periodontal disease and the risk of preeclampsia. A literature search of PubMed and Embase was performed to identify relevant papers published before March 2013. Only observational studies that assessed maternal periodontal disease and the risk of preeclampsia were selected. Patients' periodontal status was examined at different time points during pregnancy or after delivery(at 14–32 weeks of gestation, within 48 h prior to or within 5 days after delivery). Pooled odds ratios(ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were calculated for cases and controls. Cases were defined as women with concurrent hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Eleven studies involving 1118 women with preeclampsia and 2798 women without preeclampsia were identified and analyzed. Women with periodontal disease before 32 weeks of gestation had a 3.69-fold higher risk of developing preeclampsia than their counterparts without periodontal disease(OR=3.69; 95% CI=2.58–5.27). Periodontal disease within 48 h prior to delivery was associated with a 2.68-fold higher risk of preeclampsia(OR=2.68; 95% CI=1.39–5.18). Pregnant women with periodontal disease within 5 days after delivery had a 2.22-fold higher risk of preeclampsia than women without periodontal disease(OR=2.22; 95% CI=1.16–4.27). In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that maternal periodontal disease is an independent predictor of preeclampsia.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease are chronic diseases affecting a large number of populations worldwide.Changed bone metabolism is one of the important long-term complications associated with diabetes mellitu...Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease are chronic diseases affecting a large number of populations worldwide.Changed bone metabolism is one of the important long-term complications associated with diabetes mellitus.Alveolar bone loss is one of the main outcomes of periodontitis,and diabetes is among the primary risk factors for periodontal disease.In this review,we summarise the adverse effects of diabetes on the periodontium in periodontitis subjects,focusing on alveolar bone loss.Bone remodelling begins with osteoclasts resorbing bone,followed by new bone formation by osteoblasts in the resorption lacunae.Therefore,we discuss the potential mechanism of diabetes-enhanced bone loss in relation to osteoblasts and osteoclasts.展开更多
Biology is based on evolution;therefore, eu-kariotes like plants, animals and human beings are living in harmony with their procariote an-cestors. If this is obviously the normal way of life, then pathobiology follows...Biology is based on evolution;therefore, eu-kariotes like plants, animals and human beings are living in harmony with their procariote an-cestors. If this is obviously the normal way of life, then pathobiology follows the same basic principles. The highly complex harmony of the living world may be disrupted, and a punctuated disease starts which is different from the health equilibrium. To reflect this biological archetype on the main diseases in dentistry - caries and periodontitis - the avalanche model is being proposed based on scientific and clinical evi-dence. This way of argumentation does influ-ence the strategic planning of preventive and curative programmes in dental research as well as in daily practise.展开更多
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a potent endopeptidase implicated in a wide range of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, including chronic periodontitis, a persistent oral mucosal inflammation attributed prima...Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a potent endopeptidase implicated in a wide range of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, including chronic periodontitis, a persistent oral mucosal inflammation attributed primarily to infection by P. gingivalis. Here, we review the signaling pathways engaged by P. gingivalis in controlling the processing and secretion of MMP-9. The induction in oral mucosal expression of MMP-9 by P. gingivalis relays primarily on its key endotoxin, LPS, engagement of TLR4 and the activation of MAPK, ERK and p38 cascades implicated in the stimulation of Rac1 and cPLA2. The ERK-mediated cPLA2 phosphorylation plays an essential role in its membrane translocation with Rac1, while p38 localization with Rac1 promotes cPLA2 activation and the induction in MMP-9. Moreover, the induction in MMP-9 secretion by the LPS and the modulatory influence of peptide hormone, ghrelin, occur at the level of MMP-9 processing between ER and Golgi, with the involvement of factors that control secretory cargo sorting, Arf1 GTPase and PKD2. The secretion of MMP-9, furthermore, occurs in concert with the changes in stability dynamics of microtubules (MTs), which affect the Golgi localization of Arf1 and the recruitment and activation of PKD2. The induction in MMP-9 secretion by LPS is accompanied by the enhancement in MT stabilization and α-tubulin phosphorylation on Ser, while the MT destabilization associated with the modulatory influence of ghrelin, is manifested by α-tubulin phosphorylation on Tyr. Thus, the factors capable of affecting MT dynamics and MMP-9 secretion present a tempting target for the therapeutic intervention in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.展开更多
The direct link between smoking, lung diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease and poor pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage and low birth weight, has been extensively studied. In the past three decades, there has ...The direct link between smoking, lung diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease and poor pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage and low birth weight, has been extensively studied. In the past three decades, there has also been an increasing awareness of the impact of smoking on periodontal disease. Smoking is considered the major environmental risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal disease. This review article will attempt to build on previous studies in the periodontal literature in order to present an evidence-based comprehensive literature review on the effects of smoking on periodontal disease.展开更多
基金the Training Project of Key Talents of Youth Medicine in Jiangsu Province of China(No.QNRC2016330)the Graduate Research-Innovation Project in Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX21_1644)+5 种基金the Academic Science and Technology Innovation Fund for College Students(No.202011117056Y)the Social Development-Health Care Project of Yangzhou,Jiangsu Province(No.YZ2018087)the Social Development-Health Care Project of Yangzhou,Jiangsu Province(No.YZ2021075)the High-Level Talent“Six One Projects”Top Talent Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Province(No.LGY2019034)the Graduate Research-Innovation Project in Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX22_1816)the Social development project of the key R&D plan of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.BE2022773).
文摘Background:Observational studies have shown that inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),such as ulcerative colitis(UC)and Crohn disease(CD),is associated with gingivitis and periodontal disease(GP).This study aims to investigate whether there is a causal relationship between IBD and GP.Methods:This study assessed the causal relationship between IBD and GP through a two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR)study.The required data were obtained through the IEU OpenGWAS project.Instrumental variable screening and the MR and sensitivity analyses were performed using the“TwoSampleMR”R package.Results:IBD,UC,and CD may have a causal effect on GP(IBD,inverse variance weighting[IVW]OR=1.05,95%CI=1.00–1.10,P=0.03;UC,IVWOR=1.05,95%CI=1.00–1.11,P=0.03;CD,weighted median OR=1.06,95%CI=1.00–1.13,P=0.04;simple mode OR=1.15,95%CI=1.02–1.31,P=0.03).Scatterplots,forest plots,and funnel plots showed a significant relationship between IBD and GP and confirmed the robustness of the model.In sensitivity testing,no horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity was found in this study.Conclusions:This study found a possible causal relationship between IBD(UC and CD)and GP,which deserves to be considered in clinical practice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82001067)the Innovation Research Team Project of Beijing Stomatological Hospital,Capital Medical University(CXTD202201)+2 种基金Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals’Youth Program(QML20191504)Scientific Research Common Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(KM202110025009)Beijing Talents Fund(2018000021469G285).
文摘Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)includes a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and accounts for major morbidity and premature death worldwide.Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with the gradual destruction of supporting tissues around the teeth,including gingiva,periodontal ligament,alveolar bone,and cementum.Periodontitis has been found to potentially increase the risk of ASCVD.Generally,oral microorganisms and inflammation are the major factors for periodontitis to the incidence of ASCVD.Recently,evidence has shown that the loss of masticatory function is another important factor of periodontitis to the incidence of ASCVD.In this review,we illustrate the recent finding of the relationship between periodontitis and ASCVD,from a microscale perspective-oral microorganisms,inflammation,and tooth loss.With the high prevalence of periodontitis,it is important to add oral therapy as a regular ASCVD prevention strategy.Regular dental visits could be a helpful strategy for ASCVD patients or general medical practitioners.
基金Supported by The Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa e Eventos(FIPE)at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre,No.HCPA-120265
文摘Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease. Recent studies suggest that periodontal infection and the ensuing increase in the levels of inflammatory markers may be associated with myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular disease. The present article aimed at reviewing contemporary data on the pathophysiology of vascular endothelium and its association with periodontitis in the scenario of cardiovascular disease.
基金Supported by The Foundation of Education and Science Planning Project of Hubei Province(in part),No.2012A050the Intramural Research Program of Hubei University of Medicine,No.2011CZX01
文摘AIM: To investigate whether periodontal disease(PD) is associated with increasing coronary heart disease(CHD) risk by performing a meta-analysis.METHODS: Two authors independently searched Pub Med and China National Knowledge Infrastructure up to January 10 th, 2013 for relevant case-control studies that investigated the association between PD and CHD. After quality assessment using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and data extraction by two independent authors, the overall and subgroup meta-analyses were performed and publication bias were examined using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V2 software. Potential publication bias was assessed using visual inspection of the funnel plots, Egger linear regression test, and trims and fill method.RESULTS: Finally 38 relevant case-control studies were identified, involving 4950 CHD patients and 5490 controls. Eleven studies were rated low quality and 27 were high quality. Based on random-effects, a significant association was identified between PD and CHD(OR 3.79, 95%CI: 2.23-6.43, P < 0.001, I2 = 98.59%), and sensitivity analysis showed that this result was robust. Subgroup analyses according to adjusted/unadjusted ORs, source of control, methodological quality, end point, assessment of PD/CHD, and ethnicity also indicated a significant association. Publication bias was detected, and the estimated OR including the "missing" studies did not substantially differ from our estimate with adjustment for missing studies(OR 4.15, 95%CI: 2.62-6.54, P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Based on the meta-analysis, PD is probably associated with CHD risk independently and significantly.
基金supported(in part)by the Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2019CFB760)the Health Commission of Hubei Province Scientific Research Project(WJ2019H035)+1 种基金the Technical Innovation Major Program of Hubei province(Grant NO.2016ACA152)the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2016YFC0106300)。
文摘Background:Both periodontal disease and benign prostatic hyperplasia are age-related diseases that affect millions of people worldwide.Hence,this study aimed to investigate the association between periodontal disease and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Methods:A total of 4930 participants were selected from an available health examination that was carried out in 2017,only males were considered for further analysis.All eligible males were divided into benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal groups,the benign prostatic hyperplasia group was then divided into prostate volume≤60 g and>60 g subgroups;all their periodontal status was extracted and then into normal(CPI score of 0),periodontal disease(CPI score between 1 and 4),and periodontitis(CPI score between 3 and 4)groups.The correlation between periodontal disease and benign prostatic hyperplasia was investigated using logistic regression analyses and greedy matching case-control analysis.Subgroup analysis based on prostate volume was also performed.All analyses were conducted with SAS 9.4 software.Results:A total of 2171 males were selected for this analysis.The presence of periodontal disease significantly increased the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia by 1.68 times(OR=1.68,95%CI:1.26–2.24),and individuals with periodontitis showed a higher risk(OR=4.18,95%CI:2.75–6.35).In addition,among matched cases and controls,this association remained robust(periodontal disease:OR=1.85,95%CI:1.30–2.64;periodontitis:OR=4.83,95%CI:2.57–9.07).Subgroup analysis revealed that periodontal disease significantly increased benign prostate hyperplasia risk as well(for prostate volume≤60 g:OR=1.64,95%CI:1.22–2.20;for volume>60 g:OR=2.17,95%CI:1.04–4.53),and there was a higher risk in the group with a prostate volume greater than 60 g.Conclusions:Periodontal disease is significantly and positively associated with an increased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Further validation studies should be performed to explore the relationship between periodontal treatment and benign prostate hyperplasia.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>Dental students play a role in both oral and general health education in their communities, so it is important that they have good knowledge to enable them offer good counsel. Knowing the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic conditions will put them in better stead when giving oral health education. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge among dental students of the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions, and to determine whether there was a correlation between this knowledge and their oral hygiene practices. <strong>Methods:</strong> This was a cross-sectional study among dental students of the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Consenting participants were given a self-administered questionnaire eliciting socio-demographic information, knowledge about the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases, as well as oral hygiene practices. Each correct response on knowledge was scored as 1, while incorrect responses were scored 0, with a maximum score of 7. Participants’ knowledge was graded as poor (0 - 2), fair (3 - 5) and good (6 - 7). Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Spearman’s ranked correlation was used to assess the correlation between knowledge of the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases and oral hygiene practices. <strong>Results:</strong> There were 109 dental students (58 males, 51 females) in this study, with a mean age of 24.1 ± 3.6 years. Preclinical students were 43 (39.4%) while clinical students were 66 (60.6%). All (100%) participants knew that oral health was important to systemic health, with 89.9% knowing that periodontal disease was specifically linked to systemic disease. Only 50.5% of participants knew that there was a link between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Sixty-four (58.7%) of the participants regularly cleaned in between their teeth. The most commonly used interdental cleaning aid was toothpick (45.0%). Clinical students had significantly better knowledge on the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disease compared to pre-clinical students (p = 0.001). There was positive correlation between knowledge about periodontal disease and its link with systemic disease and better oral hygiene practices, but this was not statistically significant. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The majority of dental students had a fair knowledge about the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>Given the increase in the numbers of expatriates in Saudi Arabia and the shortage of information about expatriates’ oral health and periodontal disease severity and progression. <strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the racial differences on oral health and periodontal disease extent, staging, and grading among the multi-ethnic expatriates in the Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This cross-sectional study was carried out on 300 expatriates in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. They were divided into three equal racial different groups (n = 100), Arabs (AR), Asians (AS), and Africans (AF). The interviews of all participants were completed then the clinical examinations of periodontal diseases extent, staging, and grading parameters were performed. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA test, Tukey’s test, and Chi-square test. The statistical significance level was determined at p < 0.05. <strong>Results: </strong>There were statistically significant differences in the comparison between the three ethnic/racial groups in clinical parameters except in GBI, PCR, FI, TFO, and BC, where there were no statistically significant differences in the comparison between the three ethnic/racial groups. There were differences associated with age, gender, smoking, and diabetes, without statistically significant differences among the three racial groups.<strong> Conclusion:</strong> We concluded that most participants in this study had a generalized severe grade 4 plaque-induced gingivitis and localized periodontitis stage III grade B.
文摘Objective: The goal of the removable partial denture is to restore impaired esthetics and masticatory function by replacing missing teeth. The aim of this study was to establish a possible correla-tion between removable partial denture in acrylic resin use after 5 years and dental diseases. Materials and Methods: Partially edentulous patients presenting for removable denture treatment at the Prosthodontics service of the Affiliated Hospital of Kinshasa University, Democratic Republic of Congo were assessed in this study. Patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups: Denture and non-denture group. Caries and periodontal diseases were compared between both groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The average age in the denture and non-denture-group was 53.15 (±SD 22.05) and 31.59 (±SD 11.98) years. Out of 160 teeth were decayed, both 110 teeth (68.75%) in the denture-group and 50 teeth (31.25%) in the non-denture group. The DMFT index calculated at start time of the study was 0.2 for both groups, after five years was 7.1 for the denture-group and 2.6 for the non-denture-group. The plaque index in the denture-group had an index of 1 and that of non-denture-group was 0.5. Conclusion: The relationship has been found between patients’ wearers a RPD and dental diseases.
文摘The prevalence of periodontal disease among pregnant women increases with gestational age. Therefore, oral health education in the early stage of pregnancy should prevent periodontal disease and decrease the risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome such as preterm delivery and low birth weight. However, there has been no study on oral health care intervention for prevention of periodontal disease during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of an oral health education program on periodontal disease among Japanese low-risk pregnant women. A total of 207 pregnant women before 20 weeks of gestation were recruited. The first 131 of them were assigned to the control group and the remaining 76 to the experimental group. The experiment participants received an oral health education program including the toothpick brushing method in their early stage of pregnancy. Improvement of the self-assessment score of periodontal symptoms was used as a binary outcome variable. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the intervention (OR = 3.83) and proficiency of the toothpick brushing method (OR = 24.93) were statistically significant predictors of the outcome in the late stage of pregnancy. The positive outcome appeared after practice of the toothpick method brushing for 20 or more weeks, and was associated with the decrease in the log-transformed proportion of the count of Candida species in salivary microbiota (p = 0.026).
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> The relationship between pregnancy and periodontal health had well documented in the literature. Of many studies of periodontal diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo, no study had evaluated these diseases in pregnant women during Prenatal Consultation (PC). This study aimed to describe the occurrence and clinical profile of periodontal diseases in pregnant women admitted to the PC at the General Military Hospital of BOBILA. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> It is a cross-sectional and analytical study of pregnant women admitted to the PC from August to December 31, 2018, at the General Reference Military Hospital of BOBILA/Kinshasa City. The data were collected through a survey combined with the stomatological interview. Sociodemographic data, clinical and periodontal indices included Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and Periodontal Disease Index (PDI) were assessed. The statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS version 20.0 software. The Chi-square tests, Student t-test were used to determine differences in the distribution of variables, and the odd Ratio with a confidence interval (IC) at 95% was used to estimate the degree of association. The results were significant at p < 0.05. <strong>Results:</strong> Of the 105 pregnant women received at the PC, 83 were included in this study. The age group between 20 - 29 was the most represented, with a predominance of stay-at-home mothers (75.9%) and married cases (73.4%), they had an average economic status (56.6%) and a secondary education level (63.8%). Gingival bleeding (44.6%) was the main complaint of the pregnant. Gestational age was a significant factor associated with gum bleeding (p < 0.005). Most of the pregnant had poor oral hygiene, localized gravidities (69.6%) during the third semester. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> A significant proportion of women had experienced periodontal diseases during the pregnancy period, mostly in the third trimester, and was associated with a gestational age of pregnant women.
文摘The endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is responsible for the physiological production of NO in endo-thelial cells and platelets. There is evidence that the G894T polymorphism of the eNOS gene is associated with this enzyme's basal activity and NO production, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases (PD). Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the role of G894T polymorphism in the eNOS gene as a predisposing factor to periodontal disease. In this study we investigated the association of this polymorphism with PD in an admix-ture population (N = 119) separated into three groups: Healthy control, Moderate and Severe PD, without statistical differences among them for risk factors for PD, such as age, gender and smoking status. We observed that the GG ge-notype was associated with the progression of PD as indicated by an increase in frequency of approximately 18% in the Moderate and 26% in the Severe groups compared to the Healthy control group (p = 0.0302). This finding indicates that patients carrying the GG genotype have a greater chance of developing PD compared with those carrying the T allele, and it reinforces the notion that genetic factors contribute to the development and aggravation of PD.
基金Supported by Natured Science Foundation of Anhui Province,No.1908085MH255.
文摘BACKGROUND In the clinical scenario,adult patients with periodontal diseases and dental malformation,characterized by dental crowding in lower anterior teeth with the thin biotype,often require orthodontic treatment.This case report aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics(PAOO)combined with autologous platelet-rich fibrin(PRF)in an adult patient with class I malocclusion along with dental crowding,a thin periodontal biotype,and buccal plate deficiency.CASE SUMMARY A 32-year-old female complaining of dental crowding and gingival bleeding was referred to the orthodontic clinic.The patient underwent periodontal risk assessment prior to orthodontic treatment.She was diagnosed with a high risk of gingival recession due to dental crowding,root prominence,loss of buccal plates,and a thin gingival tissue biotype.The treatment regimen included PAOO combined with autologous PRF for alveolar augmentation and interproximal enamel reduction for moderate dental crowding.Clinically,PAOO-assisted orthodontic tooth movement in this case showed enhanced periodontium remodeling.Radiographic outcomes also showed statistically significant improvements(P<0.01)in the mandibular buccal alveolar bone.CONCLUSION This case report suggests the combination of autologous PRF with PAOO to enhance bone augmentation and long-term tissue support in adult orthodontic patients with periodontal disease.
文摘Periodontal disease is of inflammatory origin and affects the dental support tissues. The initial phase is characterized by the accumulation of biofilm, which is a predisposing factor for several oral pathologies. The combination of extrinsic factors such as lack of hygiene, smoking and diet, and intrinsic factors such as genetics, and major changes in the immune response associated with immune escape mechanisms of biofilm constituents are crucial to the development and progression of the disease, which when untreated entails local irreversible consequences that can lead to systemic changes. In this brief review, we describe general aspects of periodontal disease, its risk factors and ways of preventing the disease. In particular, we discuss some of the mechanisms of immune response to periodontal pathogens, as well as the escape mechanisms of these microorganisms.
基金supported by the Science and Tech- nology Commission of Shanghai (Project No. 08JC 1414600)the Doctoral Innovation Fund of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Project No. BXJ201030) the Shanghai Health Bureau Science Fund for Young Scholars (Project No. 2010165)
文摘MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play an important role in regulation of the immuno- inflammatory response; however, the function of miRNAs in periodontal inflammation has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to explore the properties of miRNAs in periodontal inflammation by comparing miRNA profiles of inflamed and healthy gingival tissues. Gingival tissues were obtained from 10 periodontitis patients and 10 healthy subjects. After RNA extraction, miRNA profiles were analyzed by microarray, and expression levels of selected miRNAs were confirmed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Analyses using two computational methods, Targetscan and MicroRNA.org, were combined to identify common targets of these miRNAs. Finally, the individual miRNA expression levels of three toll-like receptor (TLR)-related miRNAs from inflamed and healthy gingival tissues were evaluated by RT-PCR. Ninety-one miRNAs were found to be upregulated and thirty-four downregulated over two-fold in inflamed gingival tissue compared with those in healthy gingival tissue. Twelve selected inflammatory-related miRNAs, hsa-miR-126*, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-19a, hsa-let-7f, hsa-miR-203, hsa-miR-17, hsa-miR-223, hsa-miR-146b, hsa-miR-146a, hsa-miR-155, and hsa-miR-205 showed comparable expression levels by microarray and real-time quantitative RT-PCR analyses. In addition, the putative inflammation targets of these miRNAs were predicted, and three that were tested (hsa-miRNA-146a, hsa-miRNA-146b, and hsa-miRNA-155), showed significant differences between inflamed and healthy gingiva. This remarkable difference in miRNA profiles between periodontal diseased and healthy gingiva implicates a probable close relationship between miRNAs and periodontal inflammation. The data also suggest that the regulation of TLRs in periodontal inflammation may involve miRNA pathways.
文摘Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans.Although H.pylori may be detected in the stomach of approximately half of the world’s population,the mechanisms of transmission of the microorganism from individual to individual are not yet clear.Transmission of H.pylori could occur through iatrogenic,fecal-oral,and oral-oral routes,and through food and water.The microorganism may be transmitted orally and has been detected in dental plaque and saliva.However,the role of the oral cavity in the transmission and recurrence of H.pylori infection has been the subject of debate.A large number of studies investigating the role of oral hygiene and periodontal disease in H.pylori infection have varied significantly in terms of their methodology and sample population,resulting in a wide variation in the reported results.Nevertheless,recent studies have not only shown that the microorganism can be detected fairly consistently from the oral cavity but also demonstrated that the chances of recurrence of H.pylori infection is more likely among patients who harbor the organism in the oral cavity.Furthermore,initial results from clinical trials have shown that H.pylori-positive dyspeptic patients may benefit from periodontal therapy.This paper attempts to review the current body of evidence regarding the role of dental plaque,saliva,and periodontal disease in H.pylori infection.
文摘Research on the association between maternal periodontal disease and the risk of preeclampsia has generated inconsistent results. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between maternal periodontal disease and the risk of preeclampsia. A literature search of PubMed and Embase was performed to identify relevant papers published before March 2013. Only observational studies that assessed maternal periodontal disease and the risk of preeclampsia were selected. Patients' periodontal status was examined at different time points during pregnancy or after delivery(at 14–32 weeks of gestation, within 48 h prior to or within 5 days after delivery). Pooled odds ratios(ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were calculated for cases and controls. Cases were defined as women with concurrent hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Eleven studies involving 1118 women with preeclampsia and 2798 women without preeclampsia were identified and analyzed. Women with periodontal disease before 32 weeks of gestation had a 3.69-fold higher risk of developing preeclampsia than their counterparts without periodontal disease(OR=3.69; 95% CI=2.58–5.27). Periodontal disease within 48 h prior to delivery was associated with a 2.68-fold higher risk of preeclampsia(OR=2.68; 95% CI=1.39–5.18). Pregnant women with periodontal disease within 5 days after delivery had a 2.22-fold higher risk of preeclampsia than women without periodontal disease(OR=2.22; 95% CI=1.16–4.27). In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that maternal periodontal disease is an independent predictor of preeclampsia.
基金funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research(grant no. DE021921)
文摘Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease are chronic diseases affecting a large number of populations worldwide.Changed bone metabolism is one of the important long-term complications associated with diabetes mellitus.Alveolar bone loss is one of the main outcomes of periodontitis,and diabetes is among the primary risk factors for periodontal disease.In this review,we summarise the adverse effects of diabetes on the periodontium in periodontitis subjects,focusing on alveolar bone loss.Bone remodelling begins with osteoclasts resorbing bone,followed by new bone formation by osteoblasts in the resorption lacunae.Therefore,we discuss the potential mechanism of diabetes-enhanced bone loss in relation to osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
文摘Biology is based on evolution;therefore, eu-kariotes like plants, animals and human beings are living in harmony with their procariote an-cestors. If this is obviously the normal way of life, then pathobiology follows the same basic principles. The highly complex harmony of the living world may be disrupted, and a punctuated disease starts which is different from the health equilibrium. To reflect this biological archetype on the main diseases in dentistry - caries and periodontitis - the avalanche model is being proposed based on scientific and clinical evi-dence. This way of argumentation does influ-ence the strategic planning of preventive and curative programmes in dental research as well as in daily practise.
文摘Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a potent endopeptidase implicated in a wide range of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, including chronic periodontitis, a persistent oral mucosal inflammation attributed primarily to infection by P. gingivalis. Here, we review the signaling pathways engaged by P. gingivalis in controlling the processing and secretion of MMP-9. The induction in oral mucosal expression of MMP-9 by P. gingivalis relays primarily on its key endotoxin, LPS, engagement of TLR4 and the activation of MAPK, ERK and p38 cascades implicated in the stimulation of Rac1 and cPLA2. The ERK-mediated cPLA2 phosphorylation plays an essential role in its membrane translocation with Rac1, while p38 localization with Rac1 promotes cPLA2 activation and the induction in MMP-9. Moreover, the induction in MMP-9 secretion by the LPS and the modulatory influence of peptide hormone, ghrelin, occur at the level of MMP-9 processing between ER and Golgi, with the involvement of factors that control secretory cargo sorting, Arf1 GTPase and PKD2. The secretion of MMP-9, furthermore, occurs in concert with the changes in stability dynamics of microtubules (MTs), which affect the Golgi localization of Arf1 and the recruitment and activation of PKD2. The induction in MMP-9 secretion by LPS is accompanied by the enhancement in MT stabilization and α-tubulin phosphorylation on Ser, while the MT destabilization associated with the modulatory influence of ghrelin, is manifested by α-tubulin phosphorylation on Tyr. Thus, the factors capable of affecting MT dynamics and MMP-9 secretion present a tempting target for the therapeutic intervention in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.
文摘The direct link between smoking, lung diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease and poor pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage and low birth weight, has been extensively studied. In the past three decades, there has also been an increasing awareness of the impact of smoking on periodontal disease. Smoking is considered the major environmental risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal disease. This review article will attempt to build on previous studies in the periodontal literature in order to present an evidence-based comprehensive literature review on the effects of smoking on periodontal disease.
