Vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)are considered ideal for grid-sc ale,long-duration energy storage applications owing to their decoupled output power and storage capacity,high safety,efficiency,and long cycle life.However...Vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)are considered ideal for grid-sc ale,long-duration energy storage applications owing to their decoupled output power and storage capacity,high safety,efficiency,and long cycle life.However,the widespread adoption of VFB s is hindered by the use of expensive Nafion membranes.Herein,we report a soft template-induced method to develop a porous polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membrane for VFB applications.By incorporating water-soluble and flexible polyethylene glycol(PEG 400)as a soft template,we induced the aggregation of hydrophilic sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone),resulting in phase separation from the hydrophobic PVDF polymer during membrane formation.This process led to the creation of a porous PVDF membrane with controllable morphologies determined by the polyethylene glycol content in the cast solution.The optimized porous PVDF membrane enabled a stable VFB performance for 200 cycles at a current density of 80 mA/cm^(2),and the VFB exhibited a Coulombic efficiency of 95.2%and a voltage efficiency of 87.8%.These findings provide valuable insights for the development of highly stable membranes for VFB applications.展开更多
A flexible counter electrode(CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSCs) has been fabricated using a micro-porous polyvinylidene fluoride membrane as support media and sputtered Pt as the catalytic material.Non-conventio...A flexible counter electrode(CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSCs) has been fabricated using a micro-porous polyvinylidene fluoride membrane as support media and sputtered Pt as the catalytic material.Non-conventional structure DSCs have been developed by the fabricated CEs. The Pt metal was sputtered onto one surface of the membrane as the catalytic material. DSCs were assembled by attaching the Ti O2 electrode to the membrane surface without Pt coating. The membrane was with cylindrical pore geometry. It served not only as a substrate for the CE but also as a spacer for the DSC. The fabricated DSC with the flexible membrane CE showed higher photocurrent density than the conventional sandwich devices based on chemically deposited Pt/FTO glass, achieving a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 4.43%. The results provides useful information in investigation and development of stable, low-cost, simple-design, flexible and lightweight DSCs.展开更多
The polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)nanofiber web by electrospinning technology has the characteristics of fast response,high sensitivity,wide range of pressure,etc.,and provides new sensitive materials for the sensor te...The polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)nanofiber web by electrospinning technology has the characteristics of fast response,high sensitivity,wide range of pressure,etc.,and provides new sensitive materials for the sensor testing the dynamic pressure such as foot pressure during walking.Because of the nanofiber mesh structure,it must be packaged to collect piezoelectric charge and bear strong mechanical behavior before industrial practice.The PVDF nanofiber web is usually packaged by incorporating a pair of flexible electrode as well as the lead of signal output.This present work will introduce the detailed packaging process and technology of PVDF nanofiber web,and three different types of packaging electrode materials(adhesive copper foil tape,indium tin oxide(ITO)thin plate,and adhesive conductive cloth)in previously published literatures are compared by the piezoelectric response of their sensor prototypes to a periodic mechanical activation.The results showed that the surface property of packaging material had a significant effect on the piezoelectric response of sensor by PVDF nanofiber web.For PVDF nanofiber web sensor,therefore,it needed a deep investigation on the specific packaging technology in terms of different working conditions.展开更多
Boron has a promising application in the field of propellants due to its high calorific value.However,the difficulty of ignition and the poor combustion efficiency of boron(B)have severely limited its efficient applic...Boron has a promising application in the field of propellants due to its high calorific value.However,the difficulty of ignition and the poor combustion efficiency of boron(B)have severely limited its efficient application.In response to this issue,this paper proposes to improve the ignition and combustion performance of micron-sized boron by the Polyvinylidene Fluoride(PVDF)coating.The effect of PVDF content on the B combustion performance was systematically studied using a Thermogravimetry-Differential Scanning Calorimetry(TG-DSC),a Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM),an X-Ray Diffractometer(XRD),a laser Particle Size Analyzer(PSA),and a high-speed camera.The results show that PVDF can significantly reduce the initial oxidation temperature of B powder and increase its reaction heat.When the PVDF content is 23wt%,the reaction heat and the combustion intensity of B powder reach the maximum and are significantly higher than those of the uncoated B powder.Moreover,the fluorination reaction that occurs during the combustion process not only can effectively shorten the combustion time of B powder,but also has a positive effect on its flame intensity and propagation speed,and it significantly reduces B particle agglomeration,which improves the combustion efficiency significantly.This study lays the foundation for the application of PVDF modified B in B-based solid propellants.展开更多
A novel adsorber,polyvinylidene fluoride matrix immobilized with L-serine ligand (PVDF-Ser),was developed in the present study to evaluate its safety and therapeutic efficacy in septic pigs by extracorporeal hemoperfu...A novel adsorber,polyvinylidene fluoride matrix immobilized with L-serine ligand (PVDF-Ser),was developed in the present study to evaluate its safety and therapeutic efficacy in septic pigs by extracorporeal hemoperfusion.Endotoxin adsorption efficiency (EAE) of the adsorber was firstly measured in vitro.The biocompatibility and hemodynamic changes during extracorporeal circulation were then evaluated.One half of 16 pigs receiving lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli O111:B4,5 μg/kg) intravenously in 1 h were consecutively treated by hemoperfusion with the new adsorber for 2 h.The changes of circulating endotoxin and certain cytokines and respiratory function were analyzed.The 72 h-survival rate was assessed eventually.EAE reached 46.3% (100 EU/ml in 80 ml calf serum) after 2 hcirculation.No deleterious effect was observed within the process.The plasma endotoxin,interleukin-6 (IL-6),and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were decreased during the hemoperfusion.Arterial oxygenation was also improved during and after the process.Furthermore,the survival time was significantly extended (>72 h vs.47.5 h for median survival time).The novel product PVDF-Ser could adsorb endotoxin with high safety and efficacy.Early use of extracorporeal hemoperfusion with the new adsorber could reduce the levels of circulating endotoxin,IL-6,and TNF-α,besides improve respiratory function and consequent 72 h-survival rate of the septic pigs.Endotoxin removal strategy with blood purification using the new adsorber renders a potential promising future in sepsis therapy.展开更多
Traditional microstructure scale parameters have difficulty describing the structure and distribution of a roughmaterial’s surface morphology comprehensively and quantitatively. This study constructs hydrophilic and ...Traditional microstructure scale parameters have difficulty describing the structure and distribution of a roughmaterial’s surface morphology comprehensively and quantitatively. This study constructs hydrophilic and underwateroleophobic surfaces based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) using a chemical modification method, and the fractaldimension and multifractal spectrum are used to quantitatively characterize the microscopic morphology. A new contactangle prediction model for underwater oleophobic surfaces is established. The results show that the fractal dimension ofthe PVDF surface first increases and then decreases with the reaction time. The uniformity characterized by the multifractalspectrum was generally consistent with scanning electron microscope observations. The contact angle of water droplets onthe PVDF surface is negatively correlated with the fractal dimension, and oil droplets in water are positively correlated.When the fractal dimension is 2.0975, the new contact angle prediction model has higher prediction accuracy. Themaximum and minimum relative deviations of the contact angle between the theoretical and measured data are 18.20%and 0.72%, respectively. For water ring transportation, the larger the fractal dimension and spectral width of the materialsurface, the smaller the absolute value of the spectral difference, the stronger the hydrophilic and oleophobic properties, andthe better the water ring transportation stability.展开更多
The increasing morbidity of internal diseases poses serious threats to human health and quality of life.Exhaled breath analysis is a noninvasive and convenient diagnostic method to improve the cure rate of patients. I...The increasing morbidity of internal diseases poses serious threats to human health and quality of life.Exhaled breath analysis is a noninvasive and convenient diagnostic method to improve the cure rate of patients. In this study, a self-powered breath analyzer based on polyaniline/polyvinylidene fluoride(PANI/PVDF) piezogas-sensing arrays has been developed for potential detection of several internal diseases. The device works by converting exhaled breath energy into piezoelectric gassensing signals without any external power sources. The five sensing units in the device have different sensitivities to various gas markers with concentrations ranging from 0 to 600 ppm. The working principle can be attributed to the coupling of the in-pipe gas-flow-induced piezoelectric effect of PVDF and gas-sensing properties of PANI electrodes. In addition, the device demonstrates its use as an ethanol analyzer to roughly mimic fatty liver diagnosis.This new approach can be applied to fabricating new exhaled breath analyzers and promoting the development of self-powered systems.展开更多
Polypropylene melt-blown nonwoven was used as the substrate for the preparation of an air film. The nonwoven was immersed in the casting solution at first,and then respectively placed in the first coagulation bath,the...Polypropylene melt-blown nonwoven was used as the substrate for the preparation of an air film. The nonwoven was immersed in the casting solution at first,and then respectively placed in the first coagulation bath,the second coagulation bath and the finishing liquid containing fluorine additive aqueous solution of 20 g/L. At last,the high temperature drying was carried out to obtain the air permeable and water resistant air film. With analyses and comparisons of the isopropanol alcohol content,the residence time of air,the composition of the first coagulation bath and the residence time of the first coagulation,the optimum parameters were found and the air film had an air permeability of 4. 7 L/min,a water blocking pressure of 16 kPa,a contact angle of 134. 2°,and a mean pore size of 2. 089 1 μm.展开更多
Portable power is an effective solution to realize self-powered sensors for wearable devices,promoting future sustainable development.Membrane-based triboelectric nanogenerators(M-TENGs)have emerged as a promising tec...Portable power is an effective solution to realize self-powered sensors for wearable devices,promoting future sustainable development.Membrane-based triboelectric nanogenerators(M-TENGs)have emerged as a promising technology for harvesting biomechanical energy from human motion owing to their advantages,such as simple structure,lightweight design,and efficient energy conversion.However,the poor durability,low adaptability,and un-washability of two-dimensional membrane materials have largely hindered their application in wearable electronics.In this study,we propose a sheath-core polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)/graphene(G)-carbon fiber(CF)yarn fabricated via conjugate electrospinning,comprising a commercial CF core and an electrospun graphene-doped PVDF sheath,which improves the fatigue resistance of electrospun nanofiber films under prolonged friction and keeps a high degree of freedom.The resulting electronic textile,woven with the large-scale electrospun PVDF/G-CF yarn,demonstrates a remarkable power density of 25.5 mW·m^(-2).The tight distribution of PVDF/G nanofibers on the textile surface ensures excellent softness,washability,and durability.Furthermore,the electrospun PVDF/G-CF textile exhibits significant potential in pressure sensing,self-powered operation,and motion detection,making it highly suitable for wearable electronics applications.展开更多
The layer-structured composites were built by the dielectric and insulating layers composed of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)and low-density polyethylene(LDPE)composites containing barium titanate(BT)to modulate the di...The layer-structured composites were built by the dielectric and insulating layers composed of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)and low-density polyethylene(LDPE)composites containing barium titanate(BT)to modulate the dielectric and energy storage properties of the composites.The simulations on the interface models for molecular dynamics and the geometric models for finite element analysis were performed together with the experimental characterization of the morphology,dielectric,and energy storage properties of the composites.The results revealed that polyethylene as an insulating layer played a successful role in modulating dielectric permittivity and breakdown strength while BT particles exerted positive effects in improving the miscibility between the composed layers and redistributing the electric field.The strong interface binding energy and the similar dielectric permittivity between the PVDF layer and the BT20/LDPE layer made for the layer-structured composites with a characteristic breakdown strength(Eb)of 188.9 kV·mm^(−1),a discharge energy density(Ud)of 1.42 J·cm^(−3),and a dielectric loss factor(tanδ)of 0.017,which were increased by 94%,141%,and decreased by 54%in comparison with those of the BT20/PVDF composite,respectively.展开更多
Li-ion batteries with solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)are safer than conventional liquid electrolytes due to the absence of highly flammable liquid electrolytes.However,their performance is limited by the poor Li+tran...Li-ion batteries with solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)are safer than conventional liquid electrolytes due to the absence of highly flammable liquid electrolytes.However,their performance is limited by the poor Li+transport in SPEs at room temperature.Anion-containing polymer-chains incorporated SPEs(ASPEs)are therefore developed to enhance Li^(+) diffusion kinetics.Herein,we propose a novel and feasible strategy to incorporate the anion-containing polymer-chains,such as lithiated perfluorinated sulfonic acid(PFSA),into polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)polymer-based SPEs.The immobile anion groups from the PFSA-chains impede the migration of mobile anion groups dissociated from the Li salt.The transference number is thus raised from∼0.3 to 0.52 with the introduction of anion-containing polymer-chains into SPEs.The electrostatic repulsion among anion-containing chains also reduces the close chain stacking and brings 159%increase in the ionic conductivity to 0.83×10^(−3) S/cm at 30℃ in contrast with the pure PVDF-based SPE.In addition,LiFeO_(4)/Li batteries with ASPEs exhibit 55%capacity boost at 0.5 C in contrast to the capacity of batteries with pure-PVDF SPEs,and also offer more than 1000 charge/discharge cycles.Our research findings potentially offer a facile strategy to design thermal stable SPEs with superior Li^(+) transport behaviors towards developing high-performance SPEs-based batteries.展开更多
Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are the most promising candidates for the energy storage due to their high safety,rich resources,and large specific capacity.However,AZIBs using neutral or slightly acidic...Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are the most promising candidates for the energy storage due to their high safety,rich resources,and large specific capacity.However,AZIBs using neutral or slightly acidic electrolytes still face side effects and zinc dendrites on the anode surface.To stabilize the Zn anode,a chemically stable and multi-functional coating of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)and 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride(6FDA)was prepared on the Zn surface.The anhydride groups in 6FDA can improve the hydrophilicity,promoting the migration of zinc ions.Besides,PVDF is compatible with 6FDA because of the presence of organic F-containing groups,which can also effectively reduce the nucleation overpotential and exhibit the dendrite-free Zn deposition/stripping.The PVDF/6FDA@Zn symmetric cell can cycle for 5000 h at a current density of 0.5 mA·cm^(−2),maintaining the extremely low polarization voltage and overpotential of 28 and 8 mV,respectively.The PVDF/6FDA@Zn||MnO2 full cell can remain a specific capacity of~90 mAh·g^(−1)after 2000 cycles at 1.5 A·g^(−1).This simple method achieves a reversible Zn anode,providing an inspiring strategy for ultra-long-cycle AZIBs.展开更多
Real-time monitoring of ball–shoe interactions can provide essential information for high-quality instruction in personalized soccer training,yet existing monitoring systems struggle to reflect specific forces,loci,a...Real-time monitoring of ball–shoe interactions can provide essential information for high-quality instruction in personalized soccer training,yet existing monitoring systems struggle to reflect specific forces,loci,and durations of action.Here,we design a self-powered piezoelectric sensor constructed by the gradient carbon nanotube/polyvinylidene fluoride(CNT/PVDF)composite to monitor the interactions between the ball and the shoe.Two-dimensional Raman mapping demonstrates the gradient structure of CNT/PVDF prepared by programmable electrospinning combined with a hot pressing.Benefitting from the synergistic effect of local polarization caused by the enrichment of CNT and the reduced diffusion of silver patterns in gradient structure,the as-prepared composite exhibits enhanced force-electric coupling with an excellent sensitivity of 80 mV/N and durability over 15,000 cycles.On this basis,we conformally attach a 3×3 sensor array to a soccer shoe,enabling real-time acquisition of kick position and contact force,which could provide quantitative assessment and personalize guidance for the training of soccer players.This self-powered piezoelectric sensor network system offers a promising paradigm for wearable monitoring under strong impact forces.展开更多
The aggregation of inorganic particles with high mass ratio will form a heterogeneous electric field in the solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs),which is difficult to be compatible with lithium anode,leading to inadequate...The aggregation of inorganic particles with high mass ratio will form a heterogeneous electric field in the solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs),which is difficult to be compatible with lithium anode,leading to inadequate ionic conductivity.Herein,a facile spray drying method is adopted to increase the mass ratio of inorganic particles and solve the aggregation problems of fillers simultaneously.The polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(LiTFSI)covers the surface of each Li_(6.4)La_(3)Zr_(1.4)Ta_(0.6)O_(12)(LLZTO)granules during the nebulization process,then forming flat solid electrolytes via layer-by-layer deposition.Characterized by the atomic force microscope,the obtained solid electrolytes achieve a homogenous dispersion of Young’s modulus and surface electric field.As a result,the as-prepared SPEs present high tensile strength of 7.1 MPa,high ionic conductivity of 1.86×10^(−4)S·cm^(−1)at room temperature,and wide electrochemical window up to 5.0 V,demonstrating increased mechanical strength and uniform lithium-ion migration channels for SPEs.Thanks to the as-prepared SPEs,the lithiumsymmetrical cells show a highly stable Li plating/stripping cycling for over 1,000 h at 0.1 mA·cm^(−2).The corresponding Li/LCoO_(2)batteries also present good rate capability and excellent cyclic performance with capacity retention of 80%after 100 cycles at room temperature.展开更多
The polarized electric field inside piezoelectric materials has been proven to be a promising technique to boost photogenerated charge separation.Herein,a novel flexible SnFe_(2)O_(4)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)/polyvinylidene fluo...The polarized electric field inside piezoelectric materials has been proven to be a promising technique to boost photogenerated charge separation.Herein,a novel flexible SnFe_(2)O_(4)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)/polyvinylidene fluoride((CH2CF2)_(n),PVDF)(P-SZ)film piezophotocatalyst was successfully synthesized by combining PVDF,an organic piezoelectric material,with a SnFe_(2)O_(4)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)(SFO/ZIS)type II heterojunction photocatalyst.The hydrogen evolution rate of SFO/ZIS heterojunction with a SFO content of 5%is about 846.79μmol·h^(−1)·g^(−1),which is 3.6 times that of pristine ZIS.Furthermore,after being combined with PVDF,the optimum hydrogen evolution rate of P-SZ is about 1652.7μmol·h^(−1)·g^(−1)in the presence of ultrasound,which exceeds that of 5%SFO/ZIS by an approximate factor of 2.0.Based on experimental results,the mechanism of the improved photocatalytic performance of P-SZ was proposed on the basis of the piezoelectric field in PVDF and the formed heterojunction between SFO and ZIS,which effectively boosted the separation of photoinduced charges.This work provides an efficient strategy for multi-path collection and utilization of natural solar and vibrational energy to enhance photoactivity.展开更多
Plasmonic surface of flexible multilayered nanofibers possesses special superiority for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)sensing of molecules and microbial cells.However,the fabrication of flexible plasmonic...Plasmonic surface of flexible multilayered nanofibers possesses special superiority for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)sensing of molecules and microbial cells.However,the fabrication of flexible plasmonic nanofibers with high sensitivity and reproducibility is difficult.Herein,we report a smart strategy for fabricating flexible plasmonic fibers,in which compact and homogeneous gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)are in-situ grown on the high-curvature surface of multilayered fibers of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF).Firstly,the surface of PVDF fibers is changed electrically,and Au seeds are deposited on the surface of PVDF fibers using electrostatic driving force.Secondly,a stable AuI_(4)−complex is formed employing coordination between I−and AuCl4−ions,which could decrease the reduction potential of AuCl4−and restrain the self-nucleation,and then the reduction reaction of AuI4−is initiated by introducing PVDF@Au seeds to pull down the barrier of potential energy.Finally,in-situ growth of AuNPs is generated on the high-curvature surface of PVDF nanofibers,and large-scale hotspots are generated by adjacent AuNPs coupling in the three-dimensional(3D)space of multilayered fibers.Membrane of PVDF@Au nanofibers also realizes the sensitive detection of thiram molecules(low limit of detection of 0.1 nM)and good reproducibility(relative standard deviation of 10.6%).Meanwhile,due to the multilayered construction of PVDF@Au nanofibers,a valid SERS signal on 3D surface of bacteria could be generated.3D distribution of hotspots on multilayered PVDF@Au nanofibers gives a clear advantage for SERS sensing of organic molecules and microbial cells.展开更多
Experiments on two cavitation bubbles,which are generated at the same instant,with three different sizes near solid wall are conducted and their impulses on the boundary are registered by polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)...Experiments on two cavitation bubbles,which are generated at the same instant,with three different sizes near solid wall are conducted and their impulses on the boundary are registered by polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)sensor.Due to being near the boundary,bubble interactions and deformed features are in contrast with those in infinite fluid medium.In this paper,five morphologies of bubble deformation during growth and collapse phases are observed by high-speed camera.These profiles are strongly influenced by inter-bubble distance(η),stand-off distance from boundary(γ),and bubble size differences.Analysis of photographs coupled with sensor measurements enabled qualitative investigation of two bubble interactions on the boundary.From sensor data acquisition,it is confirmed that lower bigger bubble with upper smaller bubble configuration produces highest impulses on the boundary compared with other vertical arrangements of the tandem cavitation bubble employed in this study.展开更多
The effect of a N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)/acetone solvent system(3:7,4:6,5:5,6:4,7:3)and spinning medium(air and water)on the membrane morphology and the structure-property relationship were investigated.A facile met...The effect of a N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)/acetone solvent system(3:7,4:6,5:5,6:4,7:3)and spinning medium(air and water)on the membrane morphology and the structure-property relationship were investigated.A facile method was optimized to generate a porous,polymer-fiber membrane via the combinative effect of electrospinning and thermally inducing phase separation of the DMF/acetone(4:6)solvent system in a water medium.The attenuated total reflection(ATR)-Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)results showed an increased b-phase compared to the pristine poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF).The XRD and DSC results further confirmed that the co-existing a-and b-phases in the pristine PVDF were converted into a unique b-phase in the electrospun membranes.In addition,the solvent uptake percentage of the DMF/acetone(4:6)solvent system in a water medium(540)is much greater than that in an air medium(320),and over two times better than that of commercial polyethylene(PE)membranes(190).Similarly,the discharge capacity of the PVDF membrane separator prepared with the DMF/acetone(4:6)solvent system in a water medium is higher than that of the air medium.This enhancement of solvent uptake might be due to the interconnected porous morphology present in the water medium.展开更多
Nanofibre-supported forward osmosis(FO)membranes have gained popularity owing to their low structural parameters and high water flux.However,the nanofibrous membranes are less stable in long-term use,and their fouling...Nanofibre-supported forward osmosis(FO)membranes have gained popularity owing to their low structural parameters and high water flux.However,the nanofibrous membranes are less stable in long-term use,and their fouling behaviours with foulants in both feed solution(FS)and draw solution(DS)is less studied.This study developed a nanofibrous thin-film composite(TFC)FO membrane by designing a tiered dual-layer nanofibrous substrate to enhance membrane stability during long-term usage and cleaning.Various characterisation methods were used to study the effect of the electrospun nanofibre interlayer and drying time,which is the interval after removing the M-phenylenediamine(MPD)solution and before reacting with trimesoyl chloride(TMC)solution,on the intrinsic separation FO performance.The separation performance of the dual-layer nanofibrous FO membranes was examined using model foulants(sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin)in both the FS and DS.The dual-layer nanofibrous substrate was superior to the single-layer nanofibrous substrate and showed a flux of 30.2 L/m^(2)/h(LMH)when using 1.5 mol/L NaCl against deionised(DI)water in the active layer facing draw solution(AL-DS)mode.In the fouling test,the water flux was effectively improved without sacrificing the water/solute selectivity under the condition that foulants existed in both the FS and DS.In addition,the dual-layer nanofibrous TFC FO membrane was more robust during the fouling test and cleaning.展开更多
基金financially supported by Open Fund of Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province of China(No.2020CL09)Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis(No.2214503)。
文摘Vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)are considered ideal for grid-sc ale,long-duration energy storage applications owing to their decoupled output power and storage capacity,high safety,efficiency,and long cycle life.However,the widespread adoption of VFB s is hindered by the use of expensive Nafion membranes.Herein,we report a soft template-induced method to develop a porous polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membrane for VFB applications.By incorporating water-soluble and flexible polyethylene glycol(PEG 400)as a soft template,we induced the aggregation of hydrophilic sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone),resulting in phase separation from the hydrophobic PVDF polymer during membrane formation.This process led to the creation of a porous PVDF membrane with controllable morphologies determined by the polyethylene glycol content in the cast solution.The optimized porous PVDF membrane enabled a stable VFB performance for 200 cycles at a current density of 80 mA/cm^(2),and the VFB exhibited a Coulombic efficiency of 95.2%and a voltage efficiency of 87.8%.These findings provide valuable insights for the development of highly stable membranes for VFB applications.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10774046)Shanghai Municipal Science&Technology Committee(No.09JC1404600+1 种基金No.0852nm06100 and No.08230705400)Singapore Ministry of Education innovation fund(MOE IF Funding MOE2008-IF-1-016)
文摘A flexible counter electrode(CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSCs) has been fabricated using a micro-porous polyvinylidene fluoride membrane as support media and sputtered Pt as the catalytic material.Non-conventional structure DSCs have been developed by the fabricated CEs. The Pt metal was sputtered onto one surface of the membrane as the catalytic material. DSCs were assembled by attaching the Ti O2 electrode to the membrane surface without Pt coating. The membrane was with cylindrical pore geometry. It served not only as a substrate for the CE but also as a spacer for the DSC. The fabricated DSC with the flexible membrane CE showed higher photocurrent density than the conventional sandwich devices based on chemically deposited Pt/FTO glass, achieving a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 4.43%. The results provides useful information in investigation and development of stable, low-cost, simple-design, flexible and lightweight DSCs.
基金“111 Project”Biomedical Textile Materials Science and Technology,China(No.B07024)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51405079)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2015M570307)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Chinathe Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds,China
文摘The polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)nanofiber web by electrospinning technology has the characteristics of fast response,high sensitivity,wide range of pressure,etc.,and provides new sensitive materials for the sensor testing the dynamic pressure such as foot pressure during walking.Because of the nanofiber mesh structure,it must be packaged to collect piezoelectric charge and bear strong mechanical behavior before industrial practice.The PVDF nanofiber web is usually packaged by incorporating a pair of flexible electrode as well as the lead of signal output.This present work will introduce the detailed packaging process and technology of PVDF nanofiber web,and three different types of packaging electrode materials(adhesive copper foil tape,indium tin oxide(ITO)thin plate,and adhesive conductive cloth)in previously published literatures are compared by the piezoelectric response of their sensor prototypes to a periodic mechanical activation.The results showed that the surface property of packaging material had a significant effect on the piezoelectric response of sensor by PVDF nanofiber web.For PVDF nanofiber web sensor,therefore,it needed a deep investigation on the specific packaging technology in terms of different working conditions.
基金financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52376093)the Project of Jiangsu Graduate Practice Innovation,China (Nos. SJCX22_1435 and SJCX22_1436)sponsored by Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province,China.
文摘Boron has a promising application in the field of propellants due to its high calorific value.However,the difficulty of ignition and the poor combustion efficiency of boron(B)have severely limited its efficient application.In response to this issue,this paper proposes to improve the ignition and combustion performance of micron-sized boron by the Polyvinylidene Fluoride(PVDF)coating.The effect of PVDF content on the B combustion performance was systematically studied using a Thermogravimetry-Differential Scanning Calorimetry(TG-DSC),a Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM),an X-Ray Diffractometer(XRD),a laser Particle Size Analyzer(PSA),and a high-speed camera.The results show that PVDF can significantly reduce the initial oxidation temperature of B powder and increase its reaction heat.When the PVDF content is 23wt%,the reaction heat and the combustion intensity of B powder reach the maximum and are significantly higher than those of the uncoated B powder.Moreover,the fluorination reaction that occurs during the combustion process not only can effectively shorten the combustion time of B powder,but also has a positive effect on its flame intensity and propagation speed,and it significantly reduces B particle agglomeration,which improves the combustion efficiency significantly.This study lays the foundation for the application of PVDF modified B in B-based solid propellants.
基金Project (No.2007C33008) supported by the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province,China
文摘A novel adsorber,polyvinylidene fluoride matrix immobilized with L-serine ligand (PVDF-Ser),was developed in the present study to evaluate its safety and therapeutic efficacy in septic pigs by extracorporeal hemoperfusion.Endotoxin adsorption efficiency (EAE) of the adsorber was firstly measured in vitro.The biocompatibility and hemodynamic changes during extracorporeal circulation were then evaluated.One half of 16 pigs receiving lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli O111:B4,5 μg/kg) intravenously in 1 h were consecutively treated by hemoperfusion with the new adsorber for 2 h.The changes of circulating endotoxin and certain cytokines and respiratory function were analyzed.The 72 h-survival rate was assessed eventually.EAE reached 46.3% (100 EU/ml in 80 ml calf serum) after 2 hcirculation.No deleterious effect was observed within the process.The plasma endotoxin,interleukin-6 (IL-6),and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were decreased during the hemoperfusion.Arterial oxygenation was also improved during and after the process.Furthermore,the survival time was significantly extended (>72 h vs.47.5 h for median survival time).The novel product PVDF-Ser could adsorb endotoxin with high safety and efficacy.Early use of extracorporeal hemoperfusion with the new adsorber could reduce the levels of circulating endotoxin,IL-6,and TNF-α,besides improve respiratory function and consequent 72 h-survival rate of the septic pigs.Endotoxin removal strategy with blood purification using the new adsorber renders a potential promising future in sepsis therapy.
基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2023-JC-YB-351)the Scientific Research Program Funded by the Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(Program No.20JS118)the Xi’an Shiyou University Graduate Innovation and Practice Ability Training Plan(YCS21212097,YCS21212092).
文摘Traditional microstructure scale parameters have difficulty describing the structure and distribution of a roughmaterial’s surface morphology comprehensively and quantitatively. This study constructs hydrophilic and underwateroleophobic surfaces based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) using a chemical modification method, and the fractaldimension and multifractal spectrum are used to quantitatively characterize the microscopic morphology. A new contactangle prediction model for underwater oleophobic surfaces is established. The results show that the fractal dimension ofthe PVDF surface first increases and then decreases with the reaction time. The uniformity characterized by the multifractalspectrum was generally consistent with scanning electron microscope observations. The contact angle of water droplets onthe PVDF surface is negatively correlated with the fractal dimension, and oil droplets in water are positively correlated.When the fractal dimension is 2.0975, the new contact angle prediction model has higher prediction accuracy. Themaximum and minimum relative deviations of the contact angle between the theoretical and measured data are 18.20%and 0.72%, respectively. For water ring transportation, the larger the fractal dimension and spectral width of the materialsurface, the smaller the absolute value of the spectral difference, the stronger the hydrophilic and oleophobic properties, andthe better the water ring transportation stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11674048)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (N170505001 and N160502002)Program for Shenyang Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talents (RC170269)
文摘The increasing morbidity of internal diseases poses serious threats to human health and quality of life.Exhaled breath analysis is a noninvasive and convenient diagnostic method to improve the cure rate of patients. In this study, a self-powered breath analyzer based on polyaniline/polyvinylidene fluoride(PANI/PVDF) piezogas-sensing arrays has been developed for potential detection of several internal diseases. The device works by converting exhaled breath energy into piezoelectric gassensing signals without any external power sources. The five sensing units in the device have different sensitivities to various gas markers with concentrations ranging from 0 to 600 ppm. The working principle can be attributed to the coupling of the in-pipe gas-flow-induced piezoelectric effect of PVDF and gas-sensing properties of PANI electrodes. In addition, the device demonstrates its use as an ethanol analyzer to roughly mimic fatty liver diagnosis.This new approach can be applied to fabricating new exhaled breath analyzers and promoting the development of self-powered systems.
文摘Polypropylene melt-blown nonwoven was used as the substrate for the preparation of an air film. The nonwoven was immersed in the casting solution at first,and then respectively placed in the first coagulation bath,the second coagulation bath and the finishing liquid containing fluorine additive aqueous solution of 20 g/L. At last,the high temperature drying was carried out to obtain the air permeable and water resistant air film. With analyses and comparisons of the isopropanol alcohol content,the residence time of air,the composition of the first coagulation bath and the residence time of the first coagulation,the optimum parameters were found and the air film had an air permeability of 4. 7 L/min,a water blocking pressure of 16 kPa,a contact angle of 134. 2°,and a mean pore size of 2. 089 1 μm.
基金support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52173059)China National Textile and Apparel Council Science and Technology Guidance Project(No.2020116)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(No.21KJA540002)the Open Project of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System(No.2023LOTDS011).
文摘Portable power is an effective solution to realize self-powered sensors for wearable devices,promoting future sustainable development.Membrane-based triboelectric nanogenerators(M-TENGs)have emerged as a promising technology for harvesting biomechanical energy from human motion owing to their advantages,such as simple structure,lightweight design,and efficient energy conversion.However,the poor durability,low adaptability,and un-washability of two-dimensional membrane materials have largely hindered their application in wearable electronics.In this study,we propose a sheath-core polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)/graphene(G)-carbon fiber(CF)yarn fabricated via conjugate electrospinning,comprising a commercial CF core and an electrospun graphene-doped PVDF sheath,which improves the fatigue resistance of electrospun nanofiber films under prolonged friction and keeps a high degree of freedom.The resulting electronic textile,woven with the large-scale electrospun PVDF/G-CF yarn,demonstrates a remarkable power density of 25.5 mW·m^(-2).The tight distribution of PVDF/G nanofibers on the textile surface ensures excellent softness,washability,and durability.Furthermore,the electrospun PVDF/G-CF textile exhibits significant potential in pressure sensing,self-powered operation,and motion detection,making it highly suitable for wearable electronics applications.
基金supports from the Key projects of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(ZD2020E007).
文摘The layer-structured composites were built by the dielectric and insulating layers composed of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)and low-density polyethylene(LDPE)composites containing barium titanate(BT)to modulate the dielectric and energy storage properties of the composites.The simulations on the interface models for molecular dynamics and the geometric models for finite element analysis were performed together with the experimental characterization of the morphology,dielectric,and energy storage properties of the composites.The results revealed that polyethylene as an insulating layer played a successful role in modulating dielectric permittivity and breakdown strength while BT particles exerted positive effects in improving the miscibility between the composed layers and redistributing the electric field.The strong interface binding energy and the similar dielectric permittivity between the PVDF layer and the BT20/LDPE layer made for the layer-structured composites with a characteristic breakdown strength(Eb)of 188.9 kV·mm^(−1),a discharge energy density(Ud)of 1.42 J·cm^(−3),and a dielectric loss factor(tanδ)of 0.017,which were increased by 94%,141%,and decreased by 54%in comparison with those of the BT20/PVDF composite,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51972043 and 52102212)the Sichuan-Hong Kong Collaborative Research Fund(No.2021YFH0184)+1 种基金the Foundation of Yangtze Delta Region Institute(Huzhou)of UESTC,China(Nos.U03210010 and U03210028)Huzhou Science and Technology Special Representative Project(No.2021KT54).
文摘Li-ion batteries with solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)are safer than conventional liquid electrolytes due to the absence of highly flammable liquid electrolytes.However,their performance is limited by the poor Li+transport in SPEs at room temperature.Anion-containing polymer-chains incorporated SPEs(ASPEs)are therefore developed to enhance Li^(+) diffusion kinetics.Herein,we propose a novel and feasible strategy to incorporate the anion-containing polymer-chains,such as lithiated perfluorinated sulfonic acid(PFSA),into polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)polymer-based SPEs.The immobile anion groups from the PFSA-chains impede the migration of mobile anion groups dissociated from the Li salt.The transference number is thus raised from∼0.3 to 0.52 with the introduction of anion-containing polymer-chains into SPEs.The electrostatic repulsion among anion-containing chains also reduces the close chain stacking and brings 159%increase in the ionic conductivity to 0.83×10^(−3) S/cm at 30℃ in contrast with the pure PVDF-based SPE.In addition,LiFeO_(4)/Li batteries with ASPEs exhibit 55%capacity boost at 0.5 C in contrast to the capacity of batteries with pure-PVDF SPEs,and also offer more than 1000 charge/discharge cycles.Our research findings potentially offer a facile strategy to design thermal stable SPEs with superior Li^(+) transport behaviors towards developing high-performance SPEs-based batteries.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51673154).
文摘Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are the most promising candidates for the energy storage due to their high safety,rich resources,and large specific capacity.However,AZIBs using neutral or slightly acidic electrolytes still face side effects and zinc dendrites on the anode surface.To stabilize the Zn anode,a chemically stable and multi-functional coating of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)and 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride(6FDA)was prepared on the Zn surface.The anhydride groups in 6FDA can improve the hydrophilicity,promoting the migration of zinc ions.Besides,PVDF is compatible with 6FDA because of the presence of organic F-containing groups,which can also effectively reduce the nucleation overpotential and exhibit the dendrite-free Zn deposition/stripping.The PVDF/6FDA@Zn symmetric cell can cycle for 5000 h at a current density of 0.5 mA·cm^(−2),maintaining the extremely low polarization voltage and overpotential of 28 and 8 mV,respectively.The PVDF/6FDA@Zn||MnO2 full cell can remain a specific capacity of~90 mAh·g^(−1)after 2000 cycles at 1.5 A·g^(−1).This simple method achieves a reversible Zn anode,providing an inspiring strategy for ultra-long-cycle AZIBs.
基金This work was financially supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2023NSFSC0313)the Basic Research Cultivation Project(No.2682021ZTPY004)+1 种基金the Sichuan Province Foundation for Distinguished Young Team(No.20CXTD0106)Catalyst Seeding General Grant administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand(Contract 20-UOA-035-CSG).
文摘Real-time monitoring of ball–shoe interactions can provide essential information for high-quality instruction in personalized soccer training,yet existing monitoring systems struggle to reflect specific forces,loci,and durations of action.Here,we design a self-powered piezoelectric sensor constructed by the gradient carbon nanotube/polyvinylidene fluoride(CNT/PVDF)composite to monitor the interactions between the ball and the shoe.Two-dimensional Raman mapping demonstrates the gradient structure of CNT/PVDF prepared by programmable electrospinning combined with a hot pressing.Benefitting from the synergistic effect of local polarization caused by the enrichment of CNT and the reduced diffusion of silver patterns in gradient structure,the as-prepared composite exhibits enhanced force-electric coupling with an excellent sensitivity of 80 mV/N and durability over 15,000 cycles.On this basis,we conformally attach a 3×3 sensor array to a soccer shoe,enabling real-time acquisition of kick position and contact force,which could provide quantitative assessment and personalize guidance for the training of soccer players.This self-powered piezoelectric sensor network system offers a promising paradigm for wearable monitoring under strong impact forces.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21805147).
文摘The aggregation of inorganic particles with high mass ratio will form a heterogeneous electric field in the solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs),which is difficult to be compatible with lithium anode,leading to inadequate ionic conductivity.Herein,a facile spray drying method is adopted to increase the mass ratio of inorganic particles and solve the aggregation problems of fillers simultaneously.The polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(LiTFSI)covers the surface of each Li_(6.4)La_(3)Zr_(1.4)Ta_(0.6)O_(12)(LLZTO)granules during the nebulization process,then forming flat solid electrolytes via layer-by-layer deposition.Characterized by the atomic force microscope,the obtained solid electrolytes achieve a homogenous dispersion of Young’s modulus and surface electric field.As a result,the as-prepared SPEs present high tensile strength of 7.1 MPa,high ionic conductivity of 1.86×10^(−4)S·cm^(−1)at room temperature,and wide electrochemical window up to 5.0 V,demonstrating increased mechanical strength and uniform lithium-ion migration channels for SPEs.Thanks to the as-prepared SPEs,the lithiumsymmetrical cells show a highly stable Li plating/stripping cycling for over 1,000 h at 0.1 mA·cm^(−2).The corresponding Li/LCoO_(2)batteries also present good rate capability and excellent cyclic performance with capacity retention of 80%after 100 cycles at room temperature.
基金supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Nos.ZR2021ME046 and ZR2022ME179)Liaocheng University College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.2020205926).
文摘The polarized electric field inside piezoelectric materials has been proven to be a promising technique to boost photogenerated charge separation.Herein,a novel flexible SnFe_(2)O_(4)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)/polyvinylidene fluoride((CH2CF2)_(n),PVDF)(P-SZ)film piezophotocatalyst was successfully synthesized by combining PVDF,an organic piezoelectric material,with a SnFe_(2)O_(4)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)(SFO/ZIS)type II heterojunction photocatalyst.The hydrogen evolution rate of SFO/ZIS heterojunction with a SFO content of 5%is about 846.79μmol·h^(−1)·g^(−1),which is 3.6 times that of pristine ZIS.Furthermore,after being combined with PVDF,the optimum hydrogen evolution rate of P-SZ is about 1652.7μmol·h^(−1)·g^(−1)in the presence of ultrasound,which exceeds that of 5%SFO/ZIS by an approximate factor of 2.0.Based on experimental results,the mechanism of the improved photocatalytic performance of P-SZ was proposed on the basis of the piezoelectric field in PVDF and the formed heterojunction between SFO and ZIS,which effectively boosted the separation of photoinduced charges.This work provides an efficient strategy for multi-path collection and utilization of natural solar and vibrational energy to enhance photoactivity.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81801122)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(No.2020JQ-529)+4 种基金Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(No.20JK0658)The industry-University-Research collaborative innovation project of Keqiao Textile Industry Innovation Institute of Xi’an Polytechnic University(No.19KQZD01)Xi’an Science and Technology Project(GXYD7.3)Key R&D projects of Shaanxi(No.2020GY-273)Project of China National Textile Industry Association(No.2020047)。
文摘Plasmonic surface of flexible multilayered nanofibers possesses special superiority for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)sensing of molecules and microbial cells.However,the fabrication of flexible plasmonic nanofibers with high sensitivity and reproducibility is difficult.Herein,we report a smart strategy for fabricating flexible plasmonic fibers,in which compact and homogeneous gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)are in-situ grown on the high-curvature surface of multilayered fibers of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF).Firstly,the surface of PVDF fibers is changed electrically,and Au seeds are deposited on the surface of PVDF fibers using electrostatic driving force.Secondly,a stable AuI_(4)−complex is formed employing coordination between I−and AuCl4−ions,which could decrease the reduction potential of AuCl4−and restrain the self-nucleation,and then the reduction reaction of AuI4−is initiated by introducing PVDF@Au seeds to pull down the barrier of potential energy.Finally,in-situ growth of AuNPs is generated on the high-curvature surface of PVDF nanofibers,and large-scale hotspots are generated by adjacent AuNPs coupling in the three-dimensional(3D)space of multilayered fibers.Membrane of PVDF@Au nanofibers also realizes the sensitive detection of thiram molecules(low limit of detection of 0.1 nM)and good reproducibility(relative standard deviation of 10.6%).Meanwhile,due to the multilayered construction of PVDF@Au nanofibers,a valid SERS signal on 3D surface of bacteria could be generated.3D distribution of hotspots on multilayered PVDF@Au nanofibers gives a clear advantage for SERS sensing of organic molecules and microbial cells.
基金The author acknowledges the encouragement that Prof.Hyung Taek Ahn of the Adv Comp Eng Lab in University of Ulsan has given continuously to this research.
文摘Experiments on two cavitation bubbles,which are generated at the same instant,with three different sizes near solid wall are conducted and their impulses on the boundary are registered by polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)sensor.Due to being near the boundary,bubble interactions and deformed features are in contrast with those in infinite fluid medium.In this paper,five morphologies of bubble deformation during growth and collapse phases are observed by high-speed camera.These profiles are strongly influenced by inter-bubble distance(η),stand-off distance from boundary(γ),and bubble size differences.Analysis of photographs coupled with sensor measurements enabled qualitative investigation of two bubble interactions on the boundary.From sensor data acquisition,it is confirmed that lower bigger bubble with upper smaller bubble configuration produces highest impulses on the boundary compared with other vertical arrangements of the tandem cavitation bubble employed in this study.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51372042,51872053)Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2015A030308004)the NSFCGuangdong Joint Fund(Grant No.U1501246).
文摘The effect of a N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)/acetone solvent system(3:7,4:6,5:5,6:4,7:3)and spinning medium(air and water)on the membrane morphology and the structure-property relationship were investigated.A facile method was optimized to generate a porous,polymer-fiber membrane via the combinative effect of electrospinning and thermally inducing phase separation of the DMF/acetone(4:6)solvent system in a water medium.The attenuated total reflection(ATR)-Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)results showed an increased b-phase compared to the pristine poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF).The XRD and DSC results further confirmed that the co-existing a-and b-phases in the pristine PVDF were converted into a unique b-phase in the electrospun membranes.In addition,the solvent uptake percentage of the DMF/acetone(4:6)solvent system in a water medium(540)is much greater than that in an air medium(320),and over two times better than that of commercial polyethylene(PE)membranes(190).Similarly,the discharge capacity of the PVDF membrane separator prepared with the DMF/acetone(4:6)solvent system in a water medium is higher than that of the air medium.This enhancement of solvent uptake might be due to the interconnected porous morphology present in the water medium.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52100105)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(China)(No.2021JQ-108).
文摘Nanofibre-supported forward osmosis(FO)membranes have gained popularity owing to their low structural parameters and high water flux.However,the nanofibrous membranes are less stable in long-term use,and their fouling behaviours with foulants in both feed solution(FS)and draw solution(DS)is less studied.This study developed a nanofibrous thin-film composite(TFC)FO membrane by designing a tiered dual-layer nanofibrous substrate to enhance membrane stability during long-term usage and cleaning.Various characterisation methods were used to study the effect of the electrospun nanofibre interlayer and drying time,which is the interval after removing the M-phenylenediamine(MPD)solution and before reacting with trimesoyl chloride(TMC)solution,on the intrinsic separation FO performance.The separation performance of the dual-layer nanofibrous FO membranes was examined using model foulants(sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin)in both the FS and DS.The dual-layer nanofibrous substrate was superior to the single-layer nanofibrous substrate and showed a flux of 30.2 L/m^(2)/h(LMH)when using 1.5 mol/L NaCl against deionised(DI)water in the active layer facing draw solution(AL-DS)mode.In the fouling test,the water flux was effectively improved without sacrificing the water/solute selectivity under the condition that foulants existed in both the FS and DS.In addition,the dual-layer nanofibrous TFC FO membrane was more robust during the fouling test and cleaning.
