Probiotics are live microorganisms exerting beneficial effects on the host’s health when administered in adequate amounts.Among the most popular and adequately studied probiotics are bacteria from the families Lactob...Probiotics are live microorganisms exerting beneficial effects on the host’s health when administered in adequate amounts.Among the most popular and adequately studied probiotics are bacteria from the families Lactobacillaceae,Bifidobacteriaceae and yeasts.Most of them have been shown,both in vitro and in vivo studies of intestinal inflammation models,to provide favorable results by means of improving the gut microbiota composition,promoting the wound healing process and shaping the immunological responses.Chronic intestinal conditions,such as inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD),are characterized by an imbalance in microbiota composition,with decreased diversity,and by relapsing and persisting inflammation,which may lead to mucosal damage.Although the results of the clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on patients with IBD are still controversial,it is without doubt that these microorganisms and their metabolites,now named postbiotics,have a positive influence on both the host’s microbiota and the immune system,and ultimately alter the topical tissue microenvironment.This influence is achieved through three axes:(1)By dis-placement of potential pathogens via competitive exclusion;(2)by offering protection to the host through the secretion of various defensive mediators;and(3)by supplying the host with essential nutrients.We will analyze and discuss almost all the in vitro and in vivo studies of the past 2 years dealing with the possible favorable effects of certain probiotic genus on gut immunological responses,highlighting which species are the most beneficial against intestinal inflammation.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of enteral nutrition+probiotics in patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction after severe craniocerebral injury.Methods:From September 2018 to February 2023,80 patients(20...Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of enteral nutrition+probiotics in patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction after severe craniocerebral injury.Methods:From September 2018 to February 2023,80 patients(20-82 years old)with gastrointestinal dysfunction who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at the Third People’s Hospital of Xining were included in the study.Their primary condition was severe craniocerebral injury,and all of them received conventional symptomatic treatment.Group A received enteral nutrition+probiotic therapy,whereas group B received enteral nutrition only.The differences in the following indicators were compared before and after treatment:nutritional and biochemical indicators,gastrointestinal function indicators,Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS),Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA),APACHE II score,serum procalcitonin(PCT),neutrophil(N)ratio,and C reactive protein(CRP).Result:The nutritional and biochemical indicators in group A were higher than those in group B,P<0.05;the time to first passage of flatus,time to first passage of stool,and bowel sound recovery time in group A were shorter than those in group B,P<0.05;the GCS of group A was higher than that of group B,P<0.05;the SOFA and APACHEⅡscores of group A were not different from those of group B,P>0.05;and the PCT,N ratio,and CRP levels of group A were lower than those of group B,P<0.05.Conclusion:In patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction after severe craniocerebral injury,enteral nutrition+probiotic therapy is highly effective and feasible,as it can optimize various nutritional indicators,shorten the gastrointestinal function recovery time,and reduce the body’s stress response.展开更多
Background:The purported ergogenic and health effects of probiotics have been a topic of great intrigue among researchers,practitioners,and the lay public alike.There has also been an increased research focus within t...Background:The purported ergogenic and health effects of probiotics have been a topic of great intrigue among researchers,practitioners,and the lay public alike.There has also been an increased research focus within the realm of sports science and exercise medicine on the athletic gut microbiota.However,compared to other ergogenic aids and dietary supplements,probiotics present unique study challenges.The objectives of this systematic scoping review were to identify and characterize study methodologies of randomized controlled trials investigating supplementation with probiotics in athletes and physically active individuals.Methods:Four databases(MEDLINE,CINAHL,Cochrane CENTRAL,and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)were searched for randomized controlled studies involving healthy athletes or physically active individuals.An intervention with probiotics and inclusion of a control and/or placebo group were essential.Only peer-reviewed articles in English were considered,and there were no date restrictions.Results were extracted and presented in tabular form to detail study protocols,characteristics,and outcomes.Bias in randomized controlled trials was determined with the RoB 2.0 tool.Results:A total of 45 studies were included in the review,with 35 using a parallel group design and 10 using a cross-over design.Approximately half the studies used a single probiotic and the other half a multi-strain preparation.The probiotic dose ranged from 2×10^(8)to 1×10^(11)colony forming units daily,and the length of intervention was between 7 and 150 days.Fewer than half the studies directly assessed gastrointestinal symptoms,gut permeability,or the gut microbiota.The sex ratio of participants was heavily weighted toward males,and only 3 studies exclusively investigated females.Low-level adverse events were reported in only 2 studies,although the methodology of reporting varied widely.The risk of bias was generally low,although details on randomization were lacking in some studies.Conclusion:There is a substantial body of research on the effects of prob iotic supplementation in healthy athletes and physically active individuals.Considerable heterogeneity in probiotic selection and dosage as well as outcome measures has made clinical and mechanistic interpretation challenging for both health care practitioners and researchers.Attention to issues of randomization of participants,treatments and interventions,selection of outcomes,demographics,and reporting of adverse events will facilitate more trustworthy interpretation of probiotic study results and inform evidence-based guidelines.展开更多
Patients with celiac disease(CD)have a mucosal layer that is unable to regulate the gut microbiota,leaving the host vulnerable to dangerous infections and antigens.When compared to healthy people,this dysbiosis is mar...Patients with celiac disease(CD)have a mucosal layer that is unable to regulate the gut microbiota,leaving the host vulnerable to dangerous infections and antigens.When compared to healthy people,this dysbiosis is marked by a decrease in intra-and intergeneric biodiversity,which demonstrates an imbalance between helpful bacteria and possibly harmful or proinflammatory species.The early gut microbiota is influenced by the genotype of newborns with the HLADQ2 haplotypes,and this may modify how gluten is handled in the intestinal lumen,polarize innate or adaptive immune responses,and result in glutensensitive enteropathy.The outcome of gluten digestion can vary depending on the composition of the intestinal gut bacteria and the partial conversion of gluten into peptides larger than ten amino acids in the small intestines,which can be immunogenic.In the small intestine,114 different bacterial strains belonging to 32 different species have 27 of them exhibiting peptidolytic activity.Thus,the individual risk of developing a gluten-related illness is further influenced by microbial composition and gluten degrading capacity.The conclusion that lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium spp.may be used as a probiotic supplement in CD patients is based on their shared possession of the most extensive peptidolytic and proteolytic activity thought to be engaged in the breakdown of gluten among all potential bacterial genera present in the gut microbiota.In children with CD autoimmunity,daily oral dose of Lactobacillus.plantarum HEAL9 and Lactobacillus.paracasei 8700:2 was found to modify the peripheral immune response.Bifidobacterium.breve strains have demonstrated a beneficial effect on reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-production in CD children on gluten-free diets.展开更多
In recent years,microbial metabolomics,a new field that has attracted wide attention,provides a map of metabolic pathways and clarifies the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and hosts.Many microorganisms ar...In recent years,microbial metabolomics,a new field that has attracted wide attention,provides a map of metabolic pathways and clarifies the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and hosts.Many microorganisms are found in the human intestine,oral cavity,vagina,etc.Probiotics could maintain the good health of the host,while pathogens and an imbalance of bacterial flora lead to a series of diseases of the body and mind.Metabolomics is a science for qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites in an organism or biological system,which could provide key information to understand the related metabolic pathways and associated changes.This approach analyzes the final products of cellular regulatory processes,the level of which can be regarded as the ultimate response of the biological system to genetic or environmental changes.Microbial metabolomics has been widely used in different research fields,such as microbial phenotypic classification,mutant screening,metabolic pathways,microbial metabolic engineering,fermentation engineering monitoring and optimization,microbial environmental pollution,and so on.However,there are only a few reviews on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens.This review summarizes the main methodologies,including sample preparation,identification of metabolites,data processing,and analysis.Recent applications in microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens are also described.This paper first summarized the research progress and application of microbial metabolomics from two aspects:probiotics and pathogenic bacteria.Probiotics and pathogenic bacteria do not exist independently most of the time;hence,these were reviewed in the research field of coexistence of probiotics and pathogenic bacteria,which was subdivided into important microbial research fields closely related to human health,including the human gut,oral cavity,food,and nutrition-related microorganisms.Then,the main problems and trends associated with microbial metabolomics are discussed.展开更多
With the prevalence of food allergy increasing every year,food allergy has become a common public health problem.More and more studies have shown that probiotics can intervene in food allergy based on the intestinal m...With the prevalence of food allergy increasing every year,food allergy has become a common public health problem.More and more studies have shown that probiotics can intervene in food allergy based on the intestinal mucosal immune system.Probiotics and their metabolites can interact with immune cells and gut microbiota to alleviate food allergy.This review outlines the relationship between the intestinal mucosal immune system and food allergy.This review also presents the clinical application and potential immunomodulation mechanisms of probiotics on food allergy.We aim at providing a reference for further studies to explore the key active substances and immunomodulation mechanisms of anti-allergic probiotics.展开更多
Currently, accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that probiotics, living in the gastrointestinal tract, play an important role in regulating host metabolism. As a tool, probiotics have great potential for treating ...Currently, accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that probiotics, living in the gastrointestinal tract, play an important role in regulating host metabolism. As a tool, probiotics have great potential for treating lipid metabolism diseases. However, the relationship between probiotics and abnormal lipid metabolism is still unclear, and the mechanism of action has been become a focus of microbiome research. Therefore, taking intestinal probiotics as the starting point, this article combs the relationship between probiotics and lipid metabolism. Moreover, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of intestinal probiotics regulating lipid metabolism and summarize the therapeutic strategies for abnormal lipids metabolism. This article provides a reference for the further utilization of probiotics in the field of functional foods(food industry). Meanwhile, it will benefit the clinical diagnosis and treatment of lipid metabolism diseases.展开更多
Heat stress is one of the most challenging stressors for animal production due to high economic losses resulting from impaired animal’s productivity,health and welfare.Despite the fact that all farm animal species ar...Heat stress is one of the most challenging stressors for animal production due to high economic losses resulting from impaired animal’s productivity,health and welfare.Despite the fact that all farm animal species are susceptible to heat stress,birds and pigs are particularly sensitive to heat stress due to either lacking or non-functional sweat glands.Con-vincing evidence in the literature exists that gut dysbiosis,a term used to describe a perturbation of commensal gut microbiota,develops in broilers and pigs under heat stress.Owing to the protective role of commensal bacteria for the gut barrier,gut dysbiosis causes a disruption of the gut barrier leading to endotoxemia,which contributes to the typical characteristics of heat stressed broilers and growing and growing-finishing pigs,such as reduced feed intake,decreased growth and reduced lean carcass weight.A substantial number of studies have shown that feeding of probiotics,prebiotics and synbiotics is an efficacious strategy to protect broilers from heat stress-induced gut barrier disruption through altering the gut microbiota and promoting all decisive structural,biochemical,and immunologi-cal elements of the intestinal barrier.In most of the available studies in heat stressed broilers,the alterations of gut microbiota and improvements of gut barrier function induced by feeding of either probiotics,prebiotics or synbiot-ics were accompanied by an improved productivity,health and/or welfare when compared to non-supplemented broilers exposed to heat stress.These findings indicate that the restoration of gut homeostasis and function is a key target for dietary interventions aiming to provide at least partial protection of broilers from the detrimental impact of heat stress conditions.Despite the fact that the number of studies dealing with the same feeding strategy in heat stressed pigs is limited,the available few studies suggest that feeding of probiotics might also be a suitable approach to enhance productivity,health and welfare in pigs kept under heat stress conditions.展开更多
Background:Probiotics have been used in livestock production for many years,but information on their benefits during the early life of calves is inconsistent.This study aimed to assess the effects of probiotics on the...Background:Probiotics have been used in livestock production for many years,but information on their benefits during the early life of calves is inconsistent.This study aimed to assess the effects of probiotics on the performance of pre-weaning dairy calves and identify the factors influencing their effect sizes.Results:Forty-nine studies were selected for meta-analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.The study qualities were evaluated using a predefined risk assessment tool following GRADE guidelines.Meta-analysis results showed that probiotics increased the growth performance(body weight by 1.988 kg and average daily gain by40.689 g/d),decreased digestibility and feed efficiency(feed conversion rate by 0.073),altered rumen parameter(decreased acetate by 2.815 mmol/L and increased butyrate by 0.788 mmol/L),altered blood parameter(decreased AST by 4.188 U/L,increased BHBA by 0.029 mmol/L and IgG by 0.698 g/L),increased faecal parameter(faecal bacteria counts by 0.680 log10CFU/g),based on the strict criteria(P_(SMD)<0.05,I^(2)<50%).Additionally,probiotics increased digestibility and feed efficiency(starter dry matter intake by 0.034 kg/d and total dry matter intake by 0.020 kg/d),altered blood parameter(increased IgA by 0.313 g/L,IgM by 0.262 g/L and total antioxidant capacity by 0.441 U/mL,decreased MDA by 0.404 nmol/mL),decreased faecal parameter(faecal score by 0.052),based on the loose criteria(P_(SMD)<0.05,I^(2)>50%).Regression and sub-group analyses showed that probiotic strains,supplementation dosage,and methods significantly affected the performance of calves.The probiotics supplied with more than 9.5 log10CFU/d significantly increased IgA and IgM contents(P_(SMD)<0.05).Additionally,the compound probiotics significantly increased TDMI,IgA,and IgM(P_(SMD)≤0.001).Furthermore,probiotics supplemented in liquid(whole milk or milk replacer)significantly increased TDMI and decreased faecal score(P_(SMD)<0.05),while in whole milk,they significantly increased body weight,IgA,and IgM(P_(SMD)<0.001).Conclusions:Probiotics could improve the growth performance,feed intake and efficiency,rumen fermentation,immune and antioxidant capacity,and health of pre-weaning calves.However,the effect sizes were related to the dosage,composition,and supplementation methods of probiotics.展开更多
This study reviewed clinical evidence of probiotics-mediated effects on constipation.Four databases were used in the literature searches,namely Cochrane Library,Embase,Pubmed,and Web of Science.The last retrieval time...This study reviewed clinical evidence of probiotics-mediated effects on constipation.Four databases were used in the literature searches,namely Cochrane Library,Embase,Pubmed,and Web of Science.The last retrieval time was March 2021.Collected data were analyzed by Review Manager(version 5.3)and Stata(version 14).The primary search retrieved 8418 articles after removing duplicates.Eventually,26 studies were included in the meta-analysis.Administration of probiotics signifi cantly increased stool frequency(MD:1.15 times/week;95%CI:0.59 to 1.70;P<0.0001),improved bloating(MD:-0.48;95%CI:-0.89 to-0.07;P=0.02),reduced abdominal pain(MD:-0.71;95%CI:-1.25 to-0.16;P=0.01),and improved quality of life(MD:-0.73;95%CI:-1.37 to-0.10;P=0.02).However,the clinical effect of intake of probiotics on stool consistency was non-signifi cant(MD:0.07;95%CI:-0.34 to 0.48;P=0.73).Based on our analysis,probiotic supplements were effective in relieving constipation through symptom improvement.The effectiveness of dosage forms of intervention ranked:capsules>others(tablets,powder)>fermented milk.展开更多
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis involves disturbances of the gastrointestinal microbiota. As the prevalence of CD increases, the need for a more effective and safe treatment ...Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis involves disturbances of the gastrointestinal microbiota. As the prevalence of CD increases, the need for a more effective and safe treatment is integral. Probiotics have been reported to be beneficial for numerous gastrointestinal diseases, providing health benefits and considering the microbial characteristics of CD’s pathogenesis. However, our knowledge of the efficacy of probiotic therapy in preventing relapse in CD is limited. How gastroenterologists have incorporated probiotics into their practice or probiotics observed implications for patients with CD has not been assessed. A quantitative survey was distributed to determine how gastroenterologists perceive and use probiotic-based therapies in CD practice. The second objective was to conduct a meta-analysis of the efficacy of probiotics for maintaining remission and preventing clinical and endoscopic relapse in CD. Performing a meta-analysis and survey will examine the role of probiotics in CD treatment. Surveyed gastroenterologists cited that probiotics have an adjunctive role and have been observed to alleviate common CD symptoms. Probiotics seem effective in reducing the relapse rate, specifically those of the multi-strain variety are more likely to be effective in maintaining CD remission. Further research with larger trials is required to replicate and solidify this efficacy. The meta-analysis only assessed the efficacy of probiotics as a maintenance treatment as measured by the risk of relapse;thus, no evidence supports probiotics’ ability to induce remission. The results of the meta-analysis and survey indicate that probiotics cannot treat CD without accompanying conventional drug therapies;nevertheless, independent of treatment capacities, probiotics still yield health benefits for CD patients.展开更多
This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on glucose homeostasis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).The meta-analysis was performed in ...This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on glucose homeostasis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).The meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook guidelines and relevant the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA)statement criteria.Of 825 identified reports,11 randomized clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis.An analysis of pooled extracted data revealed that supplementation with probiotics significantly decreased fasting blood glucose(FBG,n=7;standardized mean difference(SMD)=−0.40;95%confidence interval(CI):−2.02,−0.02;P=0.04)and insulin levels(n=6;SMD=−0.57;95%CI:−0.89,−0.25;P=0.0004)and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance(n=7;SMD=−0.64;95%CI:−0.96,−0.31;P=0.0001)while increasing the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index(QUICKI,n=5;SMD=0.58;95%CI:0.08,1.09;P=0.02)in patients with PCOS.The FBG-reducing effect decreased as the baseline body mass index(BMI)and mean age of the participants increased.Indeed,a greater number of bacterial species and a higher bacterial dose were shown to reduce QUICKI effectively.The systematic review indicated that probiotic supplementation may help to control glucose homeostasis in adults with polycystic ovarian syndrome.展开更多
The article discusses various approaches for probiotic treatment of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection:Probiotics as an adjuvant treatment in the standard eradication therapy;probiotic strains as a monotherapy;and...The article discusses various approaches for probiotic treatment of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection:Probiotics as an adjuvant treatment in the standard eradication therapy;probiotic strains as a monotherapy;and autoprobiotics as a monotherapy.Autoprobiotics refer to indigenous bifidobacteria,lactobacilli,or enterococci isolated from a specific individual,intended to restore his/her microbiota and improve his/her health.The potential mechanisms of probiotic action against H.pylori include correction of the gut microbiota,immunological effects(enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity,and reduction of oxidative stress),direct antagonistic effects against H.pylori(such as colonization resistance and bacteriocin synthesis),and stimulation of local immunological protection(strengthening of the mucous protective barrier and reduction of gastric mucosa inflammation).The incorporation of probiotics into comprehensive eradication therapy shows promise in optimizing the treatment of H.pylori infection.Probiotics can enhance the eradication rates of H.pylori,reduce the occurrence and severity of side effects,and improve patient compliance.Probiotic or autoprobiotic monotherapy can be considered as an alternative treatment approach in cases of allergic reactions and insufficient effectiveness of antibiotics.We recommend including probiotics as adjunctive medications in anti-H.pylori regimens.However,further randomized multicenter studies are necessary to investigate the effects of probiotics and autoprobiotics against H.pylori,in order to gain a better understanding of their mechanisms of action.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a leading cause of human mortality worldwide.As conventional anticancer therapy not always being effective,there is growing interest in innovative“drug-free”cancer treatments or intervention...Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a leading cause of human mortality worldwide.As conventional anticancer therapy not always being effective,there is growing interest in innovative“drug-free”cancer treatments or interventions that improve the efficacy of established therapy.CRC is associated with microbiome alterations,a process known as dysbiosis that involves depletion and/or enrichment of particular gut bacterial species and their metabolic functions.Supplementing patient treatment with traditional probiotics(with or without prebiotics),nextgeneration probiotics(NGP),or postbiotics represents a potentially effective and accessible complementary anticancer strategy by restoring gut microbiota composition and/or by signaling to the host.In this capacity,restoration of the gut microbiota in cancer patients can stabilize and enhance intestinal barrier function,as well as promote anticarcinogenic,anti-inflammatory,antimutagenic or other biologically important biochemical pathways that show high specificity towards tumor cells.Potential benefits of traditional probiotics,NGP,and postbiotics include modulating gut microbiota composition and function,as well as the host inflammatory response.Their application in CRC prevention is highlighted in this review,where we consider supportive in vitro,animal,and clinical studies.Based on emerging research,NGP and postbiotics hold promise in establishing innovative treatments for CRC by conferring physiological functions via the production of dominant natural products and metabolites that provide new host-microbiota signals to combat CRC.Although favorable results have been reported,further investigations focusing on strain and dose specificity are required to ensure the efficacy and safety of traditional probiotics,NGP,and postbiotics in CRC prevention and treatment.展开更多
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),which has a global prevalence of 20%–33%,has become the main cause of chronic liver disease.Except for lifestyle medication,no definitive medical treatment has been establishe...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),which has a global prevalence of 20%–33%,has become the main cause of chronic liver disease.Except for lifestyle medication,no definitive medical treatment has been established so far,making it urgent to find effective strategies for the treatment of NAFLD.With the identification of the significant role played by the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of NAFLD,studies on probiotics for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD are increasing in number.Bacteria from the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera constitute the most widely used traditional probiotics.More recently,emerging next-generation probiotics(NGPs)such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii have also gained attention due to their potential as therapeutic options for the treatment of NAFLD.This review provides an overview of the effects of oral administration of traditional probiotics and NGPs on the development and progress of NAFLD.The mechanisms by which probiotics directly or indirectly affect the disease are illustrated,based on the most recent animal and clinical studies.Although numerous studies have been published on this topic,further research is required to comprehensively understand the specific underlying mechanisms among probiotics,gut microbiota,and NAFLD,and additional large-scale clinical trials are required to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics for the treatment of NAFLD,as well as the safety of probiotics in the human body.展开更多
Ulcerative colitis(UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors...Ulcerative colitis(UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. however, studies on the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of UC have been inconclusive. Studies have shown that probiotics improve intestinal mucosa barrier function and immune system function and promote secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, thereby inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestine. Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) can reduce bowel permeability and thus the severity of disease by increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, which help maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. FMT can also restore immune dysbiosis by inhibiting Th1 differentiation, activity of T cells, leukocyte adhesion, and production of inflammatory factors. Probiotics and FMT are being increasingly used to treat UC, but their use is controversial because of uncertain efficacy. Here, we briefly review the role of intestinal microbiota in thepathogenesis and treatment of UC.展开更多
The incidence of obesity and its related conditions, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), has dramatically increased in all age groups worldwide. Given the health consequences of these conditions, and t...The incidence of obesity and its related conditions, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), has dramatically increased in all age groups worldwide. Given the health consequences of these conditions, and the subsequent economic burden on healthcare systems, their prevention and treatment have become major priorities. Because standard dietary and lifestyle changes and pathogenically-oriented therapies(e.g., antioxidants, oral hypoglycemic agents, and lipid-lowering agents) often fail due to poor compliance and/or lack of efficacy, novel approaches directed toward other pathomechanisms are needed. Here we present several lines of evidence indicating that, by increasing energy extraction in some dysbiosis conditions or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth,specific gut microbiota and/or a"low bacterial richness"may play a role in obesity,metabolic syndrome,and fatty liver.Under conditions involving a damaged intestinal barrier("leaky gut"),the gut-liver axis may enhance the natural interactions between intestinal bacteria/bacterial products and hepatic receptors(e.g.,toll-like receptors),thus promoting the following cascade of events:oxidative stress,insulinresistance,hepatic inflammation,and fibrosis.We also discuss the possible modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics,as attempted in NAFLD animal model studies and in several pilot pediatric and adult human studies.Globally,this approach appears to be a promising and innovative add-on therapeutic tool for NAFLD in the context of multi-target therapy.展开更多
AIM:To systematically evaluate and update evidence on the efficacy and safety of probiotic supplementation for the treatment of constipation. METHODS:The MEDLINE,EMBASE,CINAHL,and Cochrane Library databases were searc...AIM:To systematically evaluate and update evidence on the efficacy and safety of probiotic supplementation for the treatment of constipation. METHODS:The MEDLINE,EMBASE,CINAHL,and Cochrane Library databases were searched in May 2009 for randomised controlled trials(RCTs)performed in paediatric or adult populations related to the study aim. RESULTS:We included five RCTs with a total of 377 subjects(194 in the experimental group and 183 in the control group).The participants were adults (three RCTs,n=266)and children(two RCTs,n= 111)with constipation.In adults,data suggests a favourable effect of treatment with Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010,Lactobacillus casei Shirota,and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on defecation frequency and stool consistency.In children,L.casei rhamnosusLcr35,but not L.rhamnosus GG,showed a beneficial effect. CONCLUSION:Until more data are available,we believe the use of probiotics for the treatment of constipation condition should be considered investigational.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the relationship between the gutliver axis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of probiotic therapy in NAFLD.METHODS:We searched PubMed,M...AIM:To investigate the relationship between the gutliver axis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of probiotic therapy in NAFLD.METHODS:We searched PubMed,Medline,Embase,Web of Science,the Cochrane Library and Chinese Biomedicine Database for all relevant randomized controlled trials on probiotics in patients with NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).A statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.0 software.RESULTS:Four randomized trials involving 134 NAFLD/NASH patients were included.The results showed that probiotic therapy signifcantly decreased alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate transaminase(AST),total-cholesterol(T-chol),high density lipoprotein(HDL),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMAIR)[ALT:weighted mean difference(WMD)-23.71,95%CI:-33.46--13.95,P<0.00001;AST:WMD-19.77,95%CI:-32.55--7.00,P=0.002;T-chol:WMD-0.28,95%CI:-0.55--0.01,P=0.04;HDL:WMD-0.09,95%CI:-0.16-0.01,P=0.03;TNF-α:WMD-0.32,95%CI:-0.48--0.17,P<0.0001;HOMA-IR:WMD-0.46,95%CI:-0.73--0.19,P=0.0008].However,the use of probiotics was not associated with changes in body mass index(BMI),glucose(GLU)and low density lipoprotein(LDL)(BMI:WMD 0.05,95%CI:-0.18-0.29,P=0.64;GLU:WMD 0.05,95%CI:-0.25-0.35,P=0.76;LDL:WMD-0.38,95%CI:-0.78-0.02,P=0.06).CONCLUSION:Probiotic therapies can reduce liver aminotransferases,total-cholesterol,TNF-αand improve insulin resistance in NAFLD patients.Modulation of the gut microbiota represents a new treatment for NAFLD.展开更多
Probiotic bacteria have well-established beneficial ef-fects in the management of diarrhoeal diseases.Newer evidence suggests that probiotics have the potential to reduce the risk of developing inflammatory bowel dise...Probiotic bacteria have well-established beneficial ef-fects in the management of diarrhoeal diseases.Newer evidence suggests that probiotics have the potential to reduce the risk of developing inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal bacterial overgrowth after gut surgery.In liver health,the main benefits of probiotics might occur through preventing the production and/or uptake of lipopolysaccharides in the gut,and therefore reducing levels of low-grade inflammation.Specific immune stimulation by probiotics through processes involving dendritic cells might also be beneficial to the host immunological status and help prevent pathogen translocation.Hepatic fat metabolism also seems to be influenced by the presence of commensal bacteria,and potentially by probiotics;although the mechanisms by which probiotic might act on the liver are still unclear.However,this might be of major importance in the fu-ture because low-grade inflammation,hepatic fat infil-tration,and hepatitis might become more prevalent as a result of high fat intake and the increased prevalence of obesity.展开更多
文摘Probiotics are live microorganisms exerting beneficial effects on the host’s health when administered in adequate amounts.Among the most popular and adequately studied probiotics are bacteria from the families Lactobacillaceae,Bifidobacteriaceae and yeasts.Most of them have been shown,both in vitro and in vivo studies of intestinal inflammation models,to provide favorable results by means of improving the gut microbiota composition,promoting the wound healing process and shaping the immunological responses.Chronic intestinal conditions,such as inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD),are characterized by an imbalance in microbiota composition,with decreased diversity,and by relapsing and persisting inflammation,which may lead to mucosal damage.Although the results of the clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on patients with IBD are still controversial,it is without doubt that these microorganisms and their metabolites,now named postbiotics,have a positive influence on both the host’s microbiota and the immune system,and ultimately alter the topical tissue microenvironment.This influence is achieved through three axes:(1)By dis-placement of potential pathogens via competitive exclusion;(2)by offering protection to the host through the secretion of various defensive mediators;and(3)by supplying the host with essential nutrients.We will analyze and discuss almost all the in vitro and in vivo studies of the past 2 years dealing with the possible favorable effects of certain probiotic genus on gut immunological responses,highlighting which species are the most beneficial against intestinal inflammation.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of enteral nutrition+probiotics in patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction after severe craniocerebral injury.Methods:From September 2018 to February 2023,80 patients(20-82 years old)with gastrointestinal dysfunction who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at the Third People’s Hospital of Xining were included in the study.Their primary condition was severe craniocerebral injury,and all of them received conventional symptomatic treatment.Group A received enteral nutrition+probiotic therapy,whereas group B received enteral nutrition only.The differences in the following indicators were compared before and after treatment:nutritional and biochemical indicators,gastrointestinal function indicators,Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS),Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA),APACHE II score,serum procalcitonin(PCT),neutrophil(N)ratio,and C reactive protein(CRP).Result:The nutritional and biochemical indicators in group A were higher than those in group B,P<0.05;the time to first passage of flatus,time to first passage of stool,and bowel sound recovery time in group A were shorter than those in group B,P<0.05;the GCS of group A was higher than that of group B,P<0.05;the SOFA and APACHEⅡscores of group A were not different from those of group B,P>0.05;and the PCT,N ratio,and CRP levels of group A were lower than those of group B,P<0.05.Conclusion:In patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction after severe craniocerebral injury,enteral nutrition+probiotic therapy is highly effective and feasible,as it can optimize various nutritional indicators,shorten the gastrointestinal function recovery time,and reduce the body’s stress response.
文摘Background:The purported ergogenic and health effects of probiotics have been a topic of great intrigue among researchers,practitioners,and the lay public alike.There has also been an increased research focus within the realm of sports science and exercise medicine on the athletic gut microbiota.However,compared to other ergogenic aids and dietary supplements,probiotics present unique study challenges.The objectives of this systematic scoping review were to identify and characterize study methodologies of randomized controlled trials investigating supplementation with probiotics in athletes and physically active individuals.Methods:Four databases(MEDLINE,CINAHL,Cochrane CENTRAL,and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)were searched for randomized controlled studies involving healthy athletes or physically active individuals.An intervention with probiotics and inclusion of a control and/or placebo group were essential.Only peer-reviewed articles in English were considered,and there were no date restrictions.Results were extracted and presented in tabular form to detail study protocols,characteristics,and outcomes.Bias in randomized controlled trials was determined with the RoB 2.0 tool.Results:A total of 45 studies were included in the review,with 35 using a parallel group design and 10 using a cross-over design.Approximately half the studies used a single probiotic and the other half a multi-strain preparation.The probiotic dose ranged from 2×10^(8)to 1×10^(11)colony forming units daily,and the length of intervention was between 7 and 150 days.Fewer than half the studies directly assessed gastrointestinal symptoms,gut permeability,or the gut microbiota.The sex ratio of participants was heavily weighted toward males,and only 3 studies exclusively investigated females.Low-level adverse events were reported in only 2 studies,although the methodology of reporting varied widely.The risk of bias was generally low,although details on randomization were lacking in some studies.Conclusion:There is a substantial body of research on the effects of prob iotic supplementation in healthy athletes and physically active individuals.Considerable heterogeneity in probiotic selection and dosage as well as outcome measures has made clinical and mechanistic interpretation challenging for both health care practitioners and researchers.Attention to issues of randomization of participants,treatments and interventions,selection of outcomes,demographics,and reporting of adverse events will facilitate more trustworthy interpretation of probiotic study results and inform evidence-based guidelines.
文摘Patients with celiac disease(CD)have a mucosal layer that is unable to regulate the gut microbiota,leaving the host vulnerable to dangerous infections and antigens.When compared to healthy people,this dysbiosis is marked by a decrease in intra-and intergeneric biodiversity,which demonstrates an imbalance between helpful bacteria and possibly harmful or proinflammatory species.The early gut microbiota is influenced by the genotype of newborns with the HLADQ2 haplotypes,and this may modify how gluten is handled in the intestinal lumen,polarize innate or adaptive immune responses,and result in glutensensitive enteropathy.The outcome of gluten digestion can vary depending on the composition of the intestinal gut bacteria and the partial conversion of gluten into peptides larger than ten amino acids in the small intestines,which can be immunogenic.In the small intestine,114 different bacterial strains belonging to 32 different species have 27 of them exhibiting peptidolytic activity.Thus,the individual risk of developing a gluten-related illness is further influenced by microbial composition and gluten degrading capacity.The conclusion that lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium spp.may be used as a probiotic supplement in CD patients is based on their shared possession of the most extensive peptidolytic and proteolytic activity thought to be engaged in the breakdown of gluten among all potential bacterial genera present in the gut microbiota.In children with CD autoimmunity,daily oral dose of Lactobacillus.plantarum HEAL9 and Lactobacillus.paracasei 8700:2 was found to modify the peripheral immune response.Bifidobacterium.breve strains have demonstrated a beneficial effect on reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-production in CD children on gluten-free diets.
基金This work was supported by the Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.ZHY18-021).
文摘In recent years,microbial metabolomics,a new field that has attracted wide attention,provides a map of metabolic pathways and clarifies the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and hosts.Many microorganisms are found in the human intestine,oral cavity,vagina,etc.Probiotics could maintain the good health of the host,while pathogens and an imbalance of bacterial flora lead to a series of diseases of the body and mind.Metabolomics is a science for qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites in an organism or biological system,which could provide key information to understand the related metabolic pathways and associated changes.This approach analyzes the final products of cellular regulatory processes,the level of which can be regarded as the ultimate response of the biological system to genetic or environmental changes.Microbial metabolomics has been widely used in different research fields,such as microbial phenotypic classification,mutant screening,metabolic pathways,microbial metabolic engineering,fermentation engineering monitoring and optimization,microbial environmental pollution,and so on.However,there are only a few reviews on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens.This review summarizes the main methodologies,including sample preparation,identification of metabolites,data processing,and analysis.Recent applications in microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens are also described.This paper first summarized the research progress and application of microbial metabolomics from two aspects:probiotics and pathogenic bacteria.Probiotics and pathogenic bacteria do not exist independently most of the time;hence,these were reviewed in the research field of coexistence of probiotics and pathogenic bacteria,which was subdivided into important microbial research fields closely related to human health,including the human gut,oral cavity,food,and nutrition-related microorganisms.Then,the main problems and trends associated with microbial metabolomics are discussed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1605000)the National Natural Science Foundation(31872904)。
文摘With the prevalence of food allergy increasing every year,food allergy has become a common public health problem.More and more studies have shown that probiotics can intervene in food allergy based on the intestinal mucosal immune system.Probiotics and their metabolites can interact with immune cells and gut microbiota to alleviate food allergy.This review outlines the relationship between the intestinal mucosal immune system and food allergy.This review also presents the clinical application and potential immunomodulation mechanisms of probiotics on food allergy.We aim at providing a reference for further studies to explore the key active substances and immunomodulation mechanisms of anti-allergic probiotics.
基金sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LQ22C200002)Shenzhen Peacock Talent Programs Research Start-up Grant (802-012677)Shenzhen Key Laboratory Foundation (ZDSYS20200811143757022)。
文摘Currently, accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that probiotics, living in the gastrointestinal tract, play an important role in regulating host metabolism. As a tool, probiotics have great potential for treating lipid metabolism diseases. However, the relationship between probiotics and abnormal lipid metabolism is still unclear, and the mechanism of action has been become a focus of microbiome research. Therefore, taking intestinal probiotics as the starting point, this article combs the relationship between probiotics and lipid metabolism. Moreover, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of intestinal probiotics regulating lipid metabolism and summarize the therapeutic strategies for abnormal lipids metabolism. This article provides a reference for the further utilization of probiotics in the field of functional foods(food industry). Meanwhile, it will benefit the clinical diagnosis and treatment of lipid metabolism diseases.
基金Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.No funding was used to write this manuscript.
文摘Heat stress is one of the most challenging stressors for animal production due to high economic losses resulting from impaired animal’s productivity,health and welfare.Despite the fact that all farm animal species are susceptible to heat stress,birds and pigs are particularly sensitive to heat stress due to either lacking or non-functional sweat glands.Con-vincing evidence in the literature exists that gut dysbiosis,a term used to describe a perturbation of commensal gut microbiota,develops in broilers and pigs under heat stress.Owing to the protective role of commensal bacteria for the gut barrier,gut dysbiosis causes a disruption of the gut barrier leading to endotoxemia,which contributes to the typical characteristics of heat stressed broilers and growing and growing-finishing pigs,such as reduced feed intake,decreased growth and reduced lean carcass weight.A substantial number of studies have shown that feeding of probiotics,prebiotics and synbiotics is an efficacious strategy to protect broilers from heat stress-induced gut barrier disruption through altering the gut microbiota and promoting all decisive structural,biochemical,and immunologi-cal elements of the intestinal barrier.In most of the available studies in heat stressed broilers,the alterations of gut microbiota and improvements of gut barrier function induced by feeding of either probiotics,prebiotics or synbiot-ics were accompanied by an improved productivity,health and/or welfare when compared to non-supplemented broilers exposed to heat stress.These findings indicate that the restoration of gut homeostasis and function is a key target for dietary interventions aiming to provide at least partial protection of broilers from the detrimental impact of heat stress conditions.Despite the fact that the number of studies dealing with the same feeding strategy in heat stressed pigs is limited,the available few studies suggest that feeding of probiotics might also be a suitable approach to enhance productivity,health and welfare in pigs kept under heat stress conditions.
基金supported by Shaanxi Scientific and Technological Innovation Plan Program (NYKJ-2022-YL (XN)03)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M590977)Technology Innovation and Achievement Transformation for the Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University (TGZX2019-22)。
文摘Background:Probiotics have been used in livestock production for many years,but information on their benefits during the early life of calves is inconsistent.This study aimed to assess the effects of probiotics on the performance of pre-weaning dairy calves and identify the factors influencing their effect sizes.Results:Forty-nine studies were selected for meta-analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.The study qualities were evaluated using a predefined risk assessment tool following GRADE guidelines.Meta-analysis results showed that probiotics increased the growth performance(body weight by 1.988 kg and average daily gain by40.689 g/d),decreased digestibility and feed efficiency(feed conversion rate by 0.073),altered rumen parameter(decreased acetate by 2.815 mmol/L and increased butyrate by 0.788 mmol/L),altered blood parameter(decreased AST by 4.188 U/L,increased BHBA by 0.029 mmol/L and IgG by 0.698 g/L),increased faecal parameter(faecal bacteria counts by 0.680 log10CFU/g),based on the strict criteria(P_(SMD)<0.05,I^(2)<50%).Additionally,probiotics increased digestibility and feed efficiency(starter dry matter intake by 0.034 kg/d and total dry matter intake by 0.020 kg/d),altered blood parameter(increased IgA by 0.313 g/L,IgM by 0.262 g/L and total antioxidant capacity by 0.441 U/mL,decreased MDA by 0.404 nmol/mL),decreased faecal parameter(faecal score by 0.052),based on the loose criteria(P_(SMD)<0.05,I^(2)>50%).Regression and sub-group analyses showed that probiotic strains,supplementation dosage,and methods significantly affected the performance of calves.The probiotics supplied with more than 9.5 log10CFU/d significantly increased IgA and IgM contents(P_(SMD)<0.05).Additionally,the compound probiotics significantly increased TDMI,IgA,and IgM(P_(SMD)≤0.001).Furthermore,probiotics supplemented in liquid(whole milk or milk replacer)significantly increased TDMI and decreased faecal score(P_(SMD)<0.05),while in whole milk,they significantly increased body weight,IgA,and IgM(P_(SMD)<0.001).Conclusions:Probiotics could improve the growth performance,feed intake and efficiency,rumen fermentation,immune and antioxidant capacity,and health of pre-weaning calves.However,the effect sizes were related to the dosage,composition,and supplementation methods of probiotics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31922071)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China(2021ZD08)Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(BR220301).
文摘This study reviewed clinical evidence of probiotics-mediated effects on constipation.Four databases were used in the literature searches,namely Cochrane Library,Embase,Pubmed,and Web of Science.The last retrieval time was March 2021.Collected data were analyzed by Review Manager(version 5.3)and Stata(version 14).The primary search retrieved 8418 articles after removing duplicates.Eventually,26 studies were included in the meta-analysis.Administration of probiotics signifi cantly increased stool frequency(MD:1.15 times/week;95%CI:0.59 to 1.70;P<0.0001),improved bloating(MD:-0.48;95%CI:-0.89 to-0.07;P=0.02),reduced abdominal pain(MD:-0.71;95%CI:-1.25 to-0.16;P=0.01),and improved quality of life(MD:-0.73;95%CI:-1.37 to-0.10;P=0.02).However,the clinical effect of intake of probiotics on stool consistency was non-signifi cant(MD:0.07;95%CI:-0.34 to 0.48;P=0.73).Based on our analysis,probiotic supplements were effective in relieving constipation through symptom improvement.The effectiveness of dosage forms of intervention ranked:capsules>others(tablets,powder)>fermented milk.
文摘Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis involves disturbances of the gastrointestinal microbiota. As the prevalence of CD increases, the need for a more effective and safe treatment is integral. Probiotics have been reported to be beneficial for numerous gastrointestinal diseases, providing health benefits and considering the microbial characteristics of CD’s pathogenesis. However, our knowledge of the efficacy of probiotic therapy in preventing relapse in CD is limited. How gastroenterologists have incorporated probiotics into their practice or probiotics observed implications for patients with CD has not been assessed. A quantitative survey was distributed to determine how gastroenterologists perceive and use probiotic-based therapies in CD practice. The second objective was to conduct a meta-analysis of the efficacy of probiotics for maintaining remission and preventing clinical and endoscopic relapse in CD. Performing a meta-analysis and survey will examine the role of probiotics in CD treatment. Surveyed gastroenterologists cited that probiotics have an adjunctive role and have been observed to alleviate common CD symptoms. Probiotics seem effective in reducing the relapse rate, specifically those of the multi-strain variety are more likely to be effective in maintaining CD remission. Further research with larger trials is required to replicate and solidify this efficacy. The meta-analysis only assessed the efficacy of probiotics as a maintenance treatment as measured by the risk of relapse;thus, no evidence supports probiotics’ ability to induce remission. The results of the meta-analysis and survey indicate that probiotics cannot treat CD without accompanying conventional drug therapies;nevertheless, independent of treatment capacities, probiotics still yield health benefits for CD patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Program(31871773 and 32001665)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20200084)+3 种基金National First-Class Discipline Program of Food Science and Technology(JUFSTR20180102)Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Provincethe Wuxi Health and Family Planning Commission(ZDRC039)High-level Health Talents in Jiangsu Province(LGY2018016).
文摘This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on glucose homeostasis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).The meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook guidelines and relevant the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA)statement criteria.Of 825 identified reports,11 randomized clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis.An analysis of pooled extracted data revealed that supplementation with probiotics significantly decreased fasting blood glucose(FBG,n=7;standardized mean difference(SMD)=−0.40;95%confidence interval(CI):−2.02,−0.02;P=0.04)and insulin levels(n=6;SMD=−0.57;95%CI:−0.89,−0.25;P=0.0004)and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance(n=7;SMD=−0.64;95%CI:−0.96,−0.31;P=0.0001)while increasing the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index(QUICKI,n=5;SMD=0.58;95%CI:0.08,1.09;P=0.02)in patients with PCOS.The FBG-reducing effect decreased as the baseline body mass index(BMI)and mean age of the participants increased.Indeed,a greater number of bacterial species and a higher bacterial dose were shown to reduce QUICKI effectively.The systematic review indicated that probiotic supplementation may help to control glucose homeostasis in adults with polycystic ovarian syndrome.
文摘The article discusses various approaches for probiotic treatment of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection:Probiotics as an adjuvant treatment in the standard eradication therapy;probiotic strains as a monotherapy;and autoprobiotics as a monotherapy.Autoprobiotics refer to indigenous bifidobacteria,lactobacilli,or enterococci isolated from a specific individual,intended to restore his/her microbiota and improve his/her health.The potential mechanisms of probiotic action against H.pylori include correction of the gut microbiota,immunological effects(enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity,and reduction of oxidative stress),direct antagonistic effects against H.pylori(such as colonization resistance and bacteriocin synthesis),and stimulation of local immunological protection(strengthening of the mucous protective barrier and reduction of gastric mucosa inflammation).The incorporation of probiotics into comprehensive eradication therapy shows promise in optimizing the treatment of H.pylori infection.Probiotics can enhance the eradication rates of H.pylori,reduce the occurrence and severity of side effects,and improve patient compliance.Probiotic or autoprobiotic monotherapy can be considered as an alternative treatment approach in cases of allergic reactions and insufficient effectiveness of antibiotics.We recommend including probiotics as adjunctive medications in anti-H.pylori regimens.However,further randomized multicenter studies are necessary to investigate the effects of probiotics and autoprobiotics against H.pylori,in order to gain a better understanding of their mechanisms of action.
基金Supported by Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic and Academy of Sciences VEGA,No.1/0393/20the Operational Program Integrated Infrastructure Within the Project:Demand-Driven Research for the Sustainable and Innovative Food,Co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund,No.Drive4SIFood 313011V336.
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a leading cause of human mortality worldwide.As conventional anticancer therapy not always being effective,there is growing interest in innovative“drug-free”cancer treatments or interventions that improve the efficacy of established therapy.CRC is associated with microbiome alterations,a process known as dysbiosis that involves depletion and/or enrichment of particular gut bacterial species and their metabolic functions.Supplementing patient treatment with traditional probiotics(with or without prebiotics),nextgeneration probiotics(NGP),or postbiotics represents a potentially effective and accessible complementary anticancer strategy by restoring gut microbiota composition and/or by signaling to the host.In this capacity,restoration of the gut microbiota in cancer patients can stabilize and enhance intestinal barrier function,as well as promote anticarcinogenic,anti-inflammatory,antimutagenic or other biologically important biochemical pathways that show high specificity towards tumor cells.Potential benefits of traditional probiotics,NGP,and postbiotics include modulating gut microbiota composition and function,as well as the host inflammatory response.Their application in CRC prevention is highlighted in this review,where we consider supportive in vitro,animal,and clinical studies.Based on emerging research,NGP and postbiotics hold promise in establishing innovative treatments for CRC by conferring physiological functions via the production of dominant natural products and metabolites that provide new host-microbiota signals to combat CRC.Although favorable results have been reported,further investigations focusing on strain and dose specificity are required to ensure the efficacy and safety of traditional probiotics,NGP,and postbiotics in CRC prevention and treatment.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC2000500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81790631 and 81330011).
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),which has a global prevalence of 20%–33%,has become the main cause of chronic liver disease.Except for lifestyle medication,no definitive medical treatment has been established so far,making it urgent to find effective strategies for the treatment of NAFLD.With the identification of the significant role played by the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of NAFLD,studies on probiotics for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD are increasing in number.Bacteria from the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera constitute the most widely used traditional probiotics.More recently,emerging next-generation probiotics(NGPs)such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii have also gained attention due to their potential as therapeutic options for the treatment of NAFLD.This review provides an overview of the effects of oral administration of traditional probiotics and NGPs on the development and progress of NAFLD.The mechanisms by which probiotics directly or indirectly affect the disease are illustrated,based on the most recent animal and clinical studies.Although numerous studies have been published on this topic,further research is required to comprehensively understand the specific underlying mechanisms among probiotics,gut microbiota,and NAFLD,and additional large-scale clinical trials are required to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics for the treatment of NAFLD,as well as the safety of probiotics in the human body.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81670504 and No.81472287the New Xiangya Talent Project of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University,No.20150308
文摘Ulcerative colitis(UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. however, studies on the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of UC have been inconclusive. Studies have shown that probiotics improve intestinal mucosa barrier function and immune system function and promote secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, thereby inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestine. Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) can reduce bowel permeability and thus the severity of disease by increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, which help maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. FMT can also restore immune dysbiosis by inhibiting Th1 differentiation, activity of T cells, leukocyte adhesion, and production of inflammatory factors. Probiotics and FMT are being increasingly used to treat UC, but their use is controversial because of uncertain efficacy. Here, we briefly review the role of intestinal microbiota in thepathogenesis and treatment of UC.
基金Supported by(in part)FARB-ex 60%2012 of the University of Salerno grant to Vajro P
文摘The incidence of obesity and its related conditions, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), has dramatically increased in all age groups worldwide. Given the health consequences of these conditions, and the subsequent economic burden on healthcare systems, their prevention and treatment have become major priorities. Because standard dietary and lifestyle changes and pathogenically-oriented therapies(e.g., antioxidants, oral hypoglycemic agents, and lipid-lowering agents) often fail due to poor compliance and/or lack of efficacy, novel approaches directed toward other pathomechanisms are needed. Here we present several lines of evidence indicating that, by increasing energy extraction in some dysbiosis conditions or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth,specific gut microbiota and/or a"low bacterial richness"may play a role in obesity,metabolic syndrome,and fatty liver.Under conditions involving a damaged intestinal barrier("leaky gut"),the gut-liver axis may enhance the natural interactions between intestinal bacteria/bacterial products and hepatic receptors(e.g.,toll-like receptors),thus promoting the following cascade of events:oxidative stress,insulinresistance,hepatic inflammation,and fibrosis.We also discuss the possible modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics,as attempted in NAFLD animal model studies and in several pilot pediatric and adult human studies.Globally,this approach appears to be a promising and innovative add-on therapeutic tool for NAFLD in the context of multi-target therapy.
基金Supported by The Medical University of Warsaw,Poland
文摘AIM:To systematically evaluate and update evidence on the efficacy and safety of probiotic supplementation for the treatment of constipation. METHODS:The MEDLINE,EMBASE,CINAHL,and Cochrane Library databases were searched in May 2009 for randomised controlled trials(RCTs)performed in paediatric or adult populations related to the study aim. RESULTS:We included five RCTs with a total of 377 subjects(194 in the experimental group and 183 in the control group).The participants were adults (three RCTs,n=266)and children(two RCTs,n= 111)with constipation.In adults,data suggests a favourable effect of treatment with Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010,Lactobacillus casei Shirota,and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on defecation frequency and stool consistency.In children,L.casei rhamnosusLcr35,but not L.rhamnosus GG,showed a beneficial effect. CONCLUSION:Until more data are available,we believe the use of probiotics for the treatment of constipation condition should be considered investigational.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81300303Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory Animal Science Technology Program of China,No.2011C37088Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China,No.Y13H030004
文摘AIM:To investigate the relationship between the gutliver axis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of probiotic therapy in NAFLD.METHODS:We searched PubMed,Medline,Embase,Web of Science,the Cochrane Library and Chinese Biomedicine Database for all relevant randomized controlled trials on probiotics in patients with NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).A statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.0 software.RESULTS:Four randomized trials involving 134 NAFLD/NASH patients were included.The results showed that probiotic therapy signifcantly decreased alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate transaminase(AST),total-cholesterol(T-chol),high density lipoprotein(HDL),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMAIR)[ALT:weighted mean difference(WMD)-23.71,95%CI:-33.46--13.95,P<0.00001;AST:WMD-19.77,95%CI:-32.55--7.00,P=0.002;T-chol:WMD-0.28,95%CI:-0.55--0.01,P=0.04;HDL:WMD-0.09,95%CI:-0.16-0.01,P=0.03;TNF-α:WMD-0.32,95%CI:-0.48--0.17,P<0.0001;HOMA-IR:WMD-0.46,95%CI:-0.73--0.19,P=0.0008].However,the use of probiotics was not associated with changes in body mass index(BMI),glucose(GLU)and low density lipoprotein(LDL)(BMI:WMD 0.05,95%CI:-0.18-0.29,P=0.64;GLU:WMD 0.05,95%CI:-0.25-0.35,P=0.76;LDL:WMD-0.38,95%CI:-0.78-0.02,P=0.06).CONCLUSION:Probiotic therapies can reduce liver aminotransferases,total-cholesterol,TNF-αand improve insulin resistance in NAFLD patients.Modulation of the gut microbiota represents a new treatment for NAFLD.
文摘Probiotic bacteria have well-established beneficial ef-fects in the management of diarrhoeal diseases.Newer evidence suggests that probiotics have the potential to reduce the risk of developing inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal bacterial overgrowth after gut surgery.In liver health,the main benefits of probiotics might occur through preventing the production and/or uptake of lipopolysaccharides in the gut,and therefore reducing levels of low-grade inflammation.Specific immune stimulation by probiotics through processes involving dendritic cells might also be beneficial to the host immunological status and help prevent pathogen translocation.Hepatic fat metabolism also seems to be influenced by the presence of commensal bacteria,and potentially by probiotics;although the mechanisms by which probiotic might act on the liver are still unclear.However,this might be of major importance in the fu-ture because low-grade inflammation,hepatic fat infil-tration,and hepatitis might become more prevalent as a result of high fat intake and the increased prevalence of obesity.
