Cowpea is cultivated on more than 11 million hectares with a worldwide production of 5.4 million tons of dried seeds. Cowpea is an affordable source of protein, which is used as an alternative to soybean for people wh...Cowpea is cultivated on more than 11 million hectares with a worldwide production of 5.4 million tons of dried seeds. Cowpea is an affordable source of protein, which is used as an alternative to soybean for people who are allergic to soybean protein. The aim of this research was to assess the variability of the total seed protein content in cowpea. Eleven Arkansas breeding lines were used in this study. Field experiment design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 2 blocks, and conducted in three different locations within Arkansas State (Fayetteville, Alma, and Hope) in 2015. A standard chemical protocol was performed involving an analysis of the total nitrogen by combustion using an Elementar Rapid N III instrument to estimate the protein content. The average protein content was 25.4%, and ranged from 23.7% to 27.4% with a standard deviation of 1.9%. The significant effects of genotype, environment (location), and genotype by environment were observed for the total seed protein content in cowpea. The broad sense heritability (H<sup>2</sup>) for cowpea seed protein was estimated to be 57.8% based on the eleven cowpea genotypes studied. The cowpea lines, “Early Scarlet” and 09-204 had the highest seed protein content with 27.4% and 26.9% dried seed weight, respectively. This study provides valuable information on cowpea protein content for breeders to select and utilize those breeding lines with high seed protein content to develop new high protein cowpea cultivars.展开更多
This study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of near-infrared(NIR) hyperspectral imaging(1 000–2 500 nm) for non-destructive and quantitative prediction of protein content in peanut kernels. Partial least...This study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of near-infrared(NIR) hyperspectral imaging(1 000–2 500 nm) for non-destructive and quantitative prediction of protein content in peanut kernels. Partial least squares regression(PLSR) calibration model was established between the spectral data extracted from the hyperspectral images and the reference measured protein content values, with the coefficient of determination of prediction(R_P^2) of 0.885 and root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) of 0.465%.Regression coefficients(RC) from PLSR analysis were used to identify the most essential wavelengths that had the greatest influence on changes in the protein content. Eight optimal wavelengths were selected by RC and its corresponding simplified RC-PLSR prediction model was also obtained, showing better performance with a higher R_P^2 of 0.870 and a lower RMSEP of 0.494%. The results indicate that hyperspectral imaging with PLSR analysis can be used as a rapid and non-destructive method for predicting protein content in peanut.展开更多
Grain protein content(GPC)is an indicator of cereal nutritional quality.Identification of genes involved in the regulation of GPC provides targets for molecular breeding for crop protein quality.We characterized a mai...Grain protein content(GPC)is an indicator of cereal nutritional quality.Identification of genes involved in the regulation of GPC provides targets for molecular breeding for crop protein quality.We characterized a maize gene encoding the putative amino acid transporter ZmAAP6,a gene expressed mainly in immature seeds,especially in the basal endosperm transfer layer.Total protein and zein contents were decreased in ZmAAP6 null mutants and increased in ZmAAP6 overexpression(OE)lines,consistent with their changed in the size of protein bodies.Metabolic and transcriptomic analysis supported the regulatory role of ZmAAP6 in amino acid transportation.These results suggest that ZmAAP6 functions as a positive regulator of GPC in maize,shedding new light on the genetic basis of GPC regulation.展开更多
To grasp protein content and composition of pea resource in Tibet Plateau,54 pea materials from different eco-geographical environments of Tibet were collected and arranged in this paper.Based on SDS-PAGE,electrophore...To grasp protein content and composition of pea resource in Tibet Plateau,54 pea materials from different eco-geographical environments of Tibet were collected and arranged in this paper.Based on SDS-PAGE,electrophoresis and genetic diversity analysis of water-solubility and salt-solubility proteins from 54 pea materials were conducted,and the relationship between geographical ecological factors(longitude,latitude and altitude) and total protein content was studied.The research results showed that total protein contents of 54 pea materials were between17.58% and 28.67%,in which water-solubility protein accounted for 86.12%-91.40%,while salt-solubility protein accounted for 4.76-8.29%.Total protein content of Tibet pea showed significantly positive correlation with longitude,certain positive correlation with latitude and certain negative correlation with altitude.SDS-PAGE of water-solubility and salt-solubility proteins from 54 pea materials respectively detected 1588 and 699 protein bands.Based on different mobility ratios,there were 43 kinds of water-solubility protein bands,and diversity index was between 0 and 0.5.Its relative molecular weight was between 24.87 and 149.54 ku,showing the low molecular weight region of24.71-50.41 ku and high molecular weight region of 56.34-88.08 ku.There were 24 salt-solubility protein bands based on different mobility ratios,with the diversity index of 0-0.5,and relative molecular weight was between 24.85 and 91.24 ku.According to the altitude,54 pea resources were divided into 4 geographical groups.Gene diversity indexes of each group were respectively 0.23,0.18,0.35 and 0.31,and Shannon information indexes were respectively 0.33,0.41,0.52 and 0.46.It showed that the variation of pea protein was related to altitude.In clustering analysis,the tested resources were divided into seven classes,showing that water-solubility and salt-solubility proteins could reflect genetic relationship among germplasm resources at certain degree.The research could provide theoretical basis for the development of Tibet pea resources and selection of good parents.展开更多
Deposition of protein and metal ions (Fe, Zn) in rice grains is a complex polygenic trait showing considerable environmental effect. To analyze the effect of nitrogen application levels and native soil properties on r...Deposition of protein and metal ions (Fe, Zn) in rice grains is a complex polygenic trait showing considerable environmental effect. To analyze the effect of nitrogen application levels and native soil properties on rice grain protein, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents, 32 rice genotypes were grown at three different locations each under 80 and 120 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer applications. In treatments with nitrogen fertilizer application, the brown rice grain protein content (GPC) increased significantly (1.1% to 7.0%) under higher nitrogen fertilizer application (120 kg/hm2) whereas grain Fe/Zn contents showed non-significant effect of nitrogen application level, thus suggesting that the rate of uptake and translocation of macro-elements does not influence the uptake and translocation of micro-elements. The pH, organic matter content and inherent Fe/Zn levels of native soil showed significant effects on grain Fe and Zn contents of all the rice genotypes. Grain Zn content of almost all the tested rice genotypes was found to increase at Location III having loamy soil texture, neutral pH value (pH 6.83) and higher organic matter content than the other two locations (Locations I and II), indicating significant influence of native soil properties on brown rice grain Zn content while grain Fe content showed significant genotype × environment interaction effect. Genotypic difference was found to be the most significant factor to affect grain Fe/Zn contents in all the tested rice genotypes, indicating that although native soil properties influence phyto-availability of micronutrients and consequently influencing absorption, translocation and grain deposition of Fe/Zn ions, yet genetic makeup of a plant determines its response to varied soil conditions and other external factors. Two indica rice genotypes R-RF-31 (27.62 μg/g grain Zn content and 7.80% GPC) and R1033-968-2-1 (30.05 μg/g grain Zn content and 8.47% GPC) were identified as high grain Zn and moderate GPC rice genotypes. These results indicate that soil property and organic matter content increase the availability of Fe and Zn in rhizosphere, which in turn enhances the uptake, translocation and redistribution of Fe/Zn into rice grains.展开更多
Estimating wheat grain protein content by remote sensing is important for assessing wheat quality at maturity and making grains harvest and purchase policies. However, spatial variability of soil condition, temperatur...Estimating wheat grain protein content by remote sensing is important for assessing wheat quality at maturity and making grains harvest and purchase policies. However, spatial variability of soil condition, temperature, and precipitation will affect grain protein contents and these factors usually cannot be monitored accurately by remote sensing data from single image. In this research, the relationships between wheat protein content at maturity and wheat agronomic parameters at different growing stages were analyzed and multi-temporal images of Landsat TM were used to estimate grain protein content by partial least squares regression. Experiment data were acquired in the suburb of Beijing during a 2-yr experiment in the period from 2003 to 2004. Determination coefficient, average deviation of self-modeling, and deviation of cross- validation were employed to assess the estimation accuracy of wheat grain protein content. Their values were 0.88, 1.30%, 3.81% and 0.72, 5.22%, 12.36% for 2003 and 2004, respectively. The research laid an agronomic foundation for GPC (grain protein content) estimation by multi-temporal remote sensing. The results showed that it is feasible to estimate GPC of wheat from multi-temporal remote sensing data in large area.展开更多
To maintain high wheat grain yield in areas where frequent and periodic waterlogging occurs,the effects of waterlogging on the photosynthesis,growth,yield,and protein content of three wheat cultivars,namely Xiangmai55...To maintain high wheat grain yield in areas where frequent and periodic waterlogging occurs,the effects of waterlogging on the photosynthesis,growth,yield,and protein content of three wheat cultivars,namely Xiangmai55(X55),Jingmai102(J102),and Zhengmai9023(Z9023),in four different growth stages were investigated.Experiments were conducted in specially designed experimental tanks in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 wheat growing seasons in China.Results showed that X55 was the most susceptible to waterlogging,followed by J102 and Z9023.Chlorophyll content reduction and leaf senescence,which resulted in decreased green-to-total leaf number ratio,were induced to the greatest extents by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky stage.Meanwhile,chlorophyll content in flag leaf,plant height were significantly decreased by waterlogging in jointing stage but effectively recovered after waterlogging withdrawal,and recovery ability varied among the cultivars.Plant biomass and grain yield were most significantly decreased by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky and jointing stages.Grain protein content was also considerably affected by waterlogging depending on growth stage and cultivars.The decreased grain yield caused by waterlogging was mostly due to the sharp decline in 1 000-grain mass.Waterlogging led to reduced protein yield in all growth stages in three wheat cultivars.Above all,in this experiment,waterlogging decreased grain yield significantly,and waterlogging at booting stage and flowering stage was most serious.Comparing the three cultivars,X55 was most sensitive to waterlogging.展开更多
In order to clarify the impact posed by wheat powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici)on the yield and yield components in different epidemic seasons,field trials were conducted in three growing seasons,2009-201...In order to clarify the impact posed by wheat powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici)on the yield and yield components in different epidemic seasons,field trials were conducted in three growing seasons,2009-2010,2010-2011 and 2011-2012,in Langfang City,Hebei Province,China.The relationships between 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content of grain and yield and disease index(DI),as well as area under disease progress curve(AUDPC)were studied.The models of the percentage of loss of 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content and yield were constructed using DI at critical point(CP)of growth stages(GS)and AUDPC in the three growing seasons,respectively.The CPs for estimating 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content of grain and yield of wheat caused by powdery mildew were GS 11.1,GS 10.5.3 and GS 10.5.3,respectively.Models based on DI at CP to estimate the percentage of loss of 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content of grain and yield were better than models based on AUDPC.And models of the percentage of loss of 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content and yield for 2011-2012season were significant different from these for 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons.These results indicated that besides powdery mildew,weather conditions also had influence on 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content of grain and yield loss of wheat when powdery mildew occurred.展开更多
Effects and mechanisms of P and K nutrients on yield and protein content of Weiyou 56, a fodder hybrid rice combination, were studied through pot experiment and biochemical analysis. The results showed that the increa...Effects and mechanisms of P and K nutrients on yield and protein content of Weiyou 56, a fodder hybrid rice combination, were studied through pot experiment and biochemical analysis. The results showed that the increase of P and K nutrients enhanced the activities of PEP carboxylase (PEPC), glutamine synthase (GS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in leaves, sucrose synthase (SS), ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGP) and GS in grains, and the chlorophyll content in leaves, soluble sugar and starch content in grains,protein N and total N content in leaves and grains. Howerer, they decreased soluble sugar content in leaves and led to an increase of protein content in brown rice, biomass, grain yield and harvest index. Excessive P nutrients slightly reduced SPS and ADPG activity in leaves and grains respectively.展开更多
Enhancing the nutritional quality of food crops is a way to improve human nutrition and health.Grain protein content(GPC)is an important nutritional quality trait for rice and many other crops.Therefore,it will be ver...Enhancing the nutritional quality of food crops is a way to improve human nutrition and health.Grain protein content(GPC)is an important nutritional quality trait for rice and many other crops.Therefore,it will be very significant to increase GPC and improve rice quality.This paper mainly reviewed the genetic studies GPC in rice,mapping and cloning of QTLs and genes associated with GPC.However,little is known about the molecular mechanism and gene function related to GPC in rice.Thus,here we put forward the genetic strategy by gene pyramiding or molecular marker assisted selection to improve GPC and nutritional quality in rice.This review could provide important information for genetic improvement of grain nutritional quality of rice.展开更多
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), a legume crop that is grown in the worldwide, provides beneficial proteins for human consumption and animal feeding. In comparison, Rapid N analyzer as traditional method, has bee...Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), a legume crop that is grown in the worldwide, provides beneficial proteins for human consumption and animal feeding. In comparison, Rapid N analyzer as traditional method, has been widely used to measure protein content through the percentage of total nitrogen in the seed’s grounded powder. Near-Infrared Reflectance (NIR) has commonly been used to measure protein content in soybean seeds using whole grain without the need of seed grinding, which makes it possible to obtain fast results at a lower cost-per-analysis than the traditional combustion method. The specific objective of this study is to test a rapid method for measuring cowpea seed protein content by the NIR analyzer comparing to the traditional rapid N analyzer. A total of 240 cowpea genotypes were used in this study, including six seed coat colors, black, blackeye, browneye, cream, pinkeye, and red with 40 cowpea genotypes. The results showed that a linear relationship exists between the NIR analyzer and the Rapid N analyzer in the six different color groups. The correlation efficiency (r) between the seed protein contents from NIR and Rapid N was higher for pinkeye seed (r = 0.867), blackeye (0.771), cream (0.729), browneye (0.700), and red (0.623), respectively, but lower for black seeds, indicating that the NIR analyzer can be used to measure protein content for cowpea seeds with the five types of seed coat except black. Overview, the cowpea seed protein content measured from the NIR analyzer showed a little higher seed protein content. A series of regression models with different seed coat color have been built to adjust to protein content of colorful cowpea seeds from the NIR analyzer. But, it is not recommended to use for black color seeds due to a very low correlation efficiency (r) value with 0.184.展开更多
An experiment on the optimum dietary protein content for the black sea bream using semi-purified dietsshowed the optimum content is 50.19% by weight as inferred from the growth rate and food consumptionof the fish. A...An experiment on the optimum dietary protein content for the black sea bream using semi-purified dietsshowed the optimum content is 50.19% by weight as inferred from the growth rate and food consumptionof the fish. Another experiment on the proper ratio of animal to plant protein in its diet using sandeel as theanimal protein source and peanut cake meal as plant protein source showed that the ratio had great ef-fect on its growth and should be 1.00:0.89—0.96 as judged from the growth rate and food consumptionof the fish.展开更多
A strong gluten wheat cultivar Shannong 12 and a medium-strength wheat cultivar Shannong 11 were used to investigate the effects of wheat protein contents and protein fractions on dough rheological properties using a ...A strong gluten wheat cultivar Shannong 12 and a medium-strength wheat cultivar Shannong 11 were used to investigate the effects of wheat protein contents and protein fractions on dough rheological properties using a reconstitution method. The results indicated that the peak height, peak width, peak integral, resistance to extension and area under the curve were increased when protein content increased to 120, 140, and 160% (w/w) of the protein content in the base flours for doughs made from each wheat cultivar. All protein fractions were added to each of the base flours at three levels (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%, w/w) based upon the protein content. The mixograph dough development time, peak width, and resistance to extension increased when the glutenin, insoluble glutenin, soluble glutenin, and glutenin macropolymer were added and increased systematically with increasing levels of these fractions. Peak integral increased by adding and increasing protein content, however, albumin-globulin had no obvious effects. Extensibility at rupture decreased when the glutenin, insoluble glutenin, soluble glutenin, and glutenin macropolymer were added, and decreased systematically with increasing levels of these fractions. However, extensibility at rupture increased when the monomeric protein, albumin-globulin, and gliadin were added, and increased systematically with increasing levels of these fractions.展开更多
Two wheat varieties with similar yield and significantly different protein content were chosen to study the effect of foliage spraying sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) at low concentration to wheat plants receiving different...Two wheat varieties with similar yield and significantly different protein content were chosen to study the effect of foliage spraying sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) at low concentration to wheat plants receiving different levels of nitrogen on nitrate reduction along with yield and protein content of grain, so as to discuss the relationship between carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism, and find out the intrinsic mechanism of grain yield and protein content formation. The results showed that spraying NaHSO3 at grain-filing stage increased the yield of grain, but declined the capacity of nitrate reduction, which might result in decrease of protein content in the end. Whether receiving NaHSO3 or not, the variety with high protein content had higher final protein level and nitrate reduction capacity than that with low protein content.展开更多
Two japonica rice parents(Tong 769 and Xixuan 1)and their progenies,significantly different in protein content of grains,were investigated to reveal the activities of proteinase in leaves and glutamine synthetase in g...Two japonica rice parents(Tong 769 and Xixuan 1)and their progenies,significantly different in protein content of grains,were investigated to reveal the activities of proteinase in leaves and glutamine synthetase in grains,as well as the dynamic changes of soluble protein content in grains during rice grain filling.The results showed that the parents were very similar in protein content,however,advanced lines with different protein contents in grains and varied activities of proteinase and glutamine synthetase were acquired by consecutively directional selection of the grain protein content in their progenies.Moreover,the enzyme activity and the protein content in grains exceeded their parents during grain filling.The protein content in grains was positively related with the proteinase activity,and the soluble protein content was negatively related with the glutamine synthetase activity in grains to some extent.展开更多
A 13.4 MeV deuteron beam from the 1.2 meter cyclotron of Sichuan University was used to determine theprotein content in wheat seeds on the basis of (d,p) reactions. The influence of the variation of the water content ...A 13.4 MeV deuteron beam from the 1.2 meter cyclotron of Sichuan University was used to determine theprotein content in wheat seeds on the basis of (d,p) reactions. The influence of the variation of the water content inseeds has been investigated.展开更多
Rice variety Yuexiangzhan and its mutants induced by high pressure were studied using microsatellite markers and soluble protein content analyses. Eleven of the 88 microsatellite primer pairs showed evident polymorphi...Rice variety Yuexiangzhan and its mutants induced by high pressure were studied using microsatellite markers and soluble protein content analyses. Eleven of the 88 microsatellite primer pairs showed evident polymorphisms repeatedly, and the polymorphic frequencies wcrc 3.4-11.3% between the mutants and Yuexiangzhan. The polymorphic markers were randomly located on chromosomes. The more similar the plant types of the mutants like their original variety., the less polymorphic loci were detected. In addition, there was variation in the soluble protein contents among the leaves of mutants, and the contents were significantly lower than those of the original variety.展开更多
The content of oil and protein in 84 germplasm materials of Brassica campestris L. from all over the country was tested. In Guiyang environment,the oil content and protein content of these materials showed abundant va...The content of oil and protein in 84 germplasm materials of Brassica campestris L. from all over the country was tested. In Guiyang environment,the oil content and protein content of these materials showed abundant variation,and were divided into three groups. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between oil content and protein content of B. campestris L. seeds,and the application and formation mechanism of the negative correlation were also discussed.展开更多
文摘Cowpea is cultivated on more than 11 million hectares with a worldwide production of 5.4 million tons of dried seeds. Cowpea is an affordable source of protein, which is used as an alternative to soybean for people who are allergic to soybean protein. The aim of this research was to assess the variability of the total seed protein content in cowpea. Eleven Arkansas breeding lines were used in this study. Field experiment design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 2 blocks, and conducted in three different locations within Arkansas State (Fayetteville, Alma, and Hope) in 2015. A standard chemical protocol was performed involving an analysis of the total nitrogen by combustion using an Elementar Rapid N III instrument to estimate the protein content. The average protein content was 25.4%, and ranged from 23.7% to 27.4% with a standard deviation of 1.9%. The significant effects of genotype, environment (location), and genotype by environment were observed for the total seed protein content in cowpea. The broad sense heritability (H<sup>2</sup>) for cowpea seed protein was estimated to be 57.8% based on the eleven cowpea genotypes studied. The cowpea lines, “Early Scarlet” and 09-204 had the highest seed protein content with 27.4% and 26.9% dried seed weight, respectively. This study provides valuable information on cowpea protein content for breeders to select and utilize those breeding lines with high seed protein content to develop new high protein cowpea cultivars.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2017A030310558)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M612672)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2017MS067)
文摘This study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of near-infrared(NIR) hyperspectral imaging(1 000–2 500 nm) for non-destructive and quantitative prediction of protein content in peanut kernels. Partial least squares regression(PLSR) calibration model was established between the spectral data extracted from the hyperspectral images and the reference measured protein content values, with the coefficient of determination of prediction(R_P^2) of 0.885 and root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) of 0.465%.Regression coefficients(RC) from PLSR analysis were used to identify the most essential wavelengths that had the greatest influence on changes in the protein content. Eight optimal wavelengths were selected by RC and its corresponding simplified RC-PLSR prediction model was also obtained, showing better performance with a higher R_P^2 of 0.870 and a lower RMSEP of 0.494%. The results indicate that hyperspectral imaging with PLSR analysis can be used as a rapid and non-destructive method for predicting protein content in peanut.
基金supported by the 2022 Research Program of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(SYND-2022-10 to Wei Huang and SYND-2022-03 to Weiwei Jin)。
文摘Grain protein content(GPC)is an indicator of cereal nutritional quality.Identification of genes involved in the regulation of GPC provides targets for molecular breeding for crop protein quality.We characterized a maize gene encoding the putative amino acid transporter ZmAAP6,a gene expressed mainly in immature seeds,especially in the basal endosperm transfer layer.Total protein and zein contents were decreased in ZmAAP6 null mutants and increased in ZmAAP6 overexpression(OE)lines,consistent with their changed in the size of protein bodies.Metabolic and transcriptomic analysis supported the regulatory role of ZmAAP6 in amino acid transportation.These results suggest that ZmAAP6 functions as a positive regulator of GPC in maize,shedding new light on the genetic basis of GPC regulation.
基金Supported by National Natural Fund(31560362)Key Item of Tibet Autonomous Region(XZXTCX-2016)Innovation Support Plan of Young Teacher in Tibet Colleges and Universities(QC2015-35)
文摘To grasp protein content and composition of pea resource in Tibet Plateau,54 pea materials from different eco-geographical environments of Tibet were collected and arranged in this paper.Based on SDS-PAGE,electrophoresis and genetic diversity analysis of water-solubility and salt-solubility proteins from 54 pea materials were conducted,and the relationship between geographical ecological factors(longitude,latitude and altitude) and total protein content was studied.The research results showed that total protein contents of 54 pea materials were between17.58% and 28.67%,in which water-solubility protein accounted for 86.12%-91.40%,while salt-solubility protein accounted for 4.76-8.29%.Total protein content of Tibet pea showed significantly positive correlation with longitude,certain positive correlation with latitude and certain negative correlation with altitude.SDS-PAGE of water-solubility and salt-solubility proteins from 54 pea materials respectively detected 1588 and 699 protein bands.Based on different mobility ratios,there were 43 kinds of water-solubility protein bands,and diversity index was between 0 and 0.5.Its relative molecular weight was between 24.87 and 149.54 ku,showing the low molecular weight region of24.71-50.41 ku and high molecular weight region of 56.34-88.08 ku.There were 24 salt-solubility protein bands based on different mobility ratios,with the diversity index of 0-0.5,and relative molecular weight was between 24.85 and 91.24 ku.According to the altitude,54 pea resources were divided into 4 geographical groups.Gene diversity indexes of each group were respectively 0.23,0.18,0.35 and 0.31,and Shannon information indexes were respectively 0.33,0.41,0.52 and 0.46.It showed that the variation of pea protein was related to altitude.In clustering analysis,the tested resources were divided into seven classes,showing that water-solubility and salt-solubility proteins could reflect genetic relationship among germplasm resources at certain degree.The research could provide theoretical basis for the development of Tibet pea resources and selection of good parents.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30400278)National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) of China (No.2006AA10Z129)
文摘用一个裂口阴谋的一个地实验使随机化有三复制的完全的块设计被执行决定在之间的关系光谱索引和小麦谷物产量( GY )，为 GY 比较四个植被索引(力)的表演预言，并且到学习，到估计谷物蛋白质的 VI 的可行性满足( GPC )在里面冬小麦。二典型冬小麦( Triticum aestivum L.)栽培变种 ‘X uzhou 26'(高蛋白质内容)和 ‘H uaimai 18'(低蛋白质内容)被用作著处理和四 N 率，即， 0 ， 120 ， 210 ，和 300 kg N 哈? 1 ，作为次要情节处理。增加的土壤 N 供应显著地增加了 GY 和 GPC (P ≤ 0.05 ) 。为联合的二栽培变种，重要并且正相关在四个力和 GY 之间被发现，当使用绿比率植被索引(GRVI ) 在时，观察的最强壮的关系地中间充满。累积 VI 实质地估计改进产量预测，与正在出发到成熟舞台的最好的间隔。类似的结果在 VI 和谷物蛋白质产量之间被发现。然而，当使用累积 VI 时， GPC 没显示出重要改进。在叶 N 地位和 GPC 之间的强壮的关系(R2 = 0.9144 为‘ X uzhou 26' 和 R2 = 0.8285 为‘ H uaimai 18') 显示华盖系列能被用来预言 GPC。强壮在估计并且观察的 GPC 之间合适(R2 = 0.7939 ) 显示遥感技术在小麦是谷物蛋白质内容和质量的潜在地有用的预言者。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30671270)the National 863 Program of China(2006AA 10Z1E9)the Project for Improved Variety of Shandong Provice,China(Lu Nong Liang Zhong Zi[2006]No.6).
文摘Deposition of protein and metal ions (Fe, Zn) in rice grains is a complex polygenic trait showing considerable environmental effect. To analyze the effect of nitrogen application levels and native soil properties on rice grain protein, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents, 32 rice genotypes were grown at three different locations each under 80 and 120 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer applications. In treatments with nitrogen fertilizer application, the brown rice grain protein content (GPC) increased significantly (1.1% to 7.0%) under higher nitrogen fertilizer application (120 kg/hm2) whereas grain Fe/Zn contents showed non-significant effect of nitrogen application level, thus suggesting that the rate of uptake and translocation of macro-elements does not influence the uptake and translocation of micro-elements. The pH, organic matter content and inherent Fe/Zn levels of native soil showed significant effects on grain Fe and Zn contents of all the rice genotypes. Grain Zn content of almost all the tested rice genotypes was found to increase at Location III having loamy soil texture, neutral pH value (pH 6.83) and higher organic matter content than the other two locations (Locations I and II), indicating significant influence of native soil properties on brown rice grain Zn content while grain Fe content showed significant genotype × environment interaction effect. Genotypic difference was found to be the most significant factor to affect grain Fe/Zn contents in all the tested rice genotypes, indicating that although native soil properties influence phyto-availability of micronutrients and consequently influencing absorption, translocation and grain deposition of Fe/Zn ions, yet genetic makeup of a plant determines its response to varied soil conditions and other external factors. Two indica rice genotypes R-RF-31 (27.62 μg/g grain Zn content and 7.80% GPC) and R1033-968-2-1 (30.05 μg/g grain Zn content and 8.47% GPC) were identified as high grain Zn and moderate GPC rice genotypes. These results indicate that soil property and organic matter content increase the availability of Fe and Zn in rhizosphere, which in turn enhances the uptake, translocation and redistribution of Fe/Zn into rice grains.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41171281, 40701120)the Beijing Nova Program, China (2008B33)
文摘Estimating wheat grain protein content by remote sensing is important for assessing wheat quality at maturity and making grains harvest and purchase policies. However, spatial variability of soil condition, temperature, and precipitation will affect grain protein contents and these factors usually cannot be monitored accurately by remote sensing data from single image. In this research, the relationships between wheat protein content at maturity and wheat agronomic parameters at different growing stages were analyzed and multi-temporal images of Landsat TM were used to estimate grain protein content by partial least squares regression. Experiment data were acquired in the suburb of Beijing during a 2-yr experiment in the period from 2003 to 2004. Determination coefficient, average deviation of self-modeling, and deviation of cross- validation were employed to assess the estimation accuracy of wheat grain protein content. Their values were 0.88, 1.30%, 3.81% and 0.72, 5.22%, 12.36% for 2003 and 2004, respectively. The research laid an agronomic foundation for GPC (grain protein content) estimation by multi-temporal remote sensing. The results showed that it is feasible to estimate GPC of wheat from multi-temporal remote sensing data in large area.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation of China(31371580)
文摘To maintain high wheat grain yield in areas where frequent and periodic waterlogging occurs,the effects of waterlogging on the photosynthesis,growth,yield,and protein content of three wheat cultivars,namely Xiangmai55(X55),Jingmai102(J102),and Zhengmai9023(Z9023),in four different growth stages were investigated.Experiments were conducted in specially designed experimental tanks in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 wheat growing seasons in China.Results showed that X55 was the most susceptible to waterlogging,followed by J102 and Z9023.Chlorophyll content reduction and leaf senescence,which resulted in decreased green-to-total leaf number ratio,were induced to the greatest extents by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky stage.Meanwhile,chlorophyll content in flag leaf,plant height were significantly decreased by waterlogging in jointing stage but effectively recovered after waterlogging withdrawal,and recovery ability varied among the cultivars.Plant biomass and grain yield were most significantly decreased by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky and jointing stages.Grain protein content was also considerably affected by waterlogging depending on growth stage and cultivars.The decreased grain yield caused by waterlogging was mostly due to the sharp decline in 1 000-grain mass.Waterlogging led to reduced protein yield in all growth stages in three wheat cultivars.Above all,in this experiment,waterlogging decreased grain yield significantly,and waterlogging at booting stage and flowering stage was most serious.Comparing the three cultivars,X55 was most sensitive to waterlogging.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB951503)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201303016)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2012BAD19B04)
文摘In order to clarify the impact posed by wheat powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici)on the yield and yield components in different epidemic seasons,field trials were conducted in three growing seasons,2009-2010,2010-2011 and 2011-2012,in Langfang City,Hebei Province,China.The relationships between 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content of grain and yield and disease index(DI),as well as area under disease progress curve(AUDPC)were studied.The models of the percentage of loss of 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content and yield were constructed using DI at critical point(CP)of growth stages(GS)and AUDPC in the three growing seasons,respectively.The CPs for estimating 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content of grain and yield of wheat caused by powdery mildew were GS 11.1,GS 10.5.3 and GS 10.5.3,respectively.Models based on DI at CP to estimate the percentage of loss of 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content of grain and yield were better than models based on AUDPC.And models of the percentage of loss of 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content and yield for 2011-2012season were significant different from these for 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons.These results indicated that besides powdery mildew,weather conditions also had influence on 1 000-kernel weight,crude protein content of grain and yield loss of wheat when powdery mildew occurred.
文摘Effects and mechanisms of P and K nutrients on yield and protein content of Weiyou 56, a fodder hybrid rice combination, were studied through pot experiment and biochemical analysis. The results showed that the increase of P and K nutrients enhanced the activities of PEP carboxylase (PEPC), glutamine synthase (GS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in leaves, sucrose synthase (SS), ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGP) and GS in grains, and the chlorophyll content in leaves, soluble sugar and starch content in grains,protein N and total N content in leaves and grains. Howerer, they decreased soluble sugar content in leaves and led to an increase of protein content in brown rice, biomass, grain yield and harvest index. Excessive P nutrients slightly reduced SPS and ADPG activity in leaves and grains respectively.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1604110,U1404319,31270727,31600992)Key Project of Science and Technology in Henan Province(152102110100,152102110036)+5 种基金Nanhu Scholars Program for Young Scholars of XYNU(2016054)Major Science and Technology Project in Henan Province(121100110200)Science and Technology Innovation Team in Henan Province(14IRTSTHN012)Key Research Projects of Henan Higher Education Institutions(15A180059)Students Innovation and Training Program of XYNU(201710477032)Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agrobioresources in Dabie Mountains(2016020)
文摘Enhancing the nutritional quality of food crops is a way to improve human nutrition and health.Grain protein content(GPC)is an important nutritional quality trait for rice and many other crops.Therefore,it will be very significant to increase GPC and improve rice quality.This paper mainly reviewed the genetic studies GPC in rice,mapping and cloning of QTLs and genes associated with GPC.However,little is known about the molecular mechanism and gene function related to GPC in rice.Thus,here we put forward the genetic strategy by gene pyramiding or molecular marker assisted selection to improve GPC and nutritional quality in rice.This review could provide important information for genetic improvement of grain nutritional quality of rice.
文摘Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), a legume crop that is grown in the worldwide, provides beneficial proteins for human consumption and animal feeding. In comparison, Rapid N analyzer as traditional method, has been widely used to measure protein content through the percentage of total nitrogen in the seed’s grounded powder. Near-Infrared Reflectance (NIR) has commonly been used to measure protein content in soybean seeds using whole grain without the need of seed grinding, which makes it possible to obtain fast results at a lower cost-per-analysis than the traditional combustion method. The specific objective of this study is to test a rapid method for measuring cowpea seed protein content by the NIR analyzer comparing to the traditional rapid N analyzer. A total of 240 cowpea genotypes were used in this study, including six seed coat colors, black, blackeye, browneye, cream, pinkeye, and red with 40 cowpea genotypes. The results showed that a linear relationship exists between the NIR analyzer and the Rapid N analyzer in the six different color groups. The correlation efficiency (r) between the seed protein contents from NIR and Rapid N was higher for pinkeye seed (r = 0.867), blackeye (0.771), cream (0.729), browneye (0.700), and red (0.623), respectively, but lower for black seeds, indicating that the NIR analyzer can be used to measure protein content for cowpea seeds with the five types of seed coat except black. Overview, the cowpea seed protein content measured from the NIR analyzer showed a little higher seed protein content. A series of regression models with different seed coat color have been built to adjust to protein content of colorful cowpea seeds from the NIR analyzer. But, it is not recommended to use for black color seeds due to a very low correlation efficiency (r) value with 0.184.
文摘An experiment on the optimum dietary protein content for the black sea bream using semi-purified dietsshowed the optimum content is 50.19% by weight as inferred from the growth rate and food consumptionof the fish. Another experiment on the proper ratio of animal to plant protein in its diet using sandeel as theanimal protein source and peanut cake meal as plant protein source showed that the ratio had great ef-fect on its growth and should be 1.00:0.89—0.96 as judged from the growth rate and food consumptionof the fish.
基金supported financially by the 863 Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2006AA10Z1E9)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30671270)the 863 Key Important Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology,China(2006AA100101).
文摘A strong gluten wheat cultivar Shannong 12 and a medium-strength wheat cultivar Shannong 11 were used to investigate the effects of wheat protein contents and protein fractions on dough rheological properties using a reconstitution method. The results indicated that the peak height, peak width, peak integral, resistance to extension and area under the curve were increased when protein content increased to 120, 140, and 160% (w/w) of the protein content in the base flours for doughs made from each wheat cultivar. All protein fractions were added to each of the base flours at three levels (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%, w/w) based upon the protein content. The mixograph dough development time, peak width, and resistance to extension increased when the glutenin, insoluble glutenin, soluble glutenin, and glutenin macropolymer were added and increased systematically with increasing levels of these fractions. Peak integral increased by adding and increasing protein content, however, albumin-globulin had no obvious effects. Extensibility at rupture decreased when the glutenin, insoluble glutenin, soluble glutenin, and glutenin macropolymer were added, and decreased systematically with increasing levels of these fractions. However, extensibility at rupture increased when the monomeric protein, albumin-globulin, and gliadin were added, and increased systematically with increasing levels of these fractions.
文摘Two wheat varieties with similar yield and significantly different protein content were chosen to study the effect of foliage spraying sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) at low concentration to wheat plants receiving different levels of nitrogen on nitrate reduction along with yield and protein content of grain, so as to discuss the relationship between carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism, and find out the intrinsic mechanism of grain yield and protein content formation. The results showed that spraying NaHSO3 at grain-filing stage increased the yield of grain, but declined the capacity of nitrate reduction, which might result in decrease of protein content in the end. Whether receiving NaHSO3 or not, the variety with high protein content had higher final protein level and nitrate reduction capacity than that with low protein content.
基金supported by the Program for Innovative Research Team of Northeast Agricultural University,China(Grant No.CXT001-1-2)the Project of the Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province,China(Grant No.11531017)
文摘Two japonica rice parents(Tong 769 and Xixuan 1)and their progenies,significantly different in protein content of grains,were investigated to reveal the activities of proteinase in leaves and glutamine synthetase in grains,as well as the dynamic changes of soluble protein content in grains during rice grain filling.The results showed that the parents were very similar in protein content,however,advanced lines with different protein contents in grains and varied activities of proteinase and glutamine synthetase were acquired by consecutively directional selection of the grain protein content in their progenies.Moreover,the enzyme activity and the protein content in grains exceeded their parents during grain filling.The protein content in grains was positively related with the proteinase activity,and the soluble protein content was negatively related with the glutamine synthetase activity in grains to some extent.
文摘A 13.4 MeV deuteron beam from the 1.2 meter cyclotron of Sichuan University was used to determine theprotein content in wheat seeds on the basis of (d,p) reactions. The influence of the variation of the water content inseeds has been investigated.
文摘Rice variety Yuexiangzhan and its mutants induced by high pressure were studied using microsatellite markers and soluble protein content analyses. Eleven of the 88 microsatellite primer pairs showed evident polymorphisms repeatedly, and the polymorphic frequencies wcrc 3.4-11.3% between the mutants and Yuexiangzhan. The polymorphic markers were randomly located on chromosomes. The more similar the plant types of the mutants like their original variety., the less polymorphic loci were detected. In addition, there was variation in the soluble protein contents among the leaves of mutants, and the contents were significantly lower than those of the original variety.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560422)Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Fund(QianKeHe J Zi(2015)2052)+2 种基金Research Startup Fund for Returnees of the Ministry of Education(JiaoWaiSiLiu No.(2015)1098)Doctoral Talent Introduction Fund of Guizhou University(GuiDaRenJiHeZi No.(2014)14)Provincial Key Discipline Construction Plan of Crop Science in Guizhou Province(QianXueWeiHeZi ZDXK20148)
文摘The content of oil and protein in 84 germplasm materials of Brassica campestris L. from all over the country was tested. In Guiyang environment,the oil content and protein content of these materials showed abundant variation,and were divided into three groups. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between oil content and protein content of B. campestris L. seeds,and the application and formation mechanism of the negative correlation were also discussed.
