AIM:To assess the retinal function in patients with dense cataracts in resource poor settings in Kinshasa,DR Congo.METHODS:In a tertiary eye care center,the Purkinje entoptic test was performed as part of the ophthalm...AIM:To assess the retinal function in patients with dense cataracts in resource poor settings in Kinshasa,DR Congo.METHODS:In a tertiary eye care center,the Purkinje entoptic test was performed as part of the ophthalmological examination in 98 eyes in patients with cataract,using a penlight.Totally 92 cataract patients including 86 patients suffered from unilateral and 6 from bilateral cataracts were included in the study.The investigator asked the patients about their perception of the vascular pattern most commonly described as a leafless or dead tree.Visual acuity≥6/60 was considered an indication of good visual function and visual acuity<6/60 of poor function.Following small incision cataract surgery,best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was determined and compared with the preoperative findings.RESULTS:Out of 98 eyes,there were 80(81.6%)where the Purkinje entoptic phenomenon was reported by the patients.After cataract surgery,out of the 80 eyes,there were 75(93.8%)with a BCVA of better than 6/60,whereas in 5 eyes(6.2%),BCVA was 6/60 or less.Out of the 18 eyes(18.4%)where no Purkinje tree was recognized,there were 14(77.8%)with BCVA of better than 6/60,whereas in 4(22.2%)BCVA was 6/60 or less.CONCLUSION:The Purkinje entoptic test is successfully used for preoperative assessment of retinal function inpatients with dense cataract.However,further investigation and refinement of the test is necessary to validate the method for use in sub-Saharan conditions.展开更多
Background:A great body of evidence suggests that there are retinal functional and structural changes that occur in Alzheimer’s disease(AD).However,whether such changes are primary or secondary remains to be elucidat...Background:A great body of evidence suggests that there are retinal functional and structural changes that occur in Alzheimer’s disease(AD).However,whether such changes are primary or secondary remains to be elucidated.We studied a range of retinal functional and structural parameters in association with AD-specific pathophysiological markers in the double transgenic APP/PS1 and control mice across age.Methods:Electroretinogram(ERG)and optical coherence tomography(OCT)was performed in APP/PS1 and wild type(WT)control mice every 3 months from 3 to 12 months of age.For functional assessment,the a-and b-wave of the ERG,amplitude of oscillatory potentials(OP)and the positive scotopic threshold response(pSTR)were quantified at each time point.For structural assessment,the inner and outer retinal thickness was segmented and measured from OCT scans.Episodic memory was evaluated at 6,9 and 12 months of age using the novel object recognition test.Amyloid beta(Aβ)distribution in the hippocampus and the retina were visualised at 3,6 and 12 months of age.Interand intra-group analysis was performed to study rate of change for each parameter between the two groups.Results:Inter-group analysis revealed a significant difference in b-wave and OPs of APP/PS1 compared to WT controls starting from 3 months(p<0.001).There was also a significant difference in the amplitude of pSTR between the two groups starting from 6 months(p<0.001).Furthermore,a significant difference in the inner retinal thickness,between the two groups,was observed starting from 9 months(p<0.001).Conclusions:We observed an age-related decline in retinal functional and structural parameters in both APP/PS1 and WT controls,however,inter-group analysis revealed that inner retinal functional and structural decline is exacerbated in APP/PS1 mice,and that retinal functional changes precede structural changes in this strain.Further studies are required to confirm whether such phenomenon occurs in humans and if studying retinal functional changes can aid-in early assessment of AD.展开更多
Background:The Retinal Function Imager(RFI)provides in vivo and noninvasive imaging of both the retinal structure and function.Review:The RFI can create capillary perfusion maps,measure blood flow velocity,and determi...Background:The Retinal Function Imager(RFI)provides in vivo and noninvasive imaging of both the retinal structure and function.Review:The RFI can create capillary perfusion maps,measure blood flow velocity,and determine metabolic function including blood oximetry.It can aid clinical diagnosis as well as assess treatment response in several retinal vascular diseases including diabetic retinopathy.Blood flow velocity abnormalities have also been implicated in disease such as age-related macular degeneration and require further investigation.Compared with optical coherence tomography angiography,the RFI produces capillary maps of comparable image quality and wider field of view but it is unable to provide depth-resolved information and has longer image acquisition time.Currently,functional imaging using blood oximetry has limited applications and additional research is required.Conclusion:The RFI offers noninvasive,high-resolution imaging of retinal microvasculature by creating capillary perfusion maps.In addition,it is capable of measuring retinal blood velocity directly and performs functional imaging with retinal blood oximetry.Its clinical applications are broad and additional research with functional imaging may potentially lead to diagnosis of diseases and their progression before anatomic abnormalities become evident,but longer image acquisition times may limit its clinical adoption.展开更多
Background:Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)is the most common cause of acute optic neuropathy in patients over 50 years of age,and many affected individuals are left with permanent visual defici...Background:Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)is the most common cause of acute optic neuropathy in patients over 50 years of age,and many affected individuals are left with permanent visual deficits.Despite the frequency of NAION and its often devastating effects on vision,no effective treatment has been established.Further understanding of the acute vascular effects in NAION,using advanced ophthalmic imaging techniques like the retinal function imager,may shed light on potential treatment targets.Methods:Five patients with acute NAION underwent retinal functional imaging within 2 weeks of the onset of their visual symptoms,and at 1 month and 3 months after onset.Average arteriolar and venular blood flow velocities were calculated for each eye at each time point.The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare blood flow velocity results with a normative database.Results:The average arteriolar blood flow velocity in the normative group was 3.8 mm/s,and the average venular blood flow velocity was 3.0 mm/s,versus 4.1 mm/s and 2.7 mm/s,respectively,in the NAION-affected group at presentation.Average arteriolar blood flow increased slightly to 4.2 mm/s one month after the acute NAION event,then decreased to 3.8 mm/s three months after the event.Average venular blood flow velocity was 2.8 mm/s 1 month after the NAION event and 2.7 mm/s 3 months after the event.Differences in blood flow velocity between the NAION-affected and control groups were not statistically significant at any time point;however,there was a trend toward increasing blood flow velocity initially after an NAION,with a decrease over time.Conclusions:This study demonstrates the feasibility of retinal function imaging to quantify macular blood flow velocity in patients with acute NAION.There were no statistically significant differences in blood flow velocity detected between NAION-affected eyes and healthy controls at any of the time points examined;however,there was a trend toward an increase in both arteriolar and venular BFV subacutely,then a decrease in the chronic phase after NAION,which could be suggestive of a mechanism of attempted compensation in the setting of acute ischemia.展开更多
Background:The retinal microcirculation has been studied in various diseases including multiple sclerosis(MS).However,inter-eye correlations and potential differences of the retinal blood flow velocity(BFV)remain larg...Background:The retinal microcirculation has been studied in various diseases including multiple sclerosis(MS).However,inter-eye correlations and potential differences of the retinal blood flow velocity(BFV)remain largely unstudied but may be important in guiding eye selection as well as the design and interpretation of studies assessing or utilizing retinal BFV.The primary aim of this study was to determine inter-eye correlations in BFVs in healthy controls(HCs).Since prior studies raise the possibility of reduced BFV in MS eyes,a secondary aim was to compare retinal BFVs between MS eyes,grouped based on optic neuritis(ON)history and HC eyes.Methods:Macular arteriole and venule BFVs were determined using a retinal function imager(RFI)in both eyes of 20 HCs.One eye from a total of 38 MS patients comprising 13 eyes with ON(MSON)and 25 eyes without ON(MSNON)history were similarly imaged with RFI.Results:OD(right)and OS(left)BFVs were not significantly different in arterioles(OD:3.95±0.59 mm/s;OS:4.08±0.60 mm/s,P=0.10)or venules(OD:3.11±0.46 mm/s;OS:3.23±0.52 mm/s,P=0.06)in HCs.Very strong inter-eye correlations were also found between arteriolar(r=0.84,P<0.001)and venular(r=0.87,P<0.001)BFVs in HCs.Arteriolar(3.48±0.88 mm/s)and venular(2.75±0.53 mm/s)BFVs in MSNON eyes were significantly lower than in HC eyes(P=0.009 and P=0.005,respectively).Similarly,arteriolar(3.59±0.69 mm/s)and venular(2.80±0.45 mm/s)BFVs in MSON eyes were also significantly lower than in HC eyes(P=0.046 and P=0.048,respectively).Arteriolar and venular BFVs in MSON and MSNON eyes did not differ from each other(P=0.42 and P=0.48,respectively).Conclusions:Inter-eye arteriolar and venular BFVs do not differ significantly in HCs and are strongly correlated.Our findings support prior observations that arteriolar and venular BFVs may be reduced in MS eyes.Moreover,this seems to be the case in both MS eyes with and without a history of ON,raising the possibility of global blood flow alterations in MS.Future larger studies are needed to assess differences in BFVs between MSON and MSNON eyes.展开更多
Background:To determine the inter-visit variability of retinal blood flow velocities(BFVs)using a retinal function imager(RFI)in healthy young subjects.Methods:Twenty eyes of 20 healthy young subjects were enrolled.RF...Background:To determine the inter-visit variability of retinal blood flow velocities(BFVs)using a retinal function imager(RFI)in healthy young subjects.Methods:Twenty eyes of 20 healthy young subjects were enrolled.RFI imaging was performed to obtain the BFVs in retinal arterioles and venules in a field measuring 7.3×7.3 mm^(2)(setting:35 degrees)centered on the fovea,and repeated measurements were obtained on two separate days.The inter-visit variability of BFVs was assessed by the concordance correlation coefficient(CCC)and coefficient of variance(CV).Results:At the first visit,the mean BFV was 3.6±0.8 mm/s and 3.0±0.7 mm/s in arterioles and venules,respectively,which were not significantly different from those at the second visit(the BFV of arterioles was 3.5±0.8 mm/s,and the BFV of venules was 3.0±0.7 mm/s,P>0.05,respectively).The CCC was 0.72 in the BFVs of arterioles and 0.67 in venules,and the CV was 10.8%in the BFVs of arterioles and 11.0%in venules.Conclusion:The inter-visit variability using the retinal function imager(RFI)with a large field of view appeared to be good and comparable to previously reported intra-visit and inter-eye variability.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate a high-resolution functional imaging device that yields quantitative data regarding macular blood flow and capillary network features in eyes with diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS:Prospective,cross-sec...AIM:To evaluate a high-resolution functional imaging device that yields quantitative data regarding macular blood flow and capillary network features in eyes with diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS:Prospective,cross-sectional comparative case-series in which blood flow velocities(BFVs)and noninvasive capillary perfusion maps(nCPMs)in macular vessels were measured in patients with DR and in healthy controls using the Retinal Functional Imager(RFI)device.RESULTS:A total of 27 eyes of 21 subjects were studied[9 eyes nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR),9 eyes proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)and 9 controls].All diabetic patients were type 2.All patients with NPDR and 5 eyes with PDR also had diabetic macular edema(DME).The NPDR group included eyes with severe(n=3)and moderate NPDR(n=6),and were symptomatic.A significant decrease in venular BFVs was observed in the macular region of PDR eyes when compared to controls(2.61±0.6 mm/s and 2.92±0.72 mm/s in PDR and controls,respectively,P=0.019)as well as PDR eyes with DME compared to NPDR eyes(2.36±0.51 mm/s and 2.94±1.09 mm/s in PDR with DME and NPDR,respectively,P=0.01).CONCLUSION:The RFI,a non-invasive imaging tool,provides high-resolution functional imaging of the retinal microvasculature and quantitative measurement of BFVs in visually impaired DR patients.The isolated diminish venular BFVs in PDR eyes compared to healthy eyes and PDR eyes with DME in comparison to NPDR eyes may indicate the possibility of more retinal vein compromise than suspected in advanced DR.展开更多
AIM：To evaluate the structural injure patterns in peripapillary retinal fiber layer （pRNFL）, retinal ganglion cell layer （RGCL） and their correlations to visual function in various mitochondrial optic neuropathi...AIM：To evaluate the structural injure patterns in peripapillary retinal fiber layer （pRNFL）, retinal ganglion cell layer （RGCL） and their correlations to visual function in various mitochondrial optic neuropathies （MON） to offer help to their differential diagnosis.METHODS：Totally 32 MON patients （60 eyes） were recruited within 6mo after clinical onsets, including 20 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy （LHON） patients （37eyes）, 12 ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy （EON）patients （23 eyes）, and 41 age-gender matched healthy controls （HC, 82 eyes）. All subjects had pRNFL and RGCL examinations with optic coherence tomography （OCT） and visual function tests.RESULTS：In the early stages of MON, the temporal pRNFL thickness decreased （66.09±22.57μm）, but increased in other quadrants, compared to HC （76.95±14.81μm）. The other quadrants remaining stable for LHON and EON patients besides the second hour sector of pRNFL thickness reduced and the temporal pRNFL decreased （56.78±15.87μm） for EON. Total macular thickness in MON reduced remarkably（279.25±18.90μm; P=0.015）, which mainly occurring in the inner circle （3 mm diameter of circle） and the nasal temporal sectors in the outer circle （5.5 mm diameter of circle）, in contrast to those in HC. RGCL thickness reduced in each sector of the macula （61.90±8.73μm; P≤0.001）. It strongly showed the correlationship of best corrected visual acuity （R=0.50, P=0.0003） and visual field injury （R=0.54,P=0.0002） in MON patients.CONCLUSION：OCT is a potential tool for detecting structural alterations in the optic nerves of various MON. Different types of MON may have different damage patterns.展开更多
Objective To observe the changes on multifocal electroretinography （MfERG） in the fellow eyes of patients with high myopia without fundus lesions and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment （RRD）. Methods MfERG was perf...Objective To observe the changes on multifocal electroretinography （MfERG） in the fellow eyes of patients with high myopia without fundus lesions and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment （RRD）. Methods MfERG was performed in 66 patients （ 66 eyes） which were grouped into ： emmetropes （ n = 22 ） as the control eye ; high myopes without fundus lesions （ corrected visual acuity ≥ 1. 0, n = 15 ） ; and fellow eyes of high myopics with RRD （n = 29 ）. The first-order kernels N1, P1, N2 response density and latency were analyzed. Results When compared with the emmetropes group, the high myopes group had significantly reduced N1 , PI , and N2 wave response densities in rings 1 to 6 （ P 〈 0. 05 ）, delayed N1 wave latency in rings 3 to 6, and P1 wave latency in rings 3 to 5 （ P 〈 0. 05 ）. The fellow eyes group had significantly reduced N1, P1, and N2 wave response densities in rings 1 to 6 and significantly delayed N1 and P1 wave latencies in rings 3 to 6 （ P 〈0. 05） compared with the emmetropes group. Compared with the high myopes group, P1 wave response densities in rings 1 to 6, N1 wave response densities in rings 1,3, 4, and 6, and N2 wave response density in ring 1 were significantly decreased in the fellow eyes group （ P 〈 0. 05 ） ; whereas there were no significant differences in latencies between the two groups （P 〉0.05）. Conclusion MfERG can sensitively assess the early changes in visual function in fellow eyes in patients with RRD.展开更多
Natural photoreceptors enable color vision in humans,wherein the eyes detect colors and their corresponding intensities via cone and rod photoreceptors,respectively.Herein,we developed an artificial broadband photorec...Natural photoreceptors enable color vision in humans,wherein the eyes detect colors and their corresponding intensities via cone and rod photoreceptors,respectively.Herein,we developed an artificial broadband photoreceptor with light-color intensity detection similar to that of natural photoreceptors.The developed photoreceptor operates in the self-powered mode and is capable of broadband perception(365–940 nm).The designed metal-oxide heterojunction(n-ZnO/p-NiO)photoreceptor with a thin tin sulfide layer embedded in between is capable of perceiving various colors.It exhibits good transparency in the visible range and displays excellent integration with flexible substrates,highlighting its potential for use in flexible electronics.The fabricated structure has an exceptional response time(≈1 ms)and a wide-field-of-view(150?)compared to the human eye's sensing range(50–100 ms and 108?).The transparent photorecep-tor mimics cones and rods to detect a various wavelength-dependent signals and explicitly differentiate between the intensities of the detected signals,respectively.This is further illustrated by employing the developed photoreceptor to detect colors in real time by generating unique signals corresponding to each color.The demonstration provides the proof of concept for self-biased flexible bioelectronics emulating high-performing visual functions of artificial eyes.展开更多
Background:The aim was to determine retinal nerve fiber layer function and its relations to retinal microvasculature and microcirculation in patients with myopia.Method:Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomogra...Background:The aim was to determine retinal nerve fiber layer function and its relations to retinal microvasculature and microcirculation in patients with myopia.Method:Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PS-OCT)was used to measure phase retardation per unit depth(PR/UD,proportional to the birefringence)of the retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL).Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)was used to measure macular vessel density analyzed using fractal analysis.In addition,a retinal function imager(RFI)was used to measure macular blood flow velocities in arterioles and venules.Twenty-two patients with moderate myopia(MM,refraction>3 and<6 diopters),seventeen patients with high myopia(HM,≥6 D)and 29 healthy control subjects(HC,≤3.00 D)were recruited.One eye of each patient was imaged.Results:Although the average PR/UD of the RNFL in the HM group did not reach a significant level,the birefringence of the inferior quadrant was significantly lower(P<0.05)in the HM group compared to the HC group.Significant thinning of the average RNFL and focal thinning of RFNL in temporal,superior and inferior quadrants in the HM group were found,compared to the HC group(P<0.05).There were no significant differences of retinal blood flow velocities in arterioles and venules among groups(P>0.05).The macular vessel density in both superficial and deep vascular plexuses was significantly lower in the HM group than in the other two groups(P<0.05)as well as in the MM group than in the HC group(P<0.05).The average PR/UD and PR/UD in the inferior quadrant were not related to refraction,axial length,blood flow velocities and macular vessel densities(r ranged from−0.09 to 0.19,P>0.05).Conclusions:The impairment of the retinal nerve fiber birefringence in the HM group may be one of the independent features in high myopic eyes,which appeared not to relate to macular microvascular density and blood flow velocity.展开更多
Background:It remains unknow whether retinal tissue perfusion occurs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.The goal was to determine retinal tissue perfusion in patients with clinical Alzheimer’s disease(CAD).Methods...Background:It remains unknow whether retinal tissue perfusion occurs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.The goal was to determine retinal tissue perfusion in patients with clinical Alzheimer’s disease(CAD).Methods:Twenty-four CAD patients and 19 cognitively normal(CN)age-matched controls were recruited.A retinal function imager(RFI,Optical Imaging Ltd.,Rehovot,Israel)was used to measure the retinal blood flow supplying the macular area of a diameter of 2.5 mm centered on the fovea.Blood flow volumes of arterioles(entering the macular region)and venules(exiting the macular region)of the supplied area were calculated.Macular blood flow was calculated as the average of arteriolar and venular flow volumes.Custom ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography(UHR–OCT)was used to calculate macular tissue volume.Automated segmentation software(Orion,Voxeleron LLC,Pleasanton,CA)was used to segment six intra-retinal layers in the 2.5 mm(diameter)area centered on the fovea.The inner retina(containing vessel network),including retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL),ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer(GCIPL),inner nuclear layer(INL)and outer plexiform layer(OPL),was segmented and tissue volume was calculated.Perfusion was calculated as the flow divided by the tissue volume.Results:The tissue perfusion in CAD patients was 2.58±0.79 nl/s/mm^(3)(mean±standard deviation)and was significantly lower than in CN subjects(3.62±0.44 nl/s/mm^(3),P<0.01),reflecting a decrease of 29%.The flow volume was 2.82±0.92 nl/s in CAD patients,which was 31%lower than in CN subjects(4.09±0.46 nl/s,P<0.01).GCIPL tissue volume was 0.47±0.04 mm^(3) in CAD patients and 6%lower than CN subjects(0.50±0.05 mm^(3),P<0.05).No other significant alterations were found in the intra-retinal layers between CAD and CN participants.Conclusions:This study is the first to show decreased retinal tissue perfusion that may be indicative of diminished tissue metabolic activity in patients with clinical Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
Purpose:It has been suggested that Sildenafil may have beneficial therapeutic effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.The retinal circulation is of significant interest as a marker of cerebral vascular...Purpose:It has been suggested that Sildenafil may have beneficial therapeutic effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.The retinal circulation is of significant interest as a marker of cerebral vascular disease since the retinal and cerebral vasculatures share many morphological and physiological properties,yet only the retinal circulation can be directly visualized.Therefore,our aim was to assess the change induced by Sildenafil on retinal blood velocity.Methods:Retinal flow velocity was measured 0.5,3 and 6 h following administration of 100 mg of Sildenafil using the Retinal Function Imager.Results:No clinical change in either systemic blood pressure or retinal flow velocities were observed.However,when controlling for heart rate and blood pressure,a significant drop in venous flow velocity 6 h following treatment(mean drop 0.3±0.07;95%CI:0.44–0.56,P=0.023)was revealed.Conclusions:In healthy volunteers,retinal venous flow velocity was significantly reduced at the 6-h time point following Sildenafil treatment.No effect was observed on arterial retinal flow velocity.展开更多
Background:The aim was to determine the relationship between bulbar conjunctival microcirculation and retinal microcirculation in a healthy population.Method:A functional slit-lamp biomicroscope(FSLB)was used to measu...Background:The aim was to determine the relationship between bulbar conjunctival microcirculation and retinal microcirculation in a healthy population.Method:A functional slit-lamp biomicroscope(FSLB)was used to measure blood flow velocity(BFV)and blood flow rate(BFR)in the conjunctiva while a retinal function imager(RFI)was used to measure macular BFV and BFR in the retina.One eye of each subject of 58 self-reported healthy subjects was imaged in the same session on the same day.Results:The mean BFV in the venules of the conjunctiva was 0.49±0.13 mm/s,which was significantly slower than that in the retinal arterioles(3.71±0.78 mm/s,P<0.001)and retinal venules(2.98±0.58 mm/s,P<0.001).The BFR in the conjunctiva(0.09 nl/s)was also significantly lower than that in the retina(arterioles=0.81 nl/s,venules=0.68 nl/s,all P<0.001).The BFVs and BFRs were not related between the conjunctiva and retina(r ranged from−0.17 to−0.05,all P>0.05).Conclusion:The microcirculation in the retina appeared to be different from that in the conjunctiva.展开更多
文摘AIM:To assess the retinal function in patients with dense cataracts in resource poor settings in Kinshasa,DR Congo.METHODS:In a tertiary eye care center,the Purkinje entoptic test was performed as part of the ophthalmological examination in 98 eyes in patients with cataract,using a penlight.Totally 92 cataract patients including 86 patients suffered from unilateral and 6 from bilateral cataracts were included in the study.The investigator asked the patients about their perception of the vascular pattern most commonly described as a leafless or dead tree.Visual acuity≥6/60 was considered an indication of good visual function and visual acuity<6/60 of poor function.Following small incision cataract surgery,best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was determined and compared with the preoperative findings.RESULTS:Out of 98 eyes,there were 80(81.6%)where the Purkinje entoptic phenomenon was reported by the patients.After cataract surgery,out of the 80 eyes,there were 75(93.8%)with a BCVA of better than 6/60,whereas in 5 eyes(6.2%),BCVA was 6/60 or less.Out of the 18 eyes(18.4%)where no Purkinje tree was recognized,there were 14(77.8%)with BCVA of better than 6/60,whereas in 4(22.2%)BCVA was 6/60 or less.CONCLUSION:The Purkinje entoptic test is successfully used for preoperative assessment of retinal function inpatients with dense cataract.However,further investigation and refinement of the test is necessary to validate the method for use in sub-Saharan conditions.
基金OS and SMG are supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council-Australian Research Council Dementia research fellowshipThis work was supported by a Mason Foundation project grant.
文摘Background:A great body of evidence suggests that there are retinal functional and structural changes that occur in Alzheimer’s disease(AD).However,whether such changes are primary or secondary remains to be elucidated.We studied a range of retinal functional and structural parameters in association with AD-specific pathophysiological markers in the double transgenic APP/PS1 and control mice across age.Methods:Electroretinogram(ERG)and optical coherence tomography(OCT)was performed in APP/PS1 and wild type(WT)control mice every 3 months from 3 to 12 months of age.For functional assessment,the a-and b-wave of the ERG,amplitude of oscillatory potentials(OP)and the positive scotopic threshold response(pSTR)were quantified at each time point.For structural assessment,the inner and outer retinal thickness was segmented and measured from OCT scans.Episodic memory was evaluated at 6,9 and 12 months of age using the novel object recognition test.Amyloid beta(Aβ)distribution in the hippocampus and the retina were visualised at 3,6 and 12 months of age.Interand intra-group analysis was performed to study rate of change for each parameter between the two groups.Results:Inter-group analysis revealed a significant difference in b-wave and OPs of APP/PS1 compared to WT controls starting from 3 months(p<0.001).There was also a significant difference in the amplitude of pSTR between the two groups starting from 6 months(p<0.001).Furthermore,a significant difference in the inner retinal thickness,between the two groups,was observed starting from 9 months(p<0.001).Conclusions:We observed an age-related decline in retinal functional and structural parameters in both APP/PS1 and WT controls,however,inter-group analysis revealed that inner retinal functional and structural decline is exacerbated in APP/PS1 mice,and that retinal functional changes precede structural changes in this strain.Further studies are required to confirm whether such phenomenon occurs in humans and if studying retinal functional changes can aid-in early assessment of AD.
文摘Background:The Retinal Function Imager(RFI)provides in vivo and noninvasive imaging of both the retinal structure and function.Review:The RFI can create capillary perfusion maps,measure blood flow velocity,and determine metabolic function including blood oximetry.It can aid clinical diagnosis as well as assess treatment response in several retinal vascular diseases including diabetic retinopathy.Blood flow velocity abnormalities have also been implicated in disease such as age-related macular degeneration and require further investigation.Compared with optical coherence tomography angiography,the RFI produces capillary maps of comparable image quality and wider field of view but it is unable to provide depth-resolved information and has longer image acquisition time.Currently,functional imaging using blood oximetry has limited applications and additional research is required.Conclusion:The RFI offers noninvasive,high-resolution imaging of retinal microvasculature by creating capillary perfusion maps.In addition,it is capable of measuring retinal blood velocity directly and performs functional imaging with retinal blood oximetry.Its clinical applications are broad and additional research with functional imaging may potentially lead to diagnosis of diseases and their progression before anatomic abnormalities become evident,but longer image acquisition times may limit its clinical adoption.
基金NIH Center Grant P30 EY014801Grant from Research to Prevent Blindness(RPB)。
文摘Background:Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)is the most common cause of acute optic neuropathy in patients over 50 years of age,and many affected individuals are left with permanent visual deficits.Despite the frequency of NAION and its often devastating effects on vision,no effective treatment has been established.Further understanding of the acute vascular effects in NAION,using advanced ophthalmic imaging techniques like the retinal function imager,may shed light on potential treatment targets.Methods:Five patients with acute NAION underwent retinal functional imaging within 2 weeks of the onset of their visual symptoms,and at 1 month and 3 months after onset.Average arteriolar and venular blood flow velocities were calculated for each eye at each time point.The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare blood flow velocity results with a normative database.Results:The average arteriolar blood flow velocity in the normative group was 3.8 mm/s,and the average venular blood flow velocity was 3.0 mm/s,versus 4.1 mm/s and 2.7 mm/s,respectively,in the NAION-affected group at presentation.Average arteriolar blood flow increased slightly to 4.2 mm/s one month after the acute NAION event,then decreased to 3.8 mm/s three months after the event.Average venular blood flow velocity was 2.8 mm/s 1 month after the NAION event and 2.7 mm/s 3 months after the event.Differences in blood flow velocity between the NAION-affected and control groups were not statistically significant at any time point;however,there was a trend toward increasing blood flow velocity initially after an NAION,with a decrease over time.Conclusions:This study demonstrates the feasibility of retinal function imaging to quantify macular blood flow velocity in patients with acute NAION.There were no statistically significant differences in blood flow velocity detected between NAION-affected eyes and healthy controls at any of the time points examined;however,there was a trend toward an increase in both arteriolar and venular BFV subacutely,then a decrease in the chronic phase after NAION,which could be suggestive of a mechanism of attempted compensation in the setting of acute ischemia.
基金funded by the National MS Society(RG-1606-08768 to SS),R01NS082347(PAC)the Walters Foundation(to EF).
文摘Background:The retinal microcirculation has been studied in various diseases including multiple sclerosis(MS).However,inter-eye correlations and potential differences of the retinal blood flow velocity(BFV)remain largely unstudied but may be important in guiding eye selection as well as the design and interpretation of studies assessing or utilizing retinal BFV.The primary aim of this study was to determine inter-eye correlations in BFVs in healthy controls(HCs).Since prior studies raise the possibility of reduced BFV in MS eyes,a secondary aim was to compare retinal BFVs between MS eyes,grouped based on optic neuritis(ON)history and HC eyes.Methods:Macular arteriole and venule BFVs were determined using a retinal function imager(RFI)in both eyes of 20 HCs.One eye from a total of 38 MS patients comprising 13 eyes with ON(MSON)and 25 eyes without ON(MSNON)history were similarly imaged with RFI.Results:OD(right)and OS(left)BFVs were not significantly different in arterioles(OD:3.95±0.59 mm/s;OS:4.08±0.60 mm/s,P=0.10)or venules(OD:3.11±0.46 mm/s;OS:3.23±0.52 mm/s,P=0.06)in HCs.Very strong inter-eye correlations were also found between arteriolar(r=0.84,P<0.001)and venular(r=0.87,P<0.001)BFVs in HCs.Arteriolar(3.48±0.88 mm/s)and venular(2.75±0.53 mm/s)BFVs in MSNON eyes were significantly lower than in HC eyes(P=0.009 and P=0.005,respectively).Similarly,arteriolar(3.59±0.69 mm/s)and venular(2.80±0.45 mm/s)BFVs in MSON eyes were also significantly lower than in HC eyes(P=0.046 and P=0.048,respectively).Arteriolar and venular BFVs in MSON and MSNON eyes did not differ from each other(P=0.42 and P=0.48,respectively).Conclusions:Inter-eye arteriolar and venular BFVs do not differ significantly in HCs and are strongly correlated.Our findings support prior observations that arteriolar and venular BFVs may be reduced in MS eyes.Moreover,this seems to be the case in both MS eyes with and without a history of ON,raising the possibility of global blood flow alterations in MS.Future larger studies are needed to assess differences in BFVs between MSON and MSNON eyes.
基金support of this paper came from the National Key R&D Program of China to JY(2017YFC0112400 and 2017YFC0112402)in the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Sun Yat-sen Universitysupported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to JY(81670826)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China to JY(2016A020215093)the Research Program of Sun Yat-sen University(5-5 Program),China to JY(3030901010080).
文摘Background:To determine the inter-visit variability of retinal blood flow velocities(BFVs)using a retinal function imager(RFI)in healthy young subjects.Methods:Twenty eyes of 20 healthy young subjects were enrolled.RFI imaging was performed to obtain the BFVs in retinal arterioles and venules in a field measuring 7.3×7.3 mm^(2)(setting:35 degrees)centered on the fovea,and repeated measurements were obtained on two separate days.The inter-visit variability of BFVs was assessed by the concordance correlation coefficient(CCC)and coefficient of variance(CV).Results:At the first visit,the mean BFV was 3.6±0.8 mm/s and 3.0±0.7 mm/s in arterioles and venules,respectively,which were not significantly different from those at the second visit(the BFV of arterioles was 3.5±0.8 mm/s,and the BFV of venules was 3.0±0.7 mm/s,P>0.05,respectively).The CCC was 0.72 in the BFVs of arterioles and 0.67 in venules,and the CV was 10.8%in the BFVs of arterioles and 11.0%in venules.Conclusion:The inter-visit variability using the retinal function imager(RFI)with a large field of view appeared to be good and comparable to previously reported intra-visit and inter-eye variability.
文摘AIM:To evaluate a high-resolution functional imaging device that yields quantitative data regarding macular blood flow and capillary network features in eyes with diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS:Prospective,cross-sectional comparative case-series in which blood flow velocities(BFVs)and noninvasive capillary perfusion maps(nCPMs)in macular vessels were measured in patients with DR and in healthy controls using the Retinal Functional Imager(RFI)device.RESULTS:A total of 27 eyes of 21 subjects were studied[9 eyes nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR),9 eyes proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)and 9 controls].All diabetic patients were type 2.All patients with NPDR and 5 eyes with PDR also had diabetic macular edema(DME).The NPDR group included eyes with severe(n=3)and moderate NPDR(n=6),and were symptomatic.A significant decrease in venular BFVs was observed in the macular region of PDR eyes when compared to controls(2.61±0.6 mm/s and 2.92±0.72 mm/s in PDR and controls,respectively,P=0.019)as well as PDR eyes with DME compared to NPDR eyes(2.36±0.51 mm/s and 2.94±1.09 mm/s in PDR with DME and NPDR,respectively,P=0.01).CONCLUSION:The RFI,a non-invasive imaging tool,provides high-resolution functional imaging of the retinal microvasculature and quantitative measurement of BFVs in visually impaired DR patients.The isolated diminish venular BFVs in PDR eyes compared to healthy eyes and PDR eyes with DME in comparison to NPDR eyes may indicate the possibility of more retinal vein compromise than suspected in advanced DR.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,No.2015AA020511)
文摘AIM：To evaluate the structural injure patterns in peripapillary retinal fiber layer （pRNFL）, retinal ganglion cell layer （RGCL） and their correlations to visual function in various mitochondrial optic neuropathies （MON） to offer help to their differential diagnosis.METHODS：Totally 32 MON patients （60 eyes） were recruited within 6mo after clinical onsets, including 20 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy （LHON） patients （37eyes）, 12 ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy （EON）patients （23 eyes）, and 41 age-gender matched healthy controls （HC, 82 eyes）. All subjects had pRNFL and RGCL examinations with optic coherence tomography （OCT） and visual function tests.RESULTS：In the early stages of MON, the temporal pRNFL thickness decreased （66.09±22.57μm）, but increased in other quadrants, compared to HC （76.95±14.81μm）. The other quadrants remaining stable for LHON and EON patients besides the second hour sector of pRNFL thickness reduced and the temporal pRNFL decreased （56.78±15.87μm） for EON. Total macular thickness in MON reduced remarkably（279.25±18.90μm; P=0.015）, which mainly occurring in the inner circle （3 mm diameter of circle） and the nasal temporal sectors in the outer circle （5.5 mm diameter of circle）, in contrast to those in HC. RGCL thickness reduced in each sector of the macula （61.90±8.73μm; P≤0.001）. It strongly showed the correlationship of best corrected visual acuity （R=0.50, P=0.0003） and visual field injury （R=0.54,P=0.0002） in MON patients.CONCLUSION：OCT is a potential tool for detecting structural alterations in the optic nerves of various MON. Different types of MON may have different damage patterns.
文摘Objective To observe the changes on multifocal electroretinography （MfERG） in the fellow eyes of patients with high myopia without fundus lesions and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment （RRD）. Methods MfERG was performed in 66 patients （ 66 eyes） which were grouped into ： emmetropes （ n = 22 ） as the control eye ; high myopes without fundus lesions （ corrected visual acuity ≥ 1. 0, n = 15 ） ; and fellow eyes of high myopics with RRD （n = 29 ）. The first-order kernels N1, P1, N2 response density and latency were analyzed. Results When compared with the emmetropes group, the high myopes group had significantly reduced N1 , PI , and N2 wave response densities in rings 1 to 6 （ P 〈 0. 05 ）, delayed N1 wave latency in rings 3 to 6, and P1 wave latency in rings 3 to 5 （ P 〈 0. 05 ）. The fellow eyes group had significantly reduced N1, P1, and N2 wave response densities in rings 1 to 6 and significantly delayed N1 and P1 wave latencies in rings 3 to 6 （ P 〈0. 05） compared with the emmetropes group. Compared with the high myopes group, P1 wave response densities in rings 1 to 6, N1 wave response densities in rings 1,3, 4, and 6, and N2 wave response density in ring 1 were significantly decreased in the fellow eyes group （ P 〈 0. 05 ） ; whereas there were no significant differences in latencies between the two groups （P 〉0.05）. Conclusion MfERG can sensitively assess the early changes in visual function in fellow eyes in patients with RRD.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation(NRF-2020R1A2C1009480)the Ministry of Education of Korea and the Brain Pool Program funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(NRF2022H1D3A2A01089675,NRF2020H1D3A2A02085884 and NRF-2020H1D3A2A02096147)This work was also supported by 2022 fostering project on Regional Characteri-zation Program through the INNOPOLIS funded by Minis-try of Science and ICT(2022-IT-RD-0209).
文摘Natural photoreceptors enable color vision in humans,wherein the eyes detect colors and their corresponding intensities via cone and rod photoreceptors,respectively.Herein,we developed an artificial broadband photoreceptor with light-color intensity detection similar to that of natural photoreceptors.The developed photoreceptor operates in the self-powered mode and is capable of broadband perception(365–940 nm).The designed metal-oxide heterojunction(n-ZnO/p-NiO)photoreceptor with a thin tin sulfide layer embedded in between is capable of perceiving various colors.It exhibits good transparency in the visible range and displays excellent integration with flexible substrates,highlighting its potential for use in flexible electronics.The fabricated structure has an exceptional response time(≈1 ms)and a wide-field-of-view(150?)compared to the human eye's sensing range(50–100 ms and 108?).The transparent photorecep-tor mimics cones and rods to detect a various wavelength-dependent signals and explicitly differentiate between the intensities of the detected signals,respectively.This is further illustrated by employing the developed photoreceptor to detect colors in real time by generating unique signals corresponding to each color.The demonstration provides the proof of concept for self-biased flexible bioelectronics emulating high-performing visual functions of artificial eyes.
基金Supported by NIH Center Grant P30 EY014801grant from Research to Prevent Blindness(RPB)。
文摘Background:The aim was to determine retinal nerve fiber layer function and its relations to retinal microvasculature and microcirculation in patients with myopia.Method:Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PS-OCT)was used to measure phase retardation per unit depth(PR/UD,proportional to the birefringence)of the retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL).Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)was used to measure macular vessel density analyzed using fractal analysis.In addition,a retinal function imager(RFI)was used to measure macular blood flow velocities in arterioles and venules.Twenty-two patients with moderate myopia(MM,refraction>3 and<6 diopters),seventeen patients with high myopia(HM,≥6 D)and 29 healthy control subjects(HC,≤3.00 D)were recruited.One eye of each patient was imaged.Results:Although the average PR/UD of the RNFL in the HM group did not reach a significant level,the birefringence of the inferior quadrant was significantly lower(P<0.05)in the HM group compared to the HC group.Significant thinning of the average RNFL and focal thinning of RFNL in temporal,superior and inferior quadrants in the HM group were found,compared to the HC group(P<0.05).There were no significant differences of retinal blood flow velocities in arterioles and venules among groups(P>0.05).The macular vessel density in both superficial and deep vascular plexuses was significantly lower in the HM group than in the other two groups(P<0.05)as well as in the MM group than in the HC group(P<0.05).The average PR/UD and PR/UD in the inferior quadrant were not related to refraction,axial length,blood flow velocities and macular vessel densities(r ranged from−0.09 to 0.19,P>0.05).Conclusions:The impairment of the retinal nerve fiber birefringence in the HM group may be one of the independent features in high myopic eyes,which appeared not to relate to macular microvascular density and blood flow velocity.
基金supported by the McKnight Brain Institute,NIH Center Grant P30 EY014801,UM Dean's NIH Bridge Award(UM DBA 2019-3)a grant from Research to Prevent Blindness(RPB)and the North American Neuroophthalmology Society.
文摘Background:It remains unknow whether retinal tissue perfusion occurs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.The goal was to determine retinal tissue perfusion in patients with clinical Alzheimer’s disease(CAD).Methods:Twenty-four CAD patients and 19 cognitively normal(CN)age-matched controls were recruited.A retinal function imager(RFI,Optical Imaging Ltd.,Rehovot,Israel)was used to measure the retinal blood flow supplying the macular area of a diameter of 2.5 mm centered on the fovea.Blood flow volumes of arterioles(entering the macular region)and venules(exiting the macular region)of the supplied area were calculated.Macular blood flow was calculated as the average of arteriolar and venular flow volumes.Custom ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography(UHR–OCT)was used to calculate macular tissue volume.Automated segmentation software(Orion,Voxeleron LLC,Pleasanton,CA)was used to segment six intra-retinal layers in the 2.5 mm(diameter)area centered on the fovea.The inner retina(containing vessel network),including retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL),ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer(GCIPL),inner nuclear layer(INL)and outer plexiform layer(OPL),was segmented and tissue volume was calculated.Perfusion was calculated as the flow divided by the tissue volume.Results:The tissue perfusion in CAD patients was 2.58±0.79 nl/s/mm^(3)(mean±standard deviation)and was significantly lower than in CN subjects(3.62±0.44 nl/s/mm^(3),P<0.01),reflecting a decrease of 29%.The flow volume was 2.82±0.92 nl/s in CAD patients,which was 31%lower than in CN subjects(4.09±0.46 nl/s,P<0.01).GCIPL tissue volume was 0.47±0.04 mm^(3) in CAD patients and 6%lower than CN subjects(0.50±0.05 mm^(3),P<0.05).No other significant alterations were found in the intra-retinal layers between CAD and CN participants.Conclusions:This study is the first to show decreased retinal tissue perfusion that may be indicative of diminished tissue metabolic activity in patients with clinical Alzheimer’s disease.
文摘Purpose:It has been suggested that Sildenafil may have beneficial therapeutic effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.The retinal circulation is of significant interest as a marker of cerebral vascular disease since the retinal and cerebral vasculatures share many morphological and physiological properties,yet only the retinal circulation can be directly visualized.Therefore,our aim was to assess the change induced by Sildenafil on retinal blood velocity.Methods:Retinal flow velocity was measured 0.5,3 and 6 h following administration of 100 mg of Sildenafil using the Retinal Function Imager.Results:No clinical change in either systemic blood pressure or retinal flow velocities were observed.However,when controlling for heart rate and blood pressure,a significant drop in venous flow velocity 6 h following treatment(mean drop 0.3±0.07;95%CI:0.44–0.56,P=0.023)was revealed.Conclusions:In healthy volunteers,retinal venous flow velocity was significantly reduced at the 6-h time point following Sildenafil treatment.No effect was observed on arterial retinal flow velocity.
基金Supported by NIH Center Grant P30 EY014801a grant from Research to Prevent Blindness(RPB).
文摘Background:The aim was to determine the relationship between bulbar conjunctival microcirculation and retinal microcirculation in a healthy population.Method:A functional slit-lamp biomicroscope(FSLB)was used to measure blood flow velocity(BFV)and blood flow rate(BFR)in the conjunctiva while a retinal function imager(RFI)was used to measure macular BFV and BFR in the retina.One eye of each subject of 58 self-reported healthy subjects was imaged in the same session on the same day.Results:The mean BFV in the venules of the conjunctiva was 0.49±0.13 mm/s,which was significantly slower than that in the retinal arterioles(3.71±0.78 mm/s,P<0.001)and retinal venules(2.98±0.58 mm/s,P<0.001).The BFR in the conjunctiva(0.09 nl/s)was also significantly lower than that in the retina(arterioles=0.81 nl/s,venules=0.68 nl/s,all P<0.001).The BFVs and BFRs were not related between the conjunctiva and retina(r ranged from−0.17 to−0.05,all P>0.05).Conclusion:The microcirculation in the retina appeared to be different from that in the conjunctiva.
