As a variant index, variation has an inherent shortcoming that it can only reflect the static fluctuation of the crop. This paper makes complementary analysis about it on the basis of the comment on Miranda＇s approac...As a variant index, variation has an inherent shortcoming that it can only reflect the static fluctuation of the crop. This paper makes complementary analysis about it on the basis of the comment on Miranda＇s approach of β index and goes on to analyze the β index approach under the condition of three kinds of crop insurance plans, β index approach has the advantage that it can dynamically reflect the risk transfer effect of crop insurance plan. At the same insurance level, the smaller the β index is, the better the corresponding risk transfer effect of crop insurance plan is; And vice versa.展开更多
Objective To study the origin and development,framework and content of the EU-RMP(European Drug Risk Management Plan)so as to provide a reference for China’s drug risk management plan(RMP).Methods Literature research...Objective To study the origin and development,framework and content of the EU-RMP(European Drug Risk Management Plan)so as to provide a reference for China’s drug risk management plan(RMP).Methods Literature research and comparative research were used in this paper.Through searching Chinese and foreign literature,the website of European Medicines Agency(EMA)and the Guideline on Good Pharmacovigilance Practices(GVP),in-depth understanding of the EU-RMP content and requirements,some lessons were extracted for our reference.Results and Conclusion All departments should cooperate closely in the preparation of RMP in China.Then,the risk control measures should be further enriched to reduce the risks.Besides,the rules for implementing RMP should be clarified to promote the risk management of the whole life cycle of drugs and maintain the safety of patients’medication.展开更多
As a consequence of the impacts of climate change, some households and entire communities across the Pacific are making the complex and challenging decision to leave their homelands and relocate to new environments th...As a consequence of the impacts of climate change, some households and entire communities across the Pacific are making the complex and challenging decision to leave their homelands and relocate to new environments that can sustain their livelihoods. This short article charts how the residents of Vunidogoloa village in Fiji relocated in early 2014 to reduce their vulnerability to encroaching sea level and inundation events that regularly devastated the community. As a consequence of the Vunidogoloa relocation, this article also explores how the Fiji Government is planning for similar resettlement transitions, including vulnerability and adaptation assessments to develop a list of potential community relocations and the development of national relocation guidelines. This study draws from key informant interviews(n = 8) with government officials, as well as representatives from intergovernmental and local nongovernmental organizations,who are involved in the relocation issue. Given the speed at which these national, top-down initiatives are being forged and especially in light of the absence of any mention of relocation in Fiji’s 2012 climate change policy, careful and inclusive engagement across all scales and stakeholders,including communities 'earmarked' for relocation, is paramount.展开更多
Disaster risk depends on both the physical vulnerability and a wide range of social, economic, and environmental aspects of a society. For a better risk understanding, a holistic or integrated perspective was consider...Disaster risk depends on both the physical vulnerability and a wide range of social, economic, and environmental aspects of a society. For a better risk understanding, a holistic or integrated perspective was considered when risk was assessed for the city of Manizales, Colombia. This assessment accounts not only for the expected physical damage and loss, but also for the socioeconomic vulnerability factors that favor secondorder effects in a disaster. This comprehensive approach allows the identification of different aspects related to physical vulnerability, social fragility, and lack of resilience that can be improved, thus enhancing integrated disaster risk management actions. The outcomes of this comprehensive assessment are currently being used as input to update the disaster risk management plan of Manizales.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To systematically investigate the safety of Xingxue~ Shuxuening injection(SXN) in preand post-marketing, and to ensure clinical drug safety.METHODS: Strict quality control in raw herb selection and producti...OBJECTIVE: To systematically investigate the safety of Xingxue~ Shuxuening injection(SXN) in preand post-marketing, and to ensure clinical drug safety.METHODS: Strict quality control in raw herb selection and production processes was adopted and pharmacology research on SXN was performed by the drug manufacturing company, Heilongjiang ZBD Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. We systematically reviewed the safety literature of Xingxue~ SXN. Adverse drug reaction(ADR) data of the drug, extracted from Spontaneous Reporting System(SRS), and clinical characters based on 20 hospital information systems(HIS) in China, were analyzed. Large-scale prospective safety monitoring and Risk Minimization Action Plans(Risk MAPs) of Xingxue~SXN were carried out.RESULTS: The quality of SXN was stable and controllable when it was produced. Drug toxicology studies found no effect on rabbits with hemolytic or condensed, local stimulation and muscle stimulation, and no allergic reactions in guinea pigs. The ADRs of Xingxue~ SXN were dizziness, phlebitis,and vomiting based on SRS data. The injection did not conform to instructions in clinical practice when we analyzed HIS database, and patient’s abnormal blood urea nitrogen levels may be related to the drug, when analyzed using the propensity score method. A nested case-control study was designed and performed to analyze the influencing factors of suspected allergic reactions to SXN. The study showed that patients with an allergy history were more prone to allergic reactions(P<0.001),and some medicine combinations could cause allergic reactions.CONCLUSION: These studies have established a body of evidence on Xingxue~ SXN safety, and provide a good model for Chinese medicine injection for clinical safety. The Xingxue~ SXN production process and toxicology research indicate the safety of the injection. However, the use of the injection is not consistent with instructed clinical practice.Xingxue~ SXN causes ADRs perhaps from inappropriate usage or its pharmacological action. This injection needs better Risk MAPs to ensure its clinical safety.展开更多
文摘As a variant index, variation has an inherent shortcoming that it can only reflect the static fluctuation of the crop. This paper makes complementary analysis about it on the basis of the comment on Miranda＇s approach of β index and goes on to analyze the β index approach under the condition of three kinds of crop insurance plans, β index approach has the advantage that it can dynamically reflect the risk transfer effect of crop insurance plan. At the same insurance level, the smaller the β index is, the better the corresponding risk transfer effect of crop insurance plan is; And vice versa.
文摘Objective To study the origin and development,framework and content of the EU-RMP(European Drug Risk Management Plan)so as to provide a reference for China’s drug risk management plan(RMP).Methods Literature research and comparative research were used in this paper.Through searching Chinese and foreign literature,the website of European Medicines Agency(EMA)and the Guideline on Good Pharmacovigilance Practices(GVP),in-depth understanding of the EU-RMP content and requirements,some lessons were extracted for our reference.Results and Conclusion All departments should cooperate closely in the preparation of RMP in China.Then,the risk control measures should be further enriched to reduce the risks.Besides,the rules for implementing RMP should be clarified to promote the risk management of the whole life cycle of drugs and maintain the safety of patients’medication.
文摘As a consequence of the impacts of climate change, some households and entire communities across the Pacific are making the complex and challenging decision to leave their homelands and relocate to new environments that can sustain their livelihoods. This short article charts how the residents of Vunidogoloa village in Fiji relocated in early 2014 to reduce their vulnerability to encroaching sea level and inundation events that regularly devastated the community. As a consequence of the Vunidogoloa relocation, this article also explores how the Fiji Government is planning for similar resettlement transitions, including vulnerability and adaptation assessments to develop a list of potential community relocations and the development of national relocation guidelines. This study draws from key informant interviews(n = 8) with government officials, as well as representatives from intergovernmental and local nongovernmental organizations,who are involved in the relocation issue. Given the speed at which these national, top-down initiatives are being forged and especially in light of the absence of any mention of relocation in Fiji’s 2012 climate change policy, careful and inclusive engagement across all scales and stakeholders,including communities 'earmarked' for relocation, is paramount.
基金the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain ‘‘Evaluación de la Vulnerabilidad y el Riesgo de Zonas Urbanas Expuestas a Amenazas Naturales y Antrópicas-EZUANA’’ (BIA2016-78544-R)
文摘Disaster risk depends on both the physical vulnerability and a wide range of social, economic, and environmental aspects of a society. For a better risk understanding, a holistic or integrated perspective was considered when risk was assessed for the city of Manizales, Colombia. This assessment accounts not only for the expected physical damage and loss, but also for the socioeconomic vulnerability factors that favor secondorder effects in a disaster. This comprehensive approach allows the identification of different aspects related to physical vulnerability, social fragility, and lack of resilience that can be improved, thus enhancing integrated disaster risk management actions. The outcomes of this comprehensive assessment are currently being used as input to update the disaster risk management plan of Manizales.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Major Projects for "Major New Drugs Innovation and Development:Study on Key Technologies of Post-marketing Evaluation for Chinese Medicine(No.2009ZX09502-030)"Doctoral Candidate Innovation Personnel Training Funding in China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
文摘OBJECTIVE: To systematically investigate the safety of Xingxue~ Shuxuening injection(SXN) in preand post-marketing, and to ensure clinical drug safety.METHODS: Strict quality control in raw herb selection and production processes was adopted and pharmacology research on SXN was performed by the drug manufacturing company, Heilongjiang ZBD Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. We systematically reviewed the safety literature of Xingxue~ SXN. Adverse drug reaction(ADR) data of the drug, extracted from Spontaneous Reporting System(SRS), and clinical characters based on 20 hospital information systems(HIS) in China, were analyzed. Large-scale prospective safety monitoring and Risk Minimization Action Plans(Risk MAPs) of Xingxue~SXN were carried out.RESULTS: The quality of SXN was stable and controllable when it was produced. Drug toxicology studies found no effect on rabbits with hemolytic or condensed, local stimulation and muscle stimulation, and no allergic reactions in guinea pigs. The ADRs of Xingxue~ SXN were dizziness, phlebitis,and vomiting based on SRS data. The injection did not conform to instructions in clinical practice when we analyzed HIS database, and patient’s abnormal blood urea nitrogen levels may be related to the drug, when analyzed using the propensity score method. A nested case-control study was designed and performed to analyze the influencing factors of suspected allergic reactions to SXN. The study showed that patients with an allergy history were more prone to allergic reactions(P<0.001),and some medicine combinations could cause allergic reactions.CONCLUSION: These studies have established a body of evidence on Xingxue~ SXN safety, and provide a good model for Chinese medicine injection for clinical safety. The Xingxue~ SXN production process and toxicology research indicate the safety of the injection. However, the use of the injection is not consistent with instructed clinical practice.Xingxue~ SXN causes ADRs perhaps from inappropriate usage or its pharmacological action. This injection needs better Risk MAPs to ensure its clinical safety.
