Background:Dihydrogen(H_(2))is produced endogenously by the intestinal microbiota through the fermentation of diet carbohydrates.Over the past few years,numer-ous studies have demonstrated the significant therapeutic ...Background:Dihydrogen(H_(2))is produced endogenously by the intestinal microbiota through the fermentation of diet carbohydrates.Over the past few years,numer-ous studies have demonstrated the significant therapeutic potential of H_(2)in various pathophysiological contexts,making the characterization of its production in labora-tory species of major preclinical importance.Methods:This study proposes an innovative solution to accurately monitor H_(2)pro-duction in free-moving rodents while respecting animal welfare standards.The devel-oped device consisted of a wire rodent cage placed inside an airtight chamber in which the air quality was maintained,and the H_(2)concentration was continuously analyzed.After the airtightness and efficiency of the systems used to control and maintain air quality in the chamber were checked,tests were carried out on rats and mice with different metabolic phenotypes,over 12 min to 1-h experiments and repeatedly.H_(2)production rates(HPR)were obtained using an easy calculation algorithm based on a first-order moving average.Results:HPR in hyperphagic Zucker rats was found to be twice as high as in control Wistar rats,respectively,2.64 and 1.27 nmol.s^(−1)per animal.In addition,the ingestion of inulin,a dietary fiber,stimulated H_(2)production in mice.HPRs were 0.46 nmol.s^(−1)for animals under control diet and 1.99 nmol.s^(−1)for animals under inulin diet.Conclusions:The proposed device coupled with our algorithm enables fine analysis of the metabolic phenotype of laboratory rats or mice with regard to their endogenous H_(2)production.展开更多
The advances in the application of sterilizing techniques against pest rodents in China are introduced in the paper. The development of chemosterilants, improvements of botanic sterilants, production of new steroid ho...The advances in the application of sterilizing techniques against pest rodents in China are introduced in the paper. The development of chemosterilants, improvements of botanic sterilants, production of new steroid hormone sterilants, introduction of immunosterility and excellent properties of the sterilants are outlined. The 揝pace Occupation Theory?of sterile techniques is advanced after practice. The botanic sterilants with gossypol and trichosanthin as its main agents were screened and successfully applied in the large area control in the northern forest area of China. The safety of sterilants to non-target animals such as rats, rabbits, dogs, monkeys and chickens was summarized.展开更多
Objective To investigate the impact of impoundment and active public health interventions on rodent populations and rodent-borne diseases in the Three Gorges reservoir region from 1997 to 2012. Methods Surveillance da...Objective To investigate the impact of impoundment and active public health interventions on rodent populations and rodent-borne diseases in the Three Gorges reservoir region from 1997 to 2012. Methods Surveillance data from 1997 to 2012 were extracted from the Public Health Surveillance System of The Three Gorges established in 1997. Temporal changes in the incidences of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome （HFRS） and leptospirosis, rodent density, pathogen-carrying rates, and their correlations were analyzed. Results The average indoor and outdoor rodent densities decreased overall from 1997 to 2012. The average densities decreased by 47.72% （from 4.38% to 2.29%） and 39.68% （from 4.41% to 2.66%）, respectively, after impoundment （2003-2012） compared with before impoundment （1997-2002）. The average annual incidence rates of HFRS and leptospirosis were 0.29/100,000 and 0.52/100,000, respectively, and decreased by 85.74% （from 0.68/100,000 to 0.10/100,000） and 95.73% （from 1.47/100,000 to 0.06S/100,000）, respectively, after impoundment compared with before impoundment. Incidences of HFRS and leptospirosis appear to be positively correlated with rodent density in the reservoir area. Conclusion This study demonstrated that rodent density and incidences of rodent-borne diseases decreased and were maintained at low levels during construction of the Three Gorges dam. Measures that reduce rodent population densities could be effective in controlling rodent-borne diseases during large-scale hydraulic engineering construction.展开更多
We summarize theoretical approaches and practice of rodent pest control in Russia and former USSR during last 50 years. We review literature as well as original data to understand mechanisms of rodent populations reco...We summarize theoretical approaches and practice of rodent pest control in Russia and former USSR during last 50 years. We review literature as well as original data to understand mechanisms of rodent populations recovery after chemical control campaigns in urban areas, agricultural lands and natural foci of plague. Laboratory and field experiments indicate that inherent individual variation in behavioural, physiological and life-history traits provides survival of heterogeneous mix of individuals in residual population with increased resistance to poisonous baits and high reproductive potential that leads to fast recovery of a population. In a series of field experiments with various rodent and lagomorph species （Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Meriones unguiculatus, M. meridianus, M. tamariscinus, Ochotona pallasii ） we have shown that patterns of recolonization of depopulated area and mechanisms of population recovery vary among species and depend on species-specific social organization. After control territorial and group-living species demonstrated an increase in mobility and affiliative and marking behaviour and a decrease in intraspecific aggression. The rate of recolonization of treated areas was high due to redistribution of survived individuals and immigration by neighbors. Population recovered to original level due to increased breeding performance and fecundity of both survived residents and immigrants. In contrast, socially-independent species exhibited minor changes in behaviour. Recolonization was mainly due to better survival and recruitment of youngs, so the rate of recolonization was low. Species-specificity of behavioural compensation mechanisms to control should be considered when developing ecologically based rodent management strategies展开更多
Bagged and dispersed Pyrinuron (a self-formulated rodenticide) were tested for control of Clethrionomus rutilus and Clethrionomus rufocanus in larch plantation, Pingshan area, Heilongjiang Province from Oct. 1998 to A...Bagged and dispersed Pyrinuron (a self-formulated rodenticide) were tested for control of Clethrionomus rutilus and Clethrionomus rufocanus in larch plantation, Pingshan area, Heilongjiang Province from Oct. 1998 to Apr. 1999. The results showed that the bagged Pyrinuron has good result for control of the two rodent pests. The density of rodents was reduced by 90.5% after application of bagged Pyrinuron. This application method has characteristics of long residual period, bait not going mould and saving labour force.展开更多
Since 2002,Hami City,Xinjiang Province,has implemented"construction project of rodent-free demonstration area".Artificial eagle frames are installed on the grassland to control rodent damage,receiving remark...Since 2002,Hami City,Xinjiang Province,has implemented"construction project of rodent-free demonstration area".Artificial eagle frames are installed on the grassland to control rodent damage,receiving remarkable control effect.The rodent density in the treatment area is below the threshold of hazard.Moreover,the implementation of the project increases the grassland biomass and improves the vegetation coverage,receiving good economic,ecological and social benefits.展开更多
China experiences serious agricultural damages from rodents, and, correspondingly, researchers in China are actively studying rodent biology and management. Following the popularization of ecologically-based rodent pe...China experiences serious agricultural damages from rodents, and, correspondingly, researchers in China are actively studying rodent biology and management. Following the popularization of ecologically-based rodent pest management and extension of the basic state policy of Ecological Civilization Construction in China, recent efforts in rodent control technologies are mainly focused on eliminating side effects of rodenticides and developing environmentally friendly techniques. Considering ecological functions of rodents to test their interaction with the environment is a promising design for understanding rodent populations in local ecosystems and for developing ecologically-based rodent management. Using ecological phenotypes and applying advanced techniques of molecular biology, genetics, and epigenetics might be useful for illustrating the deep regulatory mechanisms of fluctuations in rodent populations. However, facing the dual characteristics of rodents as pests and their roles as keystone species in many ecosystems, it is still a challenge to establish reasonable local thresholds to balance rodent management with the negative effects of rodent control on the environment in the future.展开更多
The road effect on small rodent population is investigated at 8 fragmented forest areas in the Baekdudaegan mountain range, South Korea in September 2001. We especially focused on the distribution and body condition o...The road effect on small rodent population is investigated at 8 fragmented forest areas in the Baekdudaegan mountain range, South Korea in September 2001. We especially focused on the distribution and body condition of small rodents near the roads. Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) seems to be more sensitive to the existence of a road than striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). Korean field mouse prefers interior forest area to around road. Striped field mouse is a habitat generalist and has wide distributional range around road, but Korean field mouse is forest-inhabiting species and their distribution is limited in forest area. These results suggest the effect of road is different on each small rodent species and their habitat preferences.展开更多
All extant species in the rodent family Spalacidae are subterranean and have evolved various traits for underground life.However,the phylogenomic relationships among its three subfamilies(Myospalacinae,Spalacinae,and ...All extant species in the rodent family Spalacidae are subterranean and have evolved various traits for underground life.However,the phylogenomic relationships among its three subfamilies(Myospalacinae,Spalacinae,and Rhizomyinae)and the molecular basis underlying their adaptations to underground life remain poorly understood.Here,we inferred the phylogenomic relationships among these subfamilies based on de novo sequencing the genome of the hoary bamboo rat(Rhizomys pruinosus).Analyses showed that 50%of the identified 11028 one-to-one orthologous protein-coding genes and the concatenated sequences of these orthologous genes strongly supported a sister relationship between Myospalacinae and Rhizomyinae.展开更多
Spinal cord injuries （SCI） in rodents have been created by laceration, contusion, compression, or intramedullary injection of toxic agents. The choice of an appropriate SCI model should be made for each study based ...Spinal cord injuries （SCI） in rodents have been created by laceration, contusion, compression, or intramedullary injection of toxic agents. The choice of an appropriate SCI model should be made for each study based on the experimental design, with care taken to avoid unintended complications such as hemorrhage. Technical comments will be made in this communication describing the 1） importance of vertebral stabi- lization, 2） injury preparation, and 3） landmarks to improve the preci- sion and reproducibility of the SCI.展开更多
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw(MRONJ)is primarily associated with administering antiresorptive or antiangiogenic drugs.Despite significant research on MRONJ,its pathogenesis and effective treatments are s...Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw(MRONJ)is primarily associated with administering antiresorptive or antiangiogenic drugs.Despite significant research on MRONJ,its pathogenesis and effective treatments are still not fully understood.Animal models can be used to simulate the pathophysiological features of MRONJ,serving as standardized in vivo experimental platforms to explore the pathogenesis and therapies of MRONJ.Rodent models exhibit excellent effectiveness and high reproducibility in mimicking human MRONJ,but classical methods cannot achieve a complete replica of the pathogenesis of MRONJ.Modified rodent models have been reported with improvements for better mimicking of MRONJ onset in clinic.This review summarizes representative classical and modified rodent models of MRONJ created through various combinations of systemic drug induction and local stimulation and discusses their effectiveness and efficiency.Currently,there is a lack of a unified assessment system for MRONJ models,which hinders a standard definition of MRONJ-like lesions in rodents.Therefore,this review comprehensively summarizes assessment systems based on published peer-review articles,including new approaches in gross observation,histological assessments,radiographic assessments,and serological assessments.This review can serve as a reference for model establishment and evaluation in future preclinical studies on MRONJ.展开更多
Oral lesions, diarrhoea, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are some of the opportunistic infections (OIs) which arise when the CD4 cells of the HIV/AIDS patient fall below 200 c...Oral lesions, diarrhoea, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are some of the opportunistic infections (OIs) which arise when the CD4 cells of the HIV/AIDS patient fall below 200 cells/mm3. HIV/AIDS infection complications include tissue damage from oral lesions accompanied with pains. Pain is a disagreeable sensory and sensitive experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. This condition requires immediate treatment with analgesics and antibiotics. However, the inability of rural dwellers to afford readily available drugs is a consequence for using herbs like Bidens pilosa whose local usefulness in the management of oral lesions of HIV/AIDS has not been proven scientifically. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide the scientific basis in rats for the traditional healers’ use of Bidens pilosa leaves’ extracts in managing pain associated with oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda. Assessment of the analgesic effects of Bidens pilosa was conducted using acetic acid in mice, formalin-induced pain and tail flick methods in rats. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa produced statistically significant dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced pain, non dose dependent pain reduction in formalin induced pain, (p < 0.05;student t-test) and non dose dependent tail withdrawal pattern (p < 0.05, Multivariate ANOVA test). Hence, we conclude that extracts of Bidens pilosa have an analgesic basis for their local use in treatment of oral lesions associated pain in HIV/AIDS patients in South-Western Uganda.展开更多
A penetrating traumatic brain injury（pTBI）occurs when an object impacts the head with sufficient energy to penetrate skin,cranial bone and meninges to inflict injury directly to the brain parenchyma.This type of inj...A penetrating traumatic brain injury（pTBI）occurs when an object impacts the head with sufficient energy to penetrate skin,cranial bone and meninges to inflict injury directly to the brain parenchyma.This type of injury is particularly common in areas plagued by armed conflicts or gun-related violence.展开更多
Some rodent-dispersed seeds have a hard seed-coat(e.g.woody endocarp).Specific scrapes or dental marks on the hard seed-coat left by rodents when they eat these seeds can be used to identify seed predators.In this stu...Some rodent-dispersed seeds have a hard seed-coat(e.g.woody endocarp).Specific scrapes or dental marks on the hard seed-coat left by rodents when they eat these seeds can be used to identify seed predators.In this study we measured the morphological traits of endocarp-remains of seeds of wild apricot Prunus armeniaca used by Chinese white-bellied rats Niviventor confucianus and Korean field mice Apodemus peninsulae.We established their Fisher's linear discriminant functions to separate endocarp-remains between the two predators.A total of 90.0% of the endocarp-remains left by Korean field mice and 88.0% of those left by Chinese white-bellied rats were correctly classified.The overall percentage of correct classification was 89.0%.One hundred and sixty endocarp-remains of unknown what species predated them were classified using the functions.The method may allow more reliable quantitative studies of the effects of Chinese white-bellied rats and Korean field mice on seed consumption and dispersal of wild apricot and this study might be used for reference in other studies of seed predators identification on hard seeds.展开更多
Attempts are being made to domesticate the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) for commercial production in Sub-Saharan Africa to cater for the protein needs of the people and to satisfy the craving for bushmeat, th...Attempts are being made to domesticate the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) for commercial production in Sub-Saharan Africa to cater for the protein needs of the people and to satisfy the craving for bushmeat, thereby reducing habitat destruction through hunting. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of grasscutter populations in Ghana. DNA was extracted from roots of hair samples collected from 84 grasscutters from three agro-ecological zones in Ghana, namely Guinea Savanna (n = 17), Forest (n = 22), and Coastal Savanna (n = 45). Mitochondrial D-loop was sequenced and the diversity was determined across the zones. Out of 26 haplotypes found, 15 were obtained from Guinea Savanna, 7 from Forest and 13 from Coastal Savanna. Haplotype diversities were 0.978, 0.853 and 0.875 respectively for Guinea Savanna, Forest and Coastal Savanna zones. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed significant differentiation between Forest and Savanna populations (FST = 0.14, p 0.05). Network analysis indicated two clusters, one of which consisted of only Savanna haplotypes. Population neutrality tests showed that Forest and Coastal Savanna populations had been stable while the Guinea Savanna zone population had undergone an expansion (Fu’s FS = ‐7.132,展开更多
Many studies focus on rodent community pattern and changing at present in the world, but most of them are conducted in small plots. Few studies investigated the rodent community classification and diversity in semi-de...Many studies focus on rodent community pattern and changing at present in the world, but most of them are conducted in small plots. Few studies investigated the rodent community classification and diversity in semi-desert and desert areas at regional scale, although some researchers started to study the change of animal community patterns on a large scale. We investigated rodent communities in desert, non-irrigated farming land and desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, covering an area of 380,000 km2 from May to August in 1988-1993 and in 1998-2003, respectively, in order to reveal the changing characteristics of zonal rodent communities. The community classification and diversity of rodents were analyzed in research areas. The results suggested that the communities could be classified in 9 zonal types. Spermophilus dauricus, Cricetulus longicaudatus and Eutamias sibiricus were dominant species in Community I;Phodopus roborovskii, Cricetulus barabansis and Cricetulus longicaudatus were dominant in Community II;Meriones unguiculatus, Phodopus roborovskii and Cricetulus longicaudatus were dominant in Community III;Allactaga sibirica, Allactaga bullata and Spermophilus dauricus were dominant in Community IV;Allactaga bullata, Dipus sagitta and Meriones unguiculatus were dominant in Community V;Meriones meridianus, Spermophilus dauricus and Allactaga bullata were dominant in Community VI;Allactaga sibirica, Allactaga bullata and Dipus sagitta were dominant in Community VII;Phodopus roborovskii, Dipus sagitta and Allactaga sibirica were dominant in Community VIII;Meriones meridianus, Dipus sagitta and Allactaga sibirica were dominant in Community IX. The community diversity and evenness analysis showed that the edge effect of community, the effect of disturbance and habitat fragmentation and scale effect were significantly correlated with community diversity in the semi-desert and desert regions. The ordinal results of 9 zonal rodent communities were in accordance with the results analyzed with similar community indices, showing the habitat change in the characteristics of the above-mentioned groups.展开更多
Background:Seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding animals can affect the developmental dynamics of plant communities.However,how animals might participate in plant inter-community competition has rarely been investigated....Background:Seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding animals can affect the developmental dynamics of plant communities.However,how animals might participate in plant inter-community competition has rarely been investigated.Forest community junction is an area where the competition between plant communities is most prominent and animal activity is more frequent.At present,little is known about how scatter-hoarding animals might assist competitions by adjacent plant communities.Thus,for 3 years(2015–2017),we tracked the fate of 2880 tagged seeds(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,Pinus tabuliformis,and P.armandii seed)placed near an edge where the forest composition changes from a pine forest to an oak forest in northwestern China.Results:We found that the seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.In contrast to Pinus seeds,acorns that entered pine forests were characterized by higher caching rates and longer dispersal distances.Pinus seeds had the highest probability of being predated(85%)by rodents,and eleven Q.aliena var.acuteserrata seedlings were established in pine forests,although none survived in the later stages.In addition,rodents exhibited obvious selectivity in terms of the microhabitats for the seed caching sites.Conclusions:Seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.The predation pressure by rodents on the seeds of Pinus species limited the germination of seeds and seedling establishment in oak forests.The different seed fates after their bidirectional dispersal could affect the differences in natural regeneration between pine and oak forests,and they might increase the recruitment rates for oak at the edge of an adjacent community.Rodent-mediated seed dispersal could potential unintentionally affect the competition between plant communities.展开更多
The threat to wildlife population is attributed to various anthropogenic activities. The main objective of this study was to identify the influence of fragment size on the population density of rodents in the study ar...The threat to wildlife population is attributed to various anthropogenic activities. The main objective of this study was to identify the influence of fragment size on the population density of rodents in the study area. Fourteen (14) out of forty (40) fragments existing in the area were randomly sampled. The parameters used for the study were number, size of fragments and the corresponding population distribution of rodents in the study area. Fifty hunters in the area were also interviewed. The fragments were stratified into first, second and third order fragments on the basis of their sizes and randomly selected for the study. Indirect method of wildlife census was carried out through the observation of droppings, trail or tract, burrows, eating habits and noise. Fragment growth rate was 18 to 40 (87.5%) in 7 years. Anthropogenic perturbations in the form of cultivation of permanent cropland, settlement expansion, bush burning, timber exploitation and new settlements in areas previously thinly settled or not accessible to outsiders have resulted in disjointed ecosystems. The population density of rodents correlated with fragment size was highly significant ((P < 0.05) r = 0.9). It was then concluded that fragment size greatly influenced the population and diversity of rodent species. It was recommended that the remaining large fragments in the study area should be protected by law from further fragmentation.展开更多
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)prevalence has increased drastically in recent decades,affecting up to 25%of the world’s population.NAFLD is a spectrum of different diseases that starts with asymptomatic stea...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)prevalence has increased drastically in recent decades,affecting up to 25%of the world’s population.NAFLD is a spectrum of different diseases that starts with asymptomatic steatosis and continues with development of an inflammatory response called steatohepatitis,which can progress to fibrosis.Several molecular and metabolic changes are required for the hepatocyte to finally vary its function;hence a“multiple hit”hypothesis seems a more accurate proposal.Previous studies and current knowledge suggest that in most cases,NAFLD initiates and progresses through most of nine hallmarks of the disease,although the triggers and mechanisms for these can vary widely.The use of animal models remains crucial for understanding the disease and for developing tools based on biological knowledge.Among certain requirements to be met,a good model must imitate certain aspects of the human NAFLD disorder,be reliable and reproducible,have low mortality,and be compatible with a simple and feasible method.Metabolism studies in these models provides a direct reflection of the workings of the cell and may be a useful approach to better understand the initiation and progression of the disease.Metabolomics seems a valid tool for studying metabolic pathways and crosstalk between organs affected in animal models of NAFLD and for the discovery and validation of relevant biomarkers with biological understanding.In this review,we provide a brief introduction to NAFLD hallmarks,the five groups of animal models available for studying NAFLD and the potential role of metabolomics in the study of experimental NAFLD.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the prevalence of Calodium hepaticum(C.hepaticum)in rodents and insectivores from Wuhan section of the Yangtze River in China,and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of hepati...Objective:To investigate the prevalence of Calodium hepaticum(C.hepaticum)in rodents and insectivores from Wuhan section of the Yangtze River in China,and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of hepatic Calodium infection.Methods:Rodents and insectivores were captured from three selected Yangtze River beaches using mousetraps.The three survey sites were divided into six areas according to natural conditions,with 60 mousetraps placed in each area.The liver lesions in the captured rodents were observed by the naked eye and the eggs in the liver tissue were observed by microscopic examination.Results:A total of 1080 mousetraps were placed,and 1075 mousetraps were retrieved,with the retrieve rate as 99.5%.A total of 101 Apodemus agrarius,12 Rattus norvegicus,and 9 Crocidura attenuata were caught.The average density of rodents and insectivores was 10.5%and 0.8%,respectively.DNA of egg nodules from infected rodents showed 98%similarity with that of C.hepaticum 18 S rRNA(LC425008.1).One Rattus norvegicus was infected with C.hepaticum,with an infection rate of 3.23%in the Erqi river beach;the other two beaches did not show the incidence of C.hepaticum.Conclusions:The monitoring of C.hepaticum in the Yangtze River beaches should be strengthened to reduce the risk of human C.hepaticum infection.展开更多
基金UniversitéGrenoble Alpes through the Cross Disciplinary Program(CDTools)“My Health Companions”.
文摘Background:Dihydrogen(H_(2))is produced endogenously by the intestinal microbiota through the fermentation of diet carbohydrates.Over the past few years,numer-ous studies have demonstrated the significant therapeutic potential of H_(2)in various pathophysiological contexts,making the characterization of its production in labora-tory species of major preclinical importance.Methods:This study proposes an innovative solution to accurately monitor H_(2)pro-duction in free-moving rodents while respecting animal welfare standards.The devel-oped device consisted of a wire rodent cage placed inside an airtight chamber in which the air quality was maintained,and the H_(2)concentration was continuously analyzed.After the airtightness and efficiency of the systems used to control and maintain air quality in the chamber were checked,tests were carried out on rats and mice with different metabolic phenotypes,over 12 min to 1-h experiments and repeatedly.H_(2)production rates(HPR)were obtained using an easy calculation algorithm based on a first-order moving average.Results:HPR in hyperphagic Zucker rats was found to be twice as high as in control Wistar rats,respectively,2.64 and 1.27 nmol.s^(−1)per animal.In addition,the ingestion of inulin,a dietary fiber,stimulated H_(2)production in mice.HPRs were 0.46 nmol.s^(−1)for animals under control diet and 1.99 nmol.s^(−1)for animals under inulin diet.Conclusions:The proposed device coupled with our algorithm enables fine analysis of the metabolic phenotype of laboratory rats or mice with regard to their endogenous H_(2)production.
文摘The advances in the application of sterilizing techniques against pest rodents in China are introduced in the paper. The development of chemosterilants, improvements of botanic sterilants, production of new steroid hormone sterilants, introduction of immunosterility and excellent properties of the sterilants are outlined. The 揝pace Occupation Theory?of sterile techniques is advanced after practice. The botanic sterilants with gossypol and trichosanthin as its main agents were screened and successfully applied in the large area control in the northern forest area of China. The safety of sterilants to non-target animals such as rats, rabbits, dogs, monkeys and chickens was summarized.
基金supported by grants from the State Council Three Gorges Project Construction Committee Executive Office(No.SX[98]-05KHB/JSSX[2004]-018+3 种基金SX[2006]-003SX[2007]-002SX[2009]-020)JJ[2011]-030)
文摘Objective To investigate the impact of impoundment and active public health interventions on rodent populations and rodent-borne diseases in the Three Gorges reservoir region from 1997 to 2012. Methods Surveillance data from 1997 to 2012 were extracted from the Public Health Surveillance System of The Three Gorges established in 1997. Temporal changes in the incidences of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome （HFRS） and leptospirosis, rodent density, pathogen-carrying rates, and their correlations were analyzed. Results The average indoor and outdoor rodent densities decreased overall from 1997 to 2012. The average densities decreased by 47.72% （from 4.38% to 2.29%） and 39.68% （from 4.41% to 2.66%）, respectively, after impoundment （2003-2012） compared with before impoundment （1997-2002）. The average annual incidence rates of HFRS and leptospirosis were 0.29/100,000 and 0.52/100,000, respectively, and decreased by 85.74% （from 0.68/100,000 to 0.10/100,000） and 95.73% （from 1.47/100,000 to 0.06S/100,000）, respectively, after impoundment compared with before impoundment. Incidences of HFRS and leptospirosis appear to be positively correlated with rodent density in the reservoir area. Conclusion This study demonstrated that rodent density and incidences of rodent-borne diseases decreased and were maintained at low levels during construction of the Three Gorges dam. Measures that reduce rodent population densities could be effective in controlling rodent-borne diseases during large-scale hydraulic engineering construction.
文摘We summarize theoretical approaches and practice of rodent pest control in Russia and former USSR during last 50 years. We review literature as well as original data to understand mechanisms of rodent populations recovery after chemical control campaigns in urban areas, agricultural lands and natural foci of plague. Laboratory and field experiments indicate that inherent individual variation in behavioural, physiological and life-history traits provides survival of heterogeneous mix of individuals in residual population with increased resistance to poisonous baits and high reproductive potential that leads to fast recovery of a population. In a series of field experiments with various rodent and lagomorph species （Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Meriones unguiculatus, M. meridianus, M. tamariscinus, Ochotona pallasii ） we have shown that patterns of recolonization of depopulated area and mechanisms of population recovery vary among species and depend on species-specific social organization. After control territorial and group-living species demonstrated an increase in mobility and affiliative and marking behaviour and a decrease in intraspecific aggression. The rate of recolonization of treated areas was high due to redistribution of survived individuals and immigration by neighbors. Population recovered to original level due to increased breeding performance and fecundity of both survived residents and immigrants. In contrast, socially-independent species exhibited minor changes in behaviour. Recolonization was mainly due to better survival and recruitment of youngs, so the rate of recolonization was low. Species-specificity of behavioural compensation mechanisms to control should be considered when developing ecologically based rodent management strategies
文摘Bagged and dispersed Pyrinuron (a self-formulated rodenticide) were tested for control of Clethrionomus rutilus and Clethrionomus rufocanus in larch plantation, Pingshan area, Heilongjiang Province from Oct. 1998 to Apr. 1999. The results showed that the bagged Pyrinuron has good result for control of the two rodent pests. The density of rodents was reduced by 90.5% after application of bagged Pyrinuron. This application method has characteristics of long residual period, bait not going mould and saving labour force.
文摘Since 2002,Hami City,Xinjiang Province,has implemented"construction project of rodent-free demonstration area".Artificial eagle frames are installed on the grassland to control rodent damage,receiving remarkable control effect.The rodent density in the treatment area is below the threshold of hazard.Moreover,the implementation of the project increases the grassland biomass and improves the vegetation coverage,receiving good economic,ecological and social benefits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401761)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘China experiences serious agricultural damages from rodents, and, correspondingly, researchers in China are actively studying rodent biology and management. Following the popularization of ecologically-based rodent pest management and extension of the basic state policy of Ecological Civilization Construction in China, recent efforts in rodent control technologies are mainly focused on eliminating side effects of rodenticides and developing environmentally friendly techniques. Considering ecological functions of rodents to test their interaction with the environment is a promising design for understanding rodent populations in local ecosystems and for developing ecologically-based rodent management. Using ecological phenotypes and applying advanced techniques of molecular biology, genetics, and epigenetics might be useful for illustrating the deep regulatory mechanisms of fluctuations in rodent populations. However, facing the dual characteristics of rodents as pests and their roles as keystone species in many ecosystems, it is still a challenge to establish reasonable local thresholds to balance rodent management with the negative effects of rodent control on the environment in the future.
文摘The road effect on small rodent population is investigated at 8 fragmented forest areas in the Baekdudaegan mountain range, South Korea in September 2001. We especially focused on the distribution and body condition of small rodents near the roads. Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) seems to be more sensitive to the existence of a road than striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). Korean field mouse prefers interior forest area to around road. Striped field mouse is a habitat generalist and has wide distributional range around road, but Korean field mouse is forest-inhabiting species and their distribution is limited in forest area. These results suggest the effect of road is different on each small rodent species and their habitat preferences.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31922010,31871270,31260087,31460561)China National Center for Biotechnology Development(2020YFC0847000)+3 种基金Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJZD-SW-L11)Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(2019FI008)Yunnan Applied Basic Research Projects(2018FB050)Training Funds of Ten-thousand Talents Program of Yunnan Province(to L.Z.T.)。
文摘All extant species in the rodent family Spalacidae are subterranean and have evolved various traits for underground life.However,the phylogenomic relationships among its three subfamilies(Myospalacinae,Spalacinae,and Rhizomyinae)and the molecular basis underlying their adaptations to underground life remain poorly understood.Here,we inferred the phylogenomic relationships among these subfamilies based on de novo sequencing the genome of the hoary bamboo rat(Rhizomys pruinosus).Analyses showed that 50%of the identified 11028 one-to-one orthologous protein-coding genes and the concatenated sequences of these orthologous genes strongly supported a sister relationship between Myospalacinae and Rhizomyinae.
文摘Spinal cord injuries （SCI） in rodents have been created by laceration, contusion, compression, or intramedullary injection of toxic agents. The choice of an appropriate SCI model should be made for each study based on the experimental design, with care taken to avoid unintended complications such as hemorrhage. Technical comments will be made in this communication describing the 1） importance of vertebral stabi- lization, 2） injury preparation, and 3） landmarks to improve the preci- sion and reproducibility of the SCI.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81921002,No.81900970)Young Physician Innovation Team Project(No.QC202003)from Ninth People’s Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai Sailing Program(19YF1426000)jointly。
文摘Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw(MRONJ)is primarily associated with administering antiresorptive or antiangiogenic drugs.Despite significant research on MRONJ,its pathogenesis and effective treatments are still not fully understood.Animal models can be used to simulate the pathophysiological features of MRONJ,serving as standardized in vivo experimental platforms to explore the pathogenesis and therapies of MRONJ.Rodent models exhibit excellent effectiveness and high reproducibility in mimicking human MRONJ,but classical methods cannot achieve a complete replica of the pathogenesis of MRONJ.Modified rodent models have been reported with improvements for better mimicking of MRONJ onset in clinic.This review summarizes representative classical and modified rodent models of MRONJ created through various combinations of systemic drug induction and local stimulation and discusses their effectiveness and efficiency.Currently,there is a lack of a unified assessment system for MRONJ models,which hinders a standard definition of MRONJ-like lesions in rodents.Therefore,this review comprehensively summarizes assessment systems based on published peer-review articles,including new approaches in gross observation,histological assessments,radiographic assessments,and serological assessments.This review can serve as a reference for model establishment and evaluation in future preclinical studies on MRONJ.
文摘Oral lesions, diarrhoea, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are some of the opportunistic infections (OIs) which arise when the CD4 cells of the HIV/AIDS patient fall below 200 cells/mm3. HIV/AIDS infection complications include tissue damage from oral lesions accompanied with pains. Pain is a disagreeable sensory and sensitive experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. This condition requires immediate treatment with analgesics and antibiotics. However, the inability of rural dwellers to afford readily available drugs is a consequence for using herbs like Bidens pilosa whose local usefulness in the management of oral lesions of HIV/AIDS has not been proven scientifically. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide the scientific basis in rats for the traditional healers’ use of Bidens pilosa leaves’ extracts in managing pain associated with oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda. Assessment of the analgesic effects of Bidens pilosa was conducted using acetic acid in mice, formalin-induced pain and tail flick methods in rats. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa produced statistically significant dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced pain, non dose dependent pain reduction in formalin induced pain, (p < 0.05;student t-test) and non dose dependent tail withdrawal pattern (p < 0.05, Multivariate ANOVA test). Hence, we conclude that extracts of Bidens pilosa have an analgesic basis for their local use in treatment of oral lesions associated pain in HIV/AIDS patients in South-Western Uganda.
文摘A penetrating traumatic brain injury（pTBI）occurs when an object impacts the head with sufficient energy to penetrate skin,cranial bone and meninges to inflict injury directly to the brain parenchyma.This type of injury is particularly common in areas plagued by armed conflicts or gun-related violence.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30800120) and the Foundation for New Teachers of Huazhong Normal University
文摘Some rodent-dispersed seeds have a hard seed-coat(e.g.woody endocarp).Specific scrapes or dental marks on the hard seed-coat left by rodents when they eat these seeds can be used to identify seed predators.In this study we measured the morphological traits of endocarp-remains of seeds of wild apricot Prunus armeniaca used by Chinese white-bellied rats Niviventor confucianus and Korean field mice Apodemus peninsulae.We established their Fisher's linear discriminant functions to separate endocarp-remains between the two predators.A total of 90.0% of the endocarp-remains left by Korean field mice and 88.0% of those left by Chinese white-bellied rats were correctly classified.The overall percentage of correct classification was 89.0%.One hundred and sixty endocarp-remains of unknown what species predated them were classified using the functions.The method may allow more reliable quantitative studies of the effects of Chinese white-bellied rats and Korean field mice on seed consumption and dispersal of wild apricot and this study might be used for reference in other studies of seed predators identification on hard seeds.
文摘Attempts are being made to domesticate the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) for commercial production in Sub-Saharan Africa to cater for the protein needs of the people and to satisfy the craving for bushmeat, thereby reducing habitat destruction through hunting. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of grasscutter populations in Ghana. DNA was extracted from roots of hair samples collected from 84 grasscutters from three agro-ecological zones in Ghana, namely Guinea Savanna (n = 17), Forest (n = 22), and Coastal Savanna (n = 45). Mitochondrial D-loop was sequenced and the diversity was determined across the zones. Out of 26 haplotypes found, 15 were obtained from Guinea Savanna, 7 from Forest and 13 from Coastal Savanna. Haplotype diversities were 0.978, 0.853 and 0.875 respectively for Guinea Savanna, Forest and Coastal Savanna zones. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed significant differentiation between Forest and Savanna populations (FST = 0.14, p 0.05). Network analysis indicated two clusters, one of which consisted of only Savanna haplotypes. Population neutrality tests showed that Forest and Coastal Savanna populations had been stable while the Guinea Savanna zone population had undergone an expansion (Fu’s FS = ‐7.132,
文摘Many studies focus on rodent community pattern and changing at present in the world, but most of them are conducted in small plots. Few studies investigated the rodent community classification and diversity in semi-desert and desert areas at regional scale, although some researchers started to study the change of animal community patterns on a large scale. We investigated rodent communities in desert, non-irrigated farming land and desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, covering an area of 380,000 km2 from May to August in 1988-1993 and in 1998-2003, respectively, in order to reveal the changing characteristics of zonal rodent communities. The community classification and diversity of rodents were analyzed in research areas. The results suggested that the communities could be classified in 9 zonal types. Spermophilus dauricus, Cricetulus longicaudatus and Eutamias sibiricus were dominant species in Community I;Phodopus roborovskii, Cricetulus barabansis and Cricetulus longicaudatus were dominant in Community II;Meriones unguiculatus, Phodopus roborovskii and Cricetulus longicaudatus were dominant in Community III;Allactaga sibirica, Allactaga bullata and Spermophilus dauricus were dominant in Community IV;Allactaga bullata, Dipus sagitta and Meriones unguiculatus were dominant in Community V;Meriones meridianus, Spermophilus dauricus and Allactaga bullata were dominant in Community VI;Allactaga sibirica, Allactaga bullata and Dipus sagitta were dominant in Community VII;Phodopus roborovskii, Dipus sagitta and Allactaga sibirica were dominant in Community VIII;Meriones meridianus, Dipus sagitta and Allactaga sibirica were dominant in Community IX. The community diversity and evenness analysis showed that the edge effect of community, the effect of disturbance and habitat fragmentation and scale effect were significantly correlated with community diversity in the semi-desert and desert regions. The ordinal results of 9 zonal rodent communities were in accordance with the results analyzed with similar community indices, showing the habitat change in the characteristics of the above-mentioned groups.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31470644).
文摘Background:Seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding animals can affect the developmental dynamics of plant communities.However,how animals might participate in plant inter-community competition has rarely been investigated.Forest community junction is an area where the competition between plant communities is most prominent and animal activity is more frequent.At present,little is known about how scatter-hoarding animals might assist competitions by adjacent plant communities.Thus,for 3 years(2015–2017),we tracked the fate of 2880 tagged seeds(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,Pinus tabuliformis,and P.armandii seed)placed near an edge where the forest composition changes from a pine forest to an oak forest in northwestern China.Results:We found that the seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.In contrast to Pinus seeds,acorns that entered pine forests were characterized by higher caching rates and longer dispersal distances.Pinus seeds had the highest probability of being predated(85%)by rodents,and eleven Q.aliena var.acuteserrata seedlings were established in pine forests,although none survived in the later stages.In addition,rodents exhibited obvious selectivity in terms of the microhabitats for the seed caching sites.Conclusions:Seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.The predation pressure by rodents on the seeds of Pinus species limited the germination of seeds and seedling establishment in oak forests.The different seed fates after their bidirectional dispersal could affect the differences in natural regeneration between pine and oak forests,and they might increase the recruitment rates for oak at the edge of an adjacent community.Rodent-mediated seed dispersal could potential unintentionally affect the competition between plant communities.
文摘The threat to wildlife population is attributed to various anthropogenic activities. The main objective of this study was to identify the influence of fragment size on the population density of rodents in the study area. Fourteen (14) out of forty (40) fragments existing in the area were randomly sampled. The parameters used for the study were number, size of fragments and the corresponding population distribution of rodents in the study area. Fifty hunters in the area were also interviewed. The fragments were stratified into first, second and third order fragments on the basis of their sizes and randomly selected for the study. Indirect method of wildlife census was carried out through the observation of droppings, trail or tract, burrows, eating habits and noise. Fragment growth rate was 18 to 40 (87.5%) in 7 years. Anthropogenic perturbations in the form of cultivation of permanent cropland, settlement expansion, bush burning, timber exploitation and new settlements in areas previously thinly settled or not accessible to outsiders have resulted in disjointed ecosystems. The population density of rodents correlated with fragment size was highly significant ((P < 0.05) r = 0.9). It was then concluded that fragment size greatly influenced the population and diversity of rodent species. It was recommended that the remaining large fragments in the study area should be protected by law from further fragmentation.
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)prevalence has increased drastically in recent decades,affecting up to 25%of the world’s population.NAFLD is a spectrum of different diseases that starts with asymptomatic steatosis and continues with development of an inflammatory response called steatohepatitis,which can progress to fibrosis.Several molecular and metabolic changes are required for the hepatocyte to finally vary its function;hence a“multiple hit”hypothesis seems a more accurate proposal.Previous studies and current knowledge suggest that in most cases,NAFLD initiates and progresses through most of nine hallmarks of the disease,although the triggers and mechanisms for these can vary widely.The use of animal models remains crucial for understanding the disease and for developing tools based on biological knowledge.Among certain requirements to be met,a good model must imitate certain aspects of the human NAFLD disorder,be reliable and reproducible,have low mortality,and be compatible with a simple and feasible method.Metabolism studies in these models provides a direct reflection of the workings of the cell and may be a useful approach to better understand the initiation and progression of the disease.Metabolomics seems a valid tool for studying metabolic pathways and crosstalk between organs affected in animal models of NAFLD and for the discovery and validation of relevant biomarkers with biological understanding.In this review,we provide a brief introduction to NAFLD hallmarks,the five groups of animal models available for studying NAFLD and the potential role of metabolomics in the study of experimental NAFLD.
基金financially supported by the Health Bureau of Wuhan(WG17B04)the Health Bureau of Wuhan(WG18Q05).
文摘Objective:To investigate the prevalence of Calodium hepaticum(C.hepaticum)in rodents and insectivores from Wuhan section of the Yangtze River in China,and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of hepatic Calodium infection.Methods:Rodents and insectivores were captured from three selected Yangtze River beaches using mousetraps.The three survey sites were divided into six areas according to natural conditions,with 60 mousetraps placed in each area.The liver lesions in the captured rodents were observed by the naked eye and the eggs in the liver tissue were observed by microscopic examination.Results:A total of 1080 mousetraps were placed,and 1075 mousetraps were retrieved,with the retrieve rate as 99.5%.A total of 101 Apodemus agrarius,12 Rattus norvegicus,and 9 Crocidura attenuata were caught.The average density of rodents and insectivores was 10.5%and 0.8%,respectively.DNA of egg nodules from infected rodents showed 98%similarity with that of C.hepaticum 18 S rRNA(LC425008.1).One Rattus norvegicus was infected with C.hepaticum,with an infection rate of 3.23%in the Erqi river beach;the other two beaches did not show the incidence of C.hepaticum.Conclusions:The monitoring of C.hepaticum in the Yangtze River beaches should be strengthened to reduce the risk of human C.hepaticum infection.
