This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)that has tungsten as its inner liner.The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests.Double...This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)that has tungsten as its inner liner.The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests.Double-layer charge liners were fabricated by using CVD to deposit tungsten layers on the inner surfaces of pure T2 copper liners.The microstructures of the tungsten layers were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The feasibility analysis was carried out by pulsed X-rays,slug-retrieval test and static penetration tests.The shaped charge jet forming and penetration law of inner tungsten-coated double-layer liner were studied by numerical simulation method.The results showed that the double-layer liners could form well-shaped jets.The errors between the X-ray test results and the numerical results were within 11.07%.A slug-retrieval test was found that the retrieved slug was similar to a numerically simulated slug.Compared with the traditional pure copper shaped charge jet,the penetration depth of the double-layer shaped charge liner increased by 11.4% and>10.8% respectively.In summary,the test results are good,and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the test,which verified the feasibility of using the CVD method to fabricate double-layer charge liners with a high-density and high-strength refractory metal as the inner liner.展开更多
Triboelectric materials with high charge density are the building-block for the commercial application of triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs).Unstable dynamic processes influence the change of the charge density on th...Triboelectric materials with high charge density are the building-block for the commercial application of triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs).Unstable dynamic processes influence the change of the charge density on the surface and inside of triboelectric materials.The charge density of triboelectric materials depends on the surface and the internal charge transfer processes.The focus of this review is on recent advances in high charge density triboelectric materials and advances in the fabrication of TENGs.We summarize the existing strategies for achieving high charge density in triboelectric materials as well as their fundamental properties.We then review current optimization methods for regulating dynamic charge transfer processes to increase the output charge density:first,increasing charge injection and limiting charge dissipation to achieve a high average surface charge density,and second,regulating the internal charge transfer process and storing charge in triboelectric materials to increase the output charge density.Finally,we present the challenges and prospects in developing high-performance triboelectric materials.展开更多
Free-standing covalent organic framework(COFs)nanofilms exhibit a remarkable ability to rapidly intercalate/de-intercalate Li^(+) in lithium-ion batteries,while simultaneously exposing affluent active sites in superca...Free-standing covalent organic framework(COFs)nanofilms exhibit a remarkable ability to rapidly intercalate/de-intercalate Li^(+) in lithium-ion batteries,while simultaneously exposing affluent active sites in supercapacitors.The development of these nanofilms offers a promising solution to address the persistent challenge of imbalanced charge storage kinetics between battery-type anode and capacitor-type cathode in lithium-ion capacitors(LICs).Herein,for the first time,custom-made COFBTMB-TP and COFTAPB-BPY nanofilms are synthesized as the anode and cathode,respectively,for an all-COF nanofilm-structured LIC.The COFBTMB-TP nanofilm with strong electronegative–CF3 groups enables tuning the partial electron cloud density for Li^(+) migration to ensure the rapid anode kinetic process.The thickness-regulated cathodic COFTAPB-BPY nanofilm can fit the anodic COF nanofilm in the capacity.Due to the aligned 1D channel,2D aromatic skeleton and accessible active sites of COF nanofilms,the whole COFTAPB-BPY//COFBTMB-TP LIC demonstrates a high energy density of 318 mWh cm^(−3) at a high-power density of 6 W cm^(−3),excellent rate capability,good cycle stability with the capacity retention rate of 77%after 5000-cycle.The COFTAPB-BPY//COFBTMB-TP LIC represents a new benchmark for currently reported film-type LICs and even film-type supercapacitors.After being comprehensively explored via ex situ XPS,7Li solid-state NMR analyses,and DFT calculation,it is found that the COFBTMB-TP nanofilm facilitates the reversible conversion of semi-ionic to ionic C–F bonds during lithium storage.COFBTMB-TP exhibits a strong interaction with Li^(+) due to the C–F,C=O,and C–N bonds,facilitating Li^(+) desolation and absorption from the electrolyte.This work addresses the challenge of imbalanced charge storage kinetics and capacity between the anode and cathode and also pave the way for future miniaturized and wearable LIC devices.展开更多
An intense laser pulse focused onto a plasma can excite nonlinear plasma waves.Under appropriate conditions,electrons from the background plasma are trapped in the plasma wave and accelerated to ultra-relativistic vel...An intense laser pulse focused onto a plasma can excite nonlinear plasma waves.Under appropriate conditions,electrons from the background plasma are trapped in the plasma wave and accelerated to ultra-relativistic velocities.This scheme is called a laser wakefield accelerator.In this work,we present results from a laser wakefield acceleration experiment using a petawatt-class laser to excite the wakefields as well as nanoparticles to assist the injection of electrons into the accelerating phase of the wakefields.We find that a 10-cm-long,nanoparticle-assisted laser wakefield accelerator can generate 340 pC,10±1.86 GeV electron bunches with a 3.4 GeV rms convolved energy spread and a 0.9 mrad rms divergence.It can also produce bunches with lower energies in the 4–6 GeV range.展开更多
Solar Wind Charge eXchange X-ray(SWCX) emission in the heliosphere and Ea rth’s exosphere is a hard to avoid signal in soft Xray obse rvations of astrophysical targets.On the other hand,the X-ray imaging possibilitie...Solar Wind Charge eXchange X-ray(SWCX) emission in the heliosphere and Ea rth’s exosphere is a hard to avoid signal in soft Xray obse rvations of astrophysical targets.On the other hand,the X-ray imaging possibilities offered by the SWCX process has led to an increasing number of future dedicated space missions for investigating the solar wind-terrestrial inte ractions and magnetospheric interfaces.In both cases,accurate modelling of the SWCX emission is key to correctly interpret its signal,and remove it from obse rvations,when needed.In this paper,we compile solar wind abundance measurements from ACE for different solar wind types,and atomic data from literature,including charge exchange cross-sections and emission probabilities,used fo r calculating the compound cross-section a for the SWCX X-ray emission.We calculate a values for charge-exchange with H and He,relevant to soft X-ray energy bands(0.1-2.0 keV)for various solar wind types and solar cycle conditions.展开更多
Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charg...Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charges(SOCs)has significant implications for reinforcing the thermal safety design of the lithium-ion battery module.This study first investigates the thermal safety boundary(TSB)correspondence at the cells and modules level under the guidance of a newly proposed concept,safe electric quantity boundary(SEQB).A reasonable thermal runaway propagation(TRP)judgment indicator,peak heat transfer power(PHTP),is proposed to predict whether TRP occurs.Moreover,a validated 3D model is used to quantitatively clarify the TSB at different SOCs from the perspective of PHTP,TR trigger temperature,SOC,and the full cycle life.Besides,three different TRP transfer modes are discovered.The interconversion relationship of three different TRP modes is investigated from the perspective of PHTP.This paper explores the TSB of LIBs under different SOCs at both cell and module levels for the first time,which has great significance in guiding the thermal safety design of battery systems.展开更多
As an emerging technology to convert environmental high-entropy energy into electrical energy,triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)has great demands for further enhancing the service lifetime and output performance in pra...As an emerging technology to convert environmental high-entropy energy into electrical energy,triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)has great demands for further enhancing the service lifetime and output performance in practical applications.Here,an ultra-robust and high-performance rotational triboelectric nanogenerator(R-TENG)by bearing charge pumping is proposed.The R-TENG composes of a pumping TENG(P-TENG),an output TENG(O-TENG),a voltage-multiplying circuit(VMC),and a buffer capacitor.The P-TENG is designed with freestanding mode based on a rolling ball bearing,which can also act as the rotating mechanical energy harvester.The output low charge from the P-TENG is accumulated and pumped to the non-contact O-TENG,which can simultaneously realize ultralow mechanical wear and high output performance.The matched instantaneous power of R-TENG is increased by 32 times under 300 r/min.Furthermore,the transferring charge of R-TENG can remain 95%during 15 days(6.4×10^(6)cycles)continuous operation.This work presents a realizable method to further enhance the durability of TENG,which would facilitate the practical applications of high-performance TENG in harvesting distributed ambient micro mechanical energy.展开更多
In this paper,an NMOS output-capacitorless low-dropout regulator(OCL-LDO)featuring dual-loop regulation has been proposed,achieving fast transient response with low power consumption.An event-driven charge pump(CP)loo...In this paper,an NMOS output-capacitorless low-dropout regulator(OCL-LDO)featuring dual-loop regulation has been proposed,achieving fast transient response with low power consumption.An event-driven charge pump(CP)loop with the dynamic strength control(DSC),is proposed in this paper,which overcomes trade-offs inherent in conventional structures.The presented design addresses and resolves the large signal stability issue,which has been previously overlooked in the event-driven charge pump structure.This breakthrough allows for the full exploitation of the charge-pump structure's poten-tial,particularly in enhancing transient recovery.Moreover,a dynamic error amplifier is utilized to attain precise regulation of the steady-state output voltage,leading to favorable static characteristics.A prototype chip has been fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology.The measurement results show that the proposed OCL-LDO achieves a 410 nA low quiescent current(IQ)and can recover within 30 ns under 200 mA/10 ns loading change.展开更多
Solar wind charge exchange(SWCX)is the process of solar wind high-valence ions exchanging charges with neutral components and generating soft X-rays.Recently,detecting the SWCX emission from the magnetosphere is propo...Solar wind charge exchange(SWCX)is the process of solar wind high-valence ions exchanging charges with neutral components and generating soft X-rays.Recently,detecting the SWCX emission from the magnetosphere is proposed as a new technique to study the magnetosphere using panoramic soft X-ray imaging.To better prepare for the data analysis of upcoming magnetospheric soft X-ray imaging missions,this paper compares the magnetospheric SWCX emission obtained by two methods in an XMM-Newton observation,during which the solar wind changed dramatically.The two methods differ in the data used to fit the diffuse X-ray background(DXB)parameters in spectral analysis.The method adding data from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey(RASS)is called the RASS method.The method using the quiet observation data is called the Quiet method,where quiet observations usually refer to observations made by the same satellite with the same target but under weaker solar wind conditions.Results show that the spectral compositions of magnetospheric SWCX emission obtained by the two methods are very similar,and the changes in intensity over time are highly consistent,although the intensity obtained by the RASS method is about 2.68±0.56 keV cm^(-2)s^(-1)sr^(-1)higher than that obtained by the Quiet method.Since the DXB intensity obtained by the RASS method is about 2.84±0.74 keV cm^(-2)s^(-1)sr^(-1)lower than that obtained by the Quiet method,and the linear correlation coefficient between the difference of SWCX and DXB obtained by the two methods in diffe rent energy band is close to-1,the diffe rences in magnetospheric SWCX can be fully attributed to the diffe rences in the fitted DXB.The difference between the two methods is most significant when the energy is less than 0.7 keV,which is also the main energy band of SWCX emission.In addition,the difference between the two methods is not related to the SWCX intensity and,to some extent,to solar wind conditions,because SWCX intensity typically va ries with the solar wind.In summary,both methods are robust and reliable,and should be considered based on the best available options.展开更多
A launching system with a filter cartridge structure was proposed to improve the muzzle velocity of the projectile.The combustion chamber of the launching system is divided into two fixed chambers,one is located in th...A launching system with a filter cartridge structure was proposed to improve the muzzle velocity of the projectile.The combustion chamber of the launching system is divided into two fixed chambers,one is located in the breech chamber,and the other is arranged in the barrel.The breech chamber charge was ignited first,and the charges in the auxiliary chambers were ignited by the high-temperature,highpressure combustible gas trailing the projectile.In this way,the combustible gas in the auxiliary chambers could compensate for the pressure drop caused by the movement of the projectile.The proposed device features the advantage of launching a projectile with high muzzle velocity without exceeding the maximum pressure in the chamber.In order to obtain some internal ballistic characteristics of the launch system,some critical structure,such as the length of the filter cartridge auxiliary charge,the combustion degree of the propellant in the chamber,and the length of the barrel,are discussed.The experimental results show that with the increased auxiliary charge length,a pressure plateau or even a secondary peak pressure can be formed,which is less than the peak pressure.The projectile velocity increased by 23.57%,14.64%,and 7.65%when the diaphragm thickness was 0 mm,1 mm,and2 mm,respectively.The muzzle velocity of the projectile can be increased by 13.42%by increasing the length of the barrel.Under the same charge condition,with the increase of barrel length,the energy utilization rate of propellant increases by 28.64%.展开更多
The state-selective cross section data are useful for understanding and modeling the x-ray emission in celestial observations.In the present work,using the cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy,for the first ti...The state-selective cross section data are useful for understanding and modeling the x-ray emission in celestial observations.In the present work,using the cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy,for the first time we investigated the state-selective single electron capture processes for S^(q+)–He and H_(2)(q=11–15)collision systems at an impact energy of q×20 keV and obtained the relative state-selective cross sections.The results indicate that only a few principal quantum states of the projectile energy level are populated in a single electron capture process.In particular,the increase of the projectile charge state leads to the population of the states with higher principal quantum numbers.It is also shown that the experimental averaged n-shell populations are reproduced well by the over-barrier model.The database is openly available in Science Data Bank at 10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00091.展开更多
The rapid advancement in electric vehicles and electrochemical energy storage technology has raised the demands placed on rechargeable batteries.It is essential to comprehend the operational principles and degradation...The rapid advancement in electric vehicles and electrochemical energy storage technology has raised the demands placed on rechargeable batteries.It is essential to comprehend the operational principles and degradation mechanisms of batteries across multiple scales to propel the research on rechargeable batteries for the next generation forward.Microstructure,phase information,and lattice of energy materials in both two dimensions and three dimensions can be intuitively obtained through the utilization of x-ray imaging techniques.Additionally,x-ray imaging technology is increasingly gaining attention due to its non-destructive nature and high penetrative capability,enabling in situ experiments and multi-scale spatial resolution.In this review,we initially overview the basic principles and characteristics of several key x-ray imaging technologies.Each x-ray imaging technology is tailored to specific application scenarios.Furthermore,examples of multi-scale implementations of x-ray imaging technologies in the field of rechargeable batteries are discussed.This review is anticipated to augment the comprehension of readers for x-ray imaging techniques as well as to stimulate the development of novel concepts and approaches in rechargeable battery research.展开更多
Although heavy-ion collisions generate strong magnetic fields,their direct measurement is a challenging task.A new observable,the baryon electric charge correlation,was recently found to be sensitive to the magnetic f...Although heavy-ion collisions generate strong magnetic fields,their direct measurement is a challenging task.A new observable,the baryon electric charge correlation,was recently found to be sensitive to the magnetic field strength and thus could be used as a magnetometer for heavy-ion collisions.Additionally,this observable may shed light on the equation of state and phase structure of quantum chromodynamics(QCD)under magnetic fields.Determining and understanding the phase structure of quantum chromodynamics(QCD)is important in contemporary physics[1].展开更多
Research of infinite-layer nickelates has unveiled a broken translation symmetry,which has sparked significant interest in its root,its relationship to superconductivity,and its comparison to charge order in cuprates....Research of infinite-layer nickelates has unveiled a broken translation symmetry,which has sparked significant interest in its root,its relationship to superconductivity,and its comparison to charge order in cuprates.In this study,resonant x-ray scattering measurements were performed on thin films of infinite-layer PrNiO_(2+δ).The results show significant differences in the superlattice reflection at the Ni L_(3) absorption edge compared to that at the Pr M_(5) resonance in their dependence on energy,temperature,and local symmetry.These differences point to two distinct charge orders,although they share the same in-plane wavevectors.It is suggested that these dissimilarities could be linked to the excess oxygen dopants,given that the resonant reflections were observed in an incompletely reduced PrNiO_(2+δ)film.Furthermore,azimuthal analysis indicates that the oxygen ligands likely play a crucial role in the charge modulation revealed at the Ni L_(3) resonance.展开更多
This paper is devoted to studying the stability of transonic shock solutions to the Euler-Poisson system in a one-dimensional nozzle of finite length.The background charge in the Poisson equation is a piecewise consta...This paper is devoted to studying the stability of transonic shock solutions to the Euler-Poisson system in a one-dimensional nozzle of finite length.The background charge in the Poisson equation is a piecewise constant function.The structural stability of the steady transonic shock solution is obtained by the monotonicity argument.Furthermore,this transonic shock is proved to be dynamically and exponentially stable with respect to small perturbations of the initial data.One of the crucial ingredients of the analysis is to establish the global well-posedness of a free boundary problem for a quasilinear second order equation with nonlinear boundary conditions.展开更多
The neutral beam injection is widely adopted in tokamaks as a key heating tool,playing a crucial role in generating burning plasmas.However,the loss of beam ions can damage the first wall and reduce the heating effici...The neutral beam injection is widely adopted in tokamaks as a key heating tool,playing a crucial role in generating burning plasmas.However,the loss of beam ions can damage the first wall and reduce the heating efficiency,resulting in failure to maintain steady-state conditions.In this work,the effect of neutral particles in the edge on fast ions generated by NBI in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST)device is studied using the particle tracer code(PTC).The poloidal distribution of neutral particles is calculated by edge plasma simulation code SOLPS-ITER.In this simulation,four beam lines in EAST are considered:co-current tangential(co-tang),co-current perpendicular(co-perp),counter-current tangential(ctr-tang)and counter-current perpendicular(ctr-perp).It is shown that,in the absence of neutral particles,the loss fraction of ctr-injection is considerably higher than that of the co-injection.When considering the neutral particles,it is found that the ctr-perp injection demonstrates a significant variation in particles loss fraction(ranging from 18.56%to 25.42%)compared to the other three injection configurations.In terms of the loss fraction induced by neutral particles,ctr-injection exceeds co-injection,and perpendicular configuration exceeds tangential configuration.Furthermore,the difference of charge exchange ratios of three different energy(full energy,half energy,one third energy)of the four injections can be attributed to variations in the poloidal trajectories associated with each of these injections.Moreover,approximately half of fast ions which undergo neutralization directly lose to the first wall while the rest re-enter the bulk plasma and re-ionize.Except for the ctr-tang injection,the reionization ions from the other three injections exhibit effective confinement.展开更多
Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries(MIBs)have attracted much more attentions by virtue of the high capacity from the two electrons chemistry.However,the reversible Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials is restricted by the ...Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries(MIBs)have attracted much more attentions by virtue of the high capacity from the two electrons chemistry.However,the reversible Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials is restricted by the strong interactions between the high-polarized bivalent Mg^(2+)ions and anionic lattice.Herein,we design and propose a hetero-structural VO_(2)(R)-VS_(4)cathode,in which the re-delocalized d-electrons can effectively shield the polarity of Mg^(2+)ions.Theoretically,the electrons should spontaneously transfer from VS_(4)to VO_(2)(R)through the interfaces of hetero-structure due to the lower work function value of VS_(4).Furthermore,the internal electrons transfer lead to the electronic injection into VO_(2)(R)from VS_(4)and the partially broken V-V dimers,indicating the presence of lone pair electrons and charge re-delocalization.Benefiting from the shield effect of re-delocalized electrons,and the weakened attraction between cations and O/S anions enables more S^(2-)-S_(2)^(2-)redox groups to participate the electrochemical reactions and compensate the double charge of Mg^(2+)ions.Accordingly,VO_(2)(R)-VS_(4)hetero-structure exhibits a high specific capacity of 554 mA h g^(-1)at 50 mA g^(-1).It is believed that the charge re-delocalization of cathode extremely boost the Mg^(2+)ions migration for the high-capacity of MIBs.展开更多
pH-responsive charge reversal loaded miRNA nanocomposite was prepared by electrostatic self-assembly.The morphology,particle size and zeta potential of the nanocomposites were analyzed by transmission electron microsc...pH-responsive charge reversal loaded miRNA nanocomposite was prepared by electrostatic self-assembly.The morphology,particle size and zeta potential of the nanocomposites were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering.The synthesis of the polymer was analyzed by^(1)H-NMR.The zeta-potential changes and cellular uptake effects of the nanocomplexes under different pH environments were investigated.The experimental results show that the surface morphology of the nanocomposite is spherical,and the average particle size is about 135 nm.As the pH value of the solution gradually decreases,the surface charge of the nanocomposite reverses from negative charge to positive charge(from-9.4 to+17.1 mV).Cellular uptake mediated by pH-responsive nanocomposite is selective for tumor cells,and the cellular uptake effect in tumor cells at pH 6.5 was approximately 3 times higher than that at pH 7.4.This pH responsive charge reversal nanocomposite has promising application prospects for gene delivery in the weak acid environment of tumors.展开更多
基金funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M721614)the opening project of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology,Beijing Institute of Technology(Grant No.KFJJ23-07M)。
文摘This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)that has tungsten as its inner liner.The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests.Double-layer charge liners were fabricated by using CVD to deposit tungsten layers on the inner surfaces of pure T2 copper liners.The microstructures of the tungsten layers were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The feasibility analysis was carried out by pulsed X-rays,slug-retrieval test and static penetration tests.The shaped charge jet forming and penetration law of inner tungsten-coated double-layer liner were studied by numerical simulation method.The results showed that the double-layer liners could form well-shaped jets.The errors between the X-ray test results and the numerical results were within 11.07%.A slug-retrieval test was found that the retrieved slug was similar to a numerically simulated slug.Compared with the traditional pure copper shaped charge jet,the penetration depth of the double-layer shaped charge liner increased by 11.4% and>10.8% respectively.In summary,the test results are good,and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the test,which verified the feasibility of using the CVD method to fabricate double-layer charge liners with a high-density and high-strength refractory metal as the inner liner.
文摘Triboelectric materials with high charge density are the building-block for the commercial application of triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs).Unstable dynamic processes influence the change of the charge density on the surface and inside of triboelectric materials.The charge density of triboelectric materials depends on the surface and the internal charge transfer processes.The focus of this review is on recent advances in high charge density triboelectric materials and advances in the fabrication of TENGs.We summarize the existing strategies for achieving high charge density in triboelectric materials as well as their fundamental properties.We then review current optimization methods for regulating dynamic charge transfer processes to increase the output charge density:first,increasing charge injection and limiting charge dissipation to achieve a high average surface charge density,and second,regulating the internal charge transfer process and storing charge in triboelectric materials to increase the output charge density.Finally,we present the challenges and prospects in developing high-performance triboelectric materials.
基金We are grateful to National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22375056,52272163)the Key R&D Program of Hebei(Grant No.216Z1201G)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Grant No.E2022208066,B2021208014)Key R&D Program of Hebei Technological Innovation Center of Chiral Medicine(Grant No.ZXJJ20220105).
文摘Free-standing covalent organic framework(COFs)nanofilms exhibit a remarkable ability to rapidly intercalate/de-intercalate Li^(+) in lithium-ion batteries,while simultaneously exposing affluent active sites in supercapacitors.The development of these nanofilms offers a promising solution to address the persistent challenge of imbalanced charge storage kinetics between battery-type anode and capacitor-type cathode in lithium-ion capacitors(LICs).Herein,for the first time,custom-made COFBTMB-TP and COFTAPB-BPY nanofilms are synthesized as the anode and cathode,respectively,for an all-COF nanofilm-structured LIC.The COFBTMB-TP nanofilm with strong electronegative–CF3 groups enables tuning the partial electron cloud density for Li^(+) migration to ensure the rapid anode kinetic process.The thickness-regulated cathodic COFTAPB-BPY nanofilm can fit the anodic COF nanofilm in the capacity.Due to the aligned 1D channel,2D aromatic skeleton and accessible active sites of COF nanofilms,the whole COFTAPB-BPY//COFBTMB-TP LIC demonstrates a high energy density of 318 mWh cm^(−3) at a high-power density of 6 W cm^(−3),excellent rate capability,good cycle stability with the capacity retention rate of 77%after 5000-cycle.The COFTAPB-BPY//COFBTMB-TP LIC represents a new benchmark for currently reported film-type LICs and even film-type supercapacitors.After being comprehensively explored via ex situ XPS,7Li solid-state NMR analyses,and DFT calculation,it is found that the COFBTMB-TP nanofilm facilitates the reversible conversion of semi-ionic to ionic C–F bonds during lithium storage.COFBTMB-TP exhibits a strong interaction with Li^(+) due to the C–F,C=O,and C–N bonds,facilitating Li^(+) desolation and absorption from the electrolyte.This work addresses the challenge of imbalanced charge storage kinetics and capacity between the anode and cathode and also pave the way for future miniaturized and wearable LIC devices.
基金supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Grant No.FA9550-17-1-0264supported by the DOE,Office of Science,Fusion Energy Sciences under Contract No.DE-SC0021125+2 种基金supported by the U.S.Department of Energy Grant No.DESC0011617.D.A.Jarozynski,E.Brunetti,B.Ersfeld,and S.Yoffe would like to acknowledge support from the U.K.EPSRC(Grant Nos.EP/J018171/1 and EP/N028694/1)the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No.871124 Laserlab-Europe and EuPRAXIA(Grant No.653782)funded by the N8 research partnership and EPSRC(Grant No.EP/T022167/1).
文摘An intense laser pulse focused onto a plasma can excite nonlinear plasma waves.Under appropriate conditions,electrons from the background plasma are trapped in the plasma wave and accelerated to ultra-relativistic velocities.This scheme is called a laser wakefield accelerator.In this work,we present results from a laser wakefield acceleration experiment using a petawatt-class laser to excite the wakefields as well as nanoparticles to assist the injection of electrons into the accelerating phase of the wakefields.We find that a 10-cm-long,nanoparticle-assisted laser wakefield accelerator can generate 340 pC,10±1.86 GeV electron bunches with a 3.4 GeV rms convolved energy spread and a 0.9 mrad rms divergence.It can also produce bunches with lower energies in the 4–6 GeV range.
文摘Solar Wind Charge eXchange X-ray(SWCX) emission in the heliosphere and Ea rth’s exosphere is a hard to avoid signal in soft Xray obse rvations of astrophysical targets.On the other hand,the X-ray imaging possibilities offered by the SWCX process has led to an increasing number of future dedicated space missions for investigating the solar wind-terrestrial inte ractions and magnetospheric interfaces.In both cases,accurate modelling of the SWCX emission is key to correctly interpret its signal,and remove it from obse rvations,when needed.In this paper,we compile solar wind abundance measurements from ACE for different solar wind types,and atomic data from literature,including charge exchange cross-sections and emission probabilities,used fo r calculating the compound cross-section a for the SWCX X-ray emission.We calculate a values for charge-exchange with H and He,relevant to soft X-ray energy bands(0.1-2.0 keV)for various solar wind types and solar cycle conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U20A20310 and No.52176199)sponsored by the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(No.22XD1423800)。
文摘Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charges(SOCs)has significant implications for reinforcing the thermal safety design of the lithium-ion battery module.This study first investigates the thermal safety boundary(TSB)correspondence at the cells and modules level under the guidance of a newly proposed concept,safe electric quantity boundary(SEQB).A reasonable thermal runaway propagation(TRP)judgment indicator,peak heat transfer power(PHTP),is proposed to predict whether TRP occurs.Moreover,a validated 3D model is used to quantitatively clarify the TSB at different SOCs from the perspective of PHTP,TR trigger temperature,SOC,and the full cycle life.Besides,three different TRP transfer modes are discovered.The interconversion relationship of three different TRP modes is investigated from the perspective of PHTP.This paper explores the TSB of LIBs under different SOCs at both cell and module levels for the first time,which has great significance in guiding the thermal safety design of battery systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51922023,61874011)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(E1EG6804)
文摘As an emerging technology to convert environmental high-entropy energy into electrical energy,triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)has great demands for further enhancing the service lifetime and output performance in practical applications.Here,an ultra-robust and high-performance rotational triboelectric nanogenerator(R-TENG)by bearing charge pumping is proposed.The R-TENG composes of a pumping TENG(P-TENG),an output TENG(O-TENG),a voltage-multiplying circuit(VMC),and a buffer capacitor.The P-TENG is designed with freestanding mode based on a rolling ball bearing,which can also act as the rotating mechanical energy harvester.The output low charge from the P-TENG is accumulated and pumped to the non-contact O-TENG,which can simultaneously realize ultralow mechanical wear and high output performance.The matched instantaneous power of R-TENG is increased by 32 times under 300 r/min.Furthermore,the transferring charge of R-TENG can remain 95%during 15 days(6.4×10^(6)cycles)continuous operation.This work presents a realizable method to further enhance the durability of TENG,which would facilitate the practical applications of high-performance TENG in harvesting distributed ambient micro mechanical energy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62274189the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China,under Grant 2022A1515011054the Key Area R&D Program of Guangdong Province under Grant 2022B0701180001.
文摘In this paper,an NMOS output-capacitorless low-dropout regulator(OCL-LDO)featuring dual-loop regulation has been proposed,achieving fast transient response with low power consumption.An event-driven charge pump(CP)loop with the dynamic strength control(DSC),is proposed in this paper,which overcomes trade-offs inherent in conventional structures.The presented design addresses and resolves the large signal stability issue,which has been previously overlooked in the event-driven charge pump structure.This breakthrough allows for the full exploitation of the charge-pump structure's poten-tial,particularly in enhancing transient recovery.Moreover,a dynamic error amplifier is utilized to attain precise regulation of the steady-state output voltage,leading to favorable static characteristics.A prototype chip has been fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology.The measurement results show that the proposed OCL-LDO achieves a 410 nA low quiescent current(IQ)and can recover within 30 ns under 200 mA/10 ns loading change.
基金supported by NNSFC grants 42322408,42188101 and 42074202the Strategic Pioneer Program on Space Science,CAS Grant nos.XDA15350201+3 种基金in part by the Research Fund from the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories of China.supported by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program(CAST-Y202045)supported by Royal Society grant DHFR1211068。
文摘Solar wind charge exchange(SWCX)is the process of solar wind high-valence ions exchanging charges with neutral components and generating soft X-rays.Recently,detecting the SWCX emission from the magnetosphere is proposed as a new technique to study the magnetosphere using panoramic soft X-ray imaging.To better prepare for the data analysis of upcoming magnetospheric soft X-ray imaging missions,this paper compares the magnetospheric SWCX emission obtained by two methods in an XMM-Newton observation,during which the solar wind changed dramatically.The two methods differ in the data used to fit the diffuse X-ray background(DXB)parameters in spectral analysis.The method adding data from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey(RASS)is called the RASS method.The method using the quiet observation data is called the Quiet method,where quiet observations usually refer to observations made by the same satellite with the same target but under weaker solar wind conditions.Results show that the spectral compositions of magnetospheric SWCX emission obtained by the two methods are very similar,and the changes in intensity over time are highly consistent,although the intensity obtained by the RASS method is about 2.68±0.56 keV cm^(-2)s^(-1)sr^(-1)higher than that obtained by the Quiet method.Since the DXB intensity obtained by the RASS method is about 2.84±0.74 keV cm^(-2)s^(-1)sr^(-1)lower than that obtained by the Quiet method,and the linear correlation coefficient between the difference of SWCX and DXB obtained by the two methods in diffe rent energy band is close to-1,the diffe rences in magnetospheric SWCX can be fully attributed to the diffe rences in the fitted DXB.The difference between the two methods is most significant when the energy is less than 0.7 keV,which is also the main energy band of SWCX emission.In addition,the difference between the two methods is not related to the SWCX intensity and,to some extent,to solar wind conditions,because SWCX intensity typically va ries with the solar wind.In summary,both methods are robust and reliable,and should be considered based on the best available options.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Project No.51874267 and No.12272374the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Project Nos.WK2480000008,WK2480000007,and WK2320000049。
文摘A launching system with a filter cartridge structure was proposed to improve the muzzle velocity of the projectile.The combustion chamber of the launching system is divided into two fixed chambers,one is located in the breech chamber,and the other is arranged in the barrel.The breech chamber charge was ignited first,and the charges in the auxiliary chambers were ignited by the high-temperature,highpressure combustible gas trailing the projectile.In this way,the combustible gas in the auxiliary chambers could compensate for the pressure drop caused by the movement of the projectile.The proposed device features the advantage of launching a projectile with high muzzle velocity without exceeding the maximum pressure in the chamber.In order to obtain some internal ballistic characteristics of the launch system,some critical structure,such as the length of the filter cartridge auxiliary charge,the combustion degree of the propellant in the chamber,and the length of the barrel,are discussed.The experimental results show that with the increased auxiliary charge length,a pressure plateau or even a secondary peak pressure can be formed,which is less than the peak pressure.The projectile velocity increased by 23.57%,14.64%,and 7.65%when the diaphragm thickness was 0 mm,1 mm,and2 mm,respectively.The muzzle velocity of the projectile can be increased by 13.42%by increasing the length of the barrel.Under the same charge condition,with the increase of barrel length,the energy utilization rate of propellant increases by 28.64%.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0402400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11974358 and 11934004)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB34020000)the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).
文摘The state-selective cross section data are useful for understanding and modeling the x-ray emission in celestial observations.In the present work,using the cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy,for the first time we investigated the state-selective single electron capture processes for S^(q+)–He and H_(2)(q=11–15)collision systems at an impact energy of q×20 keV and obtained the relative state-selective cross sections.The results indicate that only a few principal quantum states of the projectile energy level are populated in a single electron capture process.In particular,the increase of the projectile charge state leads to the population of the states with higher principal quantum numbers.It is also shown that the experimental averaged n-shell populations are reproduced well by the over-barrier model.The database is openly available in Science Data Bank at 10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00091.
基金supported by the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22075063 and U1932205)the Chinesisch-Deutsches Mobilitätspropgamm(Grant No.M-0281)+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central(Grant No.HIT.OCEF.2023039)the Heilongjiang Touyan Team(Grant No.HITTY-20190033)the Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Chongqing(Grant No.cstc2021jcyj-jqX0003)the‘Young Scientist Studio’of Harbin Institute of Technology(HIT)funds from Chongqing Research Institute of HIT.
文摘The rapid advancement in electric vehicles and electrochemical energy storage technology has raised the demands placed on rechargeable batteries.It is essential to comprehend the operational principles and degradation mechanisms of batteries across multiple scales to propel the research on rechargeable batteries for the next generation forward.Microstructure,phase information,and lattice of energy materials in both two dimensions and three dimensions can be intuitively obtained through the utilization of x-ray imaging techniques.Additionally,x-ray imaging technology is increasingly gaining attention due to its non-destructive nature and high penetrative capability,enabling in situ experiments and multi-scale spatial resolution.In this review,we initially overview the basic principles and characteristics of several key x-ray imaging technologies.Each x-ray imaging technology is tailored to specific application scenarios.Furthermore,examples of multi-scale implementations of x-ray imaging technologies in the field of rechargeable batteries are discussed.This review is anticipated to augment the comprehension of readers for x-ray imaging techniques as well as to stimulate the development of novel concepts and approaches in rechargeable battery research.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.23JC1400200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12225502,12075061,and 12147101)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1604900)。
文摘Although heavy-ion collisions generate strong magnetic fields,their direct measurement is a challenging task.A new observable,the baryon electric charge correlation,was recently found to be sensitive to the magnetic field strength and thus could be used as a magnetometer for heavy-ion collisions.Additionally,this observable may shed light on the equation of state and phase structure of quantum chromodynamics(QCD)under magnetic fields.Determining and understanding the phase structure of quantum chromodynamics(QCD)is important in contemporary physics[1].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12074411)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFA1403900 and 2021YFA1401800)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB25000000)the Swiss National Science Foundation(Grant No.200021_188564)。
文摘Research of infinite-layer nickelates has unveiled a broken translation symmetry,which has sparked significant interest in its root,its relationship to superconductivity,and its comparison to charge order in cuprates.In this study,resonant x-ray scattering measurements were performed on thin films of infinite-layer PrNiO_(2+δ).The results show significant differences in the superlattice reflection at the Ni L_(3) absorption edge compared to that at the Pr M_(5) resonance in their dependence on energy,temperature,and local symmetry.These differences point to two distinct charge orders,although they share the same in-plane wavevectors.It is suggested that these dissimilarities could be linked to the excess oxygen dopants,given that the resonant reflections were observed in an incompletely reduced PrNiO_(2+δ)film.Furthermore,azimuthal analysis indicates that the oxygen ligands likely play a crucial role in the charge modulation revealed at the Ni L_(3) resonance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11871134,12171166)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT23LAB303)。
文摘This paper is devoted to studying the stability of transonic shock solutions to the Euler-Poisson system in a one-dimensional nozzle of finite length.The background charge in the Poisson equation is a piecewise constant function.The structural stability of the steady transonic shock solution is obtained by the monotonicity argument.Furthermore,this transonic shock is proved to be dynamically and exponentially stable with respect to small perturbations of the initial data.One of the crucial ingredients of the analysis is to establish the global well-posedness of a free boundary problem for a quasilinear second order equation with nonlinear boundary conditions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE03090000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11975068).
文摘The neutral beam injection is widely adopted in tokamaks as a key heating tool,playing a crucial role in generating burning plasmas.However,the loss of beam ions can damage the first wall and reduce the heating efficiency,resulting in failure to maintain steady-state conditions.In this work,the effect of neutral particles in the edge on fast ions generated by NBI in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST)device is studied using the particle tracer code(PTC).The poloidal distribution of neutral particles is calculated by edge plasma simulation code SOLPS-ITER.In this simulation,four beam lines in EAST are considered:co-current tangential(co-tang),co-current perpendicular(co-perp),counter-current tangential(ctr-tang)and counter-current perpendicular(ctr-perp).It is shown that,in the absence of neutral particles,the loss fraction of ctr-injection is considerably higher than that of the co-injection.When considering the neutral particles,it is found that the ctr-perp injection demonstrates a significant variation in particles loss fraction(ranging from 18.56%to 25.42%)compared to the other three injection configurations.In terms of the loss fraction induced by neutral particles,ctr-injection exceeds co-injection,and perpendicular configuration exceeds tangential configuration.Furthermore,the difference of charge exchange ratios of three different energy(full energy,half energy,one third energy)of the four injections can be attributed to variations in the poloidal trajectories associated with each of these injections.Moreover,approximately half of fast ions which undergo neutralization directly lose to the first wall while the rest re-enter the bulk plasma and re-ionize.Except for the ctr-tang injection,the reionization ions from the other three injections exhibit effective confinement.
基金the financial support of this work by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52034011)the Key R&D Program of Shanxi(No.2019ZDLGY04-05)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi(No.2019JLZ-01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.G2020KY05129)the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(NPU),China(No.2020-BJ-03)。
文摘Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries(MIBs)have attracted much more attentions by virtue of the high capacity from the two electrons chemistry.However,the reversible Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials is restricted by the strong interactions between the high-polarized bivalent Mg^(2+)ions and anionic lattice.Herein,we design and propose a hetero-structural VO_(2)(R)-VS_(4)cathode,in which the re-delocalized d-electrons can effectively shield the polarity of Mg^(2+)ions.Theoretically,the electrons should spontaneously transfer from VS_(4)to VO_(2)(R)through the interfaces of hetero-structure due to the lower work function value of VS_(4).Furthermore,the internal electrons transfer lead to the electronic injection into VO_(2)(R)from VS_(4)and the partially broken V-V dimers,indicating the presence of lone pair electrons and charge re-delocalization.Benefiting from the shield effect of re-delocalized electrons,and the weakened attraction between cations and O/S anions enables more S^(2-)-S_(2)^(2-)redox groups to participate the electrochemical reactions and compensate the double charge of Mg^(2+)ions.Accordingly,VO_(2)(R)-VS_(4)hetero-structure exhibits a high specific capacity of 554 mA h g^(-1)at 50 mA g^(-1).It is believed that the charge re-delocalization of cathode extremely boost the Mg^(2+)ions migration for the high-capacity of MIBs.
基金Funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC2412300)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2022CFB386)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52073222)。
文摘pH-responsive charge reversal loaded miRNA nanocomposite was prepared by electrostatic self-assembly.The morphology,particle size and zeta potential of the nanocomposites were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering.The synthesis of the polymer was analyzed by^(1)H-NMR.The zeta-potential changes and cellular uptake effects of the nanocomplexes under different pH environments were investigated.The experimental results show that the surface morphology of the nanocomposite is spherical,and the average particle size is about 135 nm.As the pH value of the solution gradually decreases,the surface charge of the nanocomposite reverses from negative charge to positive charge(from-9.4 to+17.1 mV).Cellular uptake mediated by pH-responsive nanocomposite is selective for tumor cells,and the cellular uptake effect in tumor cells at pH 6.5 was approximately 3 times higher than that at pH 7.4.This pH responsive charge reversal nanocomposite has promising application prospects for gene delivery in the weak acid environment of tumors.
