Severe soil erosion and drought are the two main factors affecting the ecological security of the Loess Plateau,China.Investigating the influence of drought on soil conservation service is of great importance to regio...Severe soil erosion and drought are the two main factors affecting the ecological security of the Loess Plateau,China.Investigating the influence of drought on soil conservation service is of great importance to regional environmental protection and sustainable development.However,there is little research on the coupling relationship between them.In this study,focusing on the Jinghe River Basin,China as a case study,we conducted a quantitative evaluation on meteorological,hydrological,and agricultural droughts(represented by the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Standardized Runoff Index(SRI),and Standardized Soil Moisture Index(SSMI),respectively)using the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model,and quantified the soil conservation service using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)in the historical period(2000-2019)and future period(2026-2060)under two Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs)(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).We further examined the influence of the three types of drought on soil conservation service at annual and seasonal scales.The NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP)dataset was used to predict and model the hydrometeorological elements in the future period under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.The results showed that in the historical period,annual-scale meteorological drought exhibited the highest intensity,while seasonal-scale drought was generally weakest in autumn and most severe in summer.Drought intensity of all three types of drought will increase over the next 40 years,with a greater increase under the RCP4.5 scenario than under the RCP8.5 scenario.Furthermore,the intra-annual variation in the drought intensity of the three types of drought becomes smaller under the two future scenarios relative to the historical period(2000-2019).Soil conservation service exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by high levels in the southwest and southeast and lower levels in the north,and this pattern has remained consistent both in the historical and future periods.Over the past 20 years,the intra-annual variation indicated peak soil conservation service in summer and lowest level in winter;the total soil conservation of the Jinghe River Basin displayed an upward trend,with the total soil conservation in 2019 being 1.14 times higher than that in 2000.The most substantial impact on soil conservation service arises from annual-scale meteorological drought,which remains consistent both in the historical and future periods.Additionally,at the seasonal scale,meteorological drought exerts the highest influence on soil conservation service in winter and autumn,particularly under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.Compared to the historical period,the soil conservation service in the Jinghe River Basin will be significantly more affected by drought in the future period in terms of both the affected area and the magnitude of impact.This study conducted beneficial attempts to evaluate and predict the dynamic characteristics of watershed drought and soil conservation service,as well as the response of soil conservation service to different types of drought.Clarifying the interrelationship between the two is the foundation for achieving sustainable development in a relatively arid and severely eroded area such as the Jinghe River Basin.展开更多
The environment of tobacco-growing soil directly affects the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.In order to solve problems of tobacco-growing soil degradation,low organic matter content and unbalanced soil nutrient s...The environment of tobacco-growing soil directly affects the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.In order to solve problems of tobacco-growing soil degradation,low organic matter content and unbalanced soil nutrient supply and promote sustainable and healthy development of tobacco production,this paper comprehensively discussed conservation and improvement techniques of tobacco-growing soil based on existing problems in Zhaoyang District,aiming to provide reference for tobacco-growing soil conservation.展开更多
The relationship between landscape patterns and soil conservation,as well as the need for nature-based soil erosion control and landscape pattern optimization,have increasingly gained attention in the scientific and p...The relationship between landscape patterns and soil conservation,as well as the need for nature-based soil erosion control and landscape pattern optimization,have increasingly gained attention in the scientific and political community in the past decade.With the implementation of a series of afforestation/reforestation projects in the western China,the optimization and management of forest landscape patterns will become more important for soil conservation.In this study,the Bailongjiang Watershed(BLJW),in the western China,was used as a case study to explore the relationship between the forest landscape pattern and soil conservation services using mathematical and spatial statistics methods.A spatially-explicit model called the sediment delivery ratio(SDR)model of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)was used to assess the soil conservation service in each sub-basin of BLJW in 1990,2002,and 2014,and landscape indices were used to describe changes in forest landscape patterns in each sub-basin.Nine forest landscape indices,including the percentage of landscape(PLAND),largest patch index(LPI),edge density(ED),landscape shape index(LSI),mean patch shape(SHAPEMN),patch cohesion index(COHESION),landscape division index(DIVISION),splitting index(SPLIT)and aggregation index(AI),were significantly correlated to the soil conservation service.PLAND,AI,LSI and SPLIT of forestland were determined to be the more important landscape indicators.The results also indicated that soil conservation was substantially scale-dependent.The results demonstrated that landscape type diversity greatly affected watershed soil conservation and can be used for forest landscape restoration and management.Furthermore,spatial statistics analysis indicated that the Spatial Lag Model(SLM)was superior to the Ordinary Least Squares(OLS)for soil conservation regressions in 1990 and 2014,while OLS was more appropriate for the regression in 2002.These findings will be useful for enhancing soil conservation and for optimizing mountainous forest landscape patterns for afforestation/reforestation and regional development.Future planning and implementation of ecological restoration should focus more on strategic spatial planning and integrated landscape management with full consideration of future climate,water availability/consumption,hydrological regime,topography,and watershed features,especially on afforestation and revegetation projects in western mountainous China,where the socio-ecological system is fragile and poor.展开更多
Taiwan has always attached great importance to management of mountain slopes, and its steepslope water and soil conservation system has been a reference for the water and soil conservation in hot and rainy regions. Fr...Taiwan has always attached great importance to management of mountain slopes, and its steepslope water and soil conservation system has been a reference for the water and soil conservation in hot and rainy regions. From the perspective of water and soil ecology theory, new forms of water and soil loss emerged since the industrialization and urbanization of Taiwan, also known as hidden water and soil loss, such as soil hardening, change of original landform, destruction of ecological landscape etc.. These losses should be controlled through water and soil conservation measures such as initial involvement, dynamic analysis, systematic treatment and disaster avoidance, all production and construction activities should follow three elements(water, soil and vegetation) and their correlation laws, in order to maintain water and soil ecological balance. By integrating water and soil ecological concepts, water and soil conservation in Taiwan will make more progress.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of soil conservation and sediment control in Europe from the perspectives of policy makers seeking solutions to current problems of soil loss and flooding.Data and...The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of soil conservation and sediment control in Europe from the perspectives of policy makers seeking solutions to current problems of soil loss and flooding.Data and information are derived from detailed reports written in support of the European Soils Directive,that addressed the threats facing European soils and from workshops organised to identify best practices and achieve sustainable land use in different EU countries.These were organised by the SCAPE(Strategies for Soil Conservation and Protection in Europe) supporting action.Regarding technical measures used to limit erosion and restore ecosystems,there is much similarity between Europe and China.The main soil and land degradation problems that soil conservation practitioners and scientists have to address are caused by land use and management impacts that have proved difficult or impossible to resist because of political conditions.The political leadership that regarded soil conservation and sediment control,as a cornerstone of sustainable economic development,which seemed to be present eight years,is urgently required once more.展开更多
Quantifying soil conservation service is critical for sustainable land management. However, the traditional algo-rithm includes a gap between barren land and real soil erosion (BSERef), and its paradox is that a mass ...Quantifying soil conservation service is critical for sustainable land management. However, the traditional algo-rithm includes a gap between barren land and real soil erosion (BSERef), and its paradox is that a mass of barrenland rarely exists in ecologically adaptable areas with fertile soils, which might overestimate soil conservationservice. This study suggests a practical algorithm to effectively evaluate soil conservation service of differentecosystems. We propose a new algorithm based on the difference between cropland without control practicesand real soil erosion (CSERef), which is compared with the BSERef algorithm. Our results show that: (1) a nearlyfive times smaller mean soil conservation amount of cropland occurred in the CSERef algorithm (3.76×106 t·yr–1)than in the BSERef algorithm (20.04×106 t·yr–1);(2) land use has higher explanatory power for the spatial dif-ferentiation of soil conservation rate in the CSERef algorithm (15.93% – 46.34%) than in the BSERef algorithm(5.95% – 44.49%). Our results demonstrate that the BSERef algorithm overestimates the soil conservation serviceof cropland in ecologically adaptable areas, whereas the CSERef algorithm can effectively assess the influence ofland use change induced by anthropogenic activities on soil conservation service. Furthermore, we develop anassessment framework in terms of land use classification system following the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Theframework considers that for water bodies, there is no soil conservation service;for non-ecologically adaptable ar-eas (unused land) with vast barren lands and vegetation cover below 5%, the BSERef algorithm is recommended;the CSERef algorithm is suggested to use in ecologically adaptable areas (including woodland, grassland, crop-land and construction land). This assessment framework can provide scientific assistance for decision-makers toformulate strategies for sustainable land management.展开更多
The Soil Conservation Monitorins Information System (SCMIS) presented in this paper is oriented to soil erosion control, resources exploitation, utilization, planning and management for a small watershed (about 10 sq....The Soil Conservation Monitorins Information System (SCMIS) presented in this paper is oriented to soil erosion control, resources exploitation, utilization, planning and management for a small watershed (about 10 sq. km.) on the Loess Plateau. It sums up Remote sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and Expert System (ES) and consists of a integrated system. As a basic level information system of Loess Plateau, its perfection and psreading will bring about a great advance in resources exploitation and management of Loess Plateau.展开更多
Land degradation in the form of soil erosion presents a threat to food security and sustainability of agricultural production in Ethiopia.In response,governments and development agencies have invested substantial reso...Land degradation in the form of soil erosion presents a threat to food security and sustainability of agricultural production in Ethiopia.In response,governments and development agencies have invested substantial resources to conserve soil.However,the efforts put toward to conserve soil have failed to meet the anticipated objectives.Hence,the study was carried out to investigate the factors that are affecting the adoption of soil conservation measures in North Achefer District.The data were collected from 121 households by the use of household survey,focus group discussion,and key informant's interview.Descriptive,inferential,and binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the factors determining adoption of soil conservation measures in the study area.The most important factors affecting the adoption of soil conservation were age,farmers'level of perception on soil erosion,family size and labor availability,livestock holding,farm size,farmers'contact with development agents,and farmers'access to training and credit services.For instance,the family size increases by one person,held other factors constant,the likely probability to adopt soil conservation measures increases by a factor of 2.04,livestock-holding increases adoption by a factor of 2.53,and so on.Therefore,in order to improve adoption of soil conservation measures by farmers'district officials,extension experts and development agents should give due attention to those significant variables that determine farmers'decision to adopt soil conservation measures.展开更多
Based on the observation data of rainfall,vegetation,runoff and sediment yield in the experimental plots located in Hetian Town,Changting County of Fujian Province during 2007-2010,the changing characteristics and int...Based on the observation data of rainfall,vegetation,runoff and sediment yield in the experimental plots located in Hetian Town,Changting County of Fujian Province during 2007-2010,the changing characteristics and interrelation of live vegetation volume of grass,rainfall parameters,and water(soil)conservation effect RE(SE)were analyzed at four time scales of rainfall event,month,season,and year.The results showed that with the increase of time scales,the rainfall and vegetation indicators increased or decreased more or less,and the variation range of RE was small,while SEslowly decreased.The mean REchanged by 10%-20% at different time scales,and the observed water conservation effect of the grassland was the best at season scale while the worst at year scale.The soil conservation effect of the grassland was the best at month scale and the worst at season scale.The water conservation effect of the grass was mainly controlled by rainfall factors,including rainfall duration and precipitation at rainfall event scale,and the maximum intensity of precipitation within 30 min at longer time scales.However,the soil conservation effect of the grass was mainly controlled by vegetation factors,including the contribution of the litter on soil surface at rainfall event scale,the interaction of rainfall and vegetation at month and season scales,and the live vegetation volume of the grass at year scale.Consequently,at different time scales,the factors influencing water and soil conservation changed and interacted,and the observed water and soil conservation effects were also different,indicating that the influence of time scales deserves attention in both research and management practices.展开更多
Human activities significantly alter ecosystems and their services; however, quantifying the impact of human activities on ecosystems has been a great challenge in ecosystem management. We used the Universal Soil Loss...Human activities significantly alter ecosystems and their services; however, quantifying the impact of human activities on ecosystems has been a great challenge in ecosystem management. We used the Universal Soil Loss Equation and county-level socioeconomic data to assess the changes in the ecosystem service of soil conservation between 2000 and 2010, and to analyze its spatial characteristics and driving factors in the southwestern China. The results showed that cropland in the southwestern China decreased by 3.74%, while urban land, forest, and grassland areas increased by 46.78%, 0.86%, and 1.12%, respectively. The soil conservation increased by 1.88 × 10^(11) kg, with deterioration only in some local areas. The improved and the degraded areas accounted for 6.41% and 2.44% of the total land area, respectively. Implementation of the Sloping Land Conversion Program and urbanization explained 57.80% and 23.90% of the variation in the soil conservation change, respectively, and were found to be the main factors enhancing soil conservation. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was one of the factors that led to the degradation of soil conservation. Furthermore, industrial adjustment, by increasing shares of Industry and Service and reducing those of Agriculture, has also promoted soil conservation. Our results quantitatively showed and emphasized the contributions to soil conservation improvement made by implementing ecological restoration programs and promoting urbanization. Consequently, these results provide basic information to improve our understanding of the effects of ecological restoration programs, and help guide future sustainable urban development and regional industrial restructuring.展开更多
Soil conservation practices can greatly affect the soil erosion process,but limited information is available about its influence on the particle size distribution(PSD)of eroded sediment,especially under natural rainfa...Soil conservation practices can greatly affect the soil erosion process,but limited information is available about its influence on the particle size distribution(PSD)of eroded sediment,especially under natural rainfall.In this study,the runoff,sediment yields,and effective/ultimate PSD were measured under two conventional tillage practices,downhill ridge tillage(DT)and plat tillage(PT)and three soil conservation practices,contour ridge tillage(CT),mulching with downhill ridge tillage(MDT),and mulching with contour ridge tillage(MCT)during 21 natural rainfall events in the lower Jinsha River.The results showed that(1)soil conservation practices had a significant effect on soil erosion.The conventional tillage of DT caused highest runoff depth(0.58 to 29.13 mm)and sediment yield(0.01 to 3.19 t hm^(-2)).Compared with DT,the annual runoff depths and sediment yields of CT,MDT and MCT decreased by 12.24%-49.75%and 40.79%-88.30%,respectively.(2)Soil conservation practices can reduce the decomposition of aggregates in sediments.The ratios of effective and ultimate particle size(E/U)of siltand sand-sized particles of DT and PT plots were close to 1,indicating that they were transported as primary particles,however,values lower/greater than 1 subject to CT,MDT and MCT plots indicated they were transported as aggregates.The ratios of E/U of claysized particles were all less than 1 independently of tillage practices.(3)The sediments of soil conservation practices were more selective than those of conventional tillage practices.For CT,MDT and MCT plots,the average enrichment ratios(ERs)of clay,silt and sand were 1.99,1.93 and 0.42,respectively,with enrichment of clay and silt and depletion of sand in sediments.However,the compositions of the eroded sediments of DT and PT plots were similar to that of the original soil.These findings support the use of both effective and ultimate particle size distributions for studying the size selectivity of eroded sediment,and provide a scientific basis for revealing the erosion mechanism in the purple soil area of China.展开更多
We propose an eco-service provision unit method for estimating the benefit and spatial differences of forests in controlling soil erosion.A total of 197 eco-service provision units were grouped on 1424.43 km2 of fores...We propose an eco-service provision unit method for estimating the benefit and spatial differences of forests in controlling soil erosion.A total of 197 eco-service provision units were grouped on 1424.43 km2 of forest according to differences in vegetation,slope,soil,and rainfall.The amount of soil conservation and its economic value were estimated.The forests in Anji County prevent4.08 9 105 tons of soil from eroding annually,thereby avoiding 1.36 9 104 tons of nutrient loss(on-site cost) and preventing 149 tons of nutritive elements from entering water systems(off-site cost).From an economic perspective,the soil nutrient conservation in the forests of Anji County generated an annual benefit of 43.37 million RMB(Chinese Currency,6.20 RMB = US$1).On average,each hectare of ecological forest contributed up to 436 RMB annually because of soil conservation.Ecological complexes with higher rainfall intensity,such as broadleaf forest and red soil on slope gradients [25°,contributed the highest soil conservation benefits.This study identified and quantified the dominant contributors and magnitudes of soil conservation provided by forests.This information can benefit decision making regarding differentiated ecological compensation policies.展开更多
This paper presents the logic relationship between rural settlement reconstruction and soil conservation in the Upper Yangtze River. Firstly,by introducing the concepts of "flow" and "intercepted flow&q...This paper presents the logic relationship between rural settlement reconstruction and soil conservation in the Upper Yangtze River. Firstly,by introducing the concepts of "flow" and "intercepted flow",we probe into the dynamic mechanism on interaction between ecological and environmental system,and then point out that the "intercepting sites" are physical conditions for establishment of human settlements in mountains. Secondly,by using ecological theories,"flow","source",and "sink",material cycle and energy flow in mountains have been discussed. Thirdly,according to dissipative structure theory and thermodynamic laws,a hypothesis has been proposed that "entropy flow" is a dynamic force for settlement evolution. Finally,it is argued that a project for soil conservation is set to control and utilize flows so rural settlements can be supported and farmers’ life improved.展开更多
1. General Situation of Soil Erosion The loessial hilly area of southern Ningxia, Situated at the south of Ningxia Hui Au-tonomous Region, middle-upper reaches of the Yellow River, part of Chinese Loess Pla-teau, cove...1. General Situation of Soil Erosion The loessial hilly area of southern Ningxia, Situated at the south of Ningxia Hui Au-tonomous Region, middle-upper reaches of the Yellow River, part of Chinese Loess Pla-teau, covers an area of 1500 square kilometers with an annual mean temperature of 5-8℃,a precipitation of 300-500mm of which 70% taking place concentratively during the peri-od between June and September in form of rainstorm, The annual evaporation展开更多
To improve flood control efficiency and increase urban resilience to flooding,the impacts of forest type change on flood control in the upper reach of the Tingjiang River(URTR) were evaluated by a modified model based...To improve flood control efficiency and increase urban resilience to flooding,the impacts of forest type change on flood control in the upper reach of the Tingjiang River(URTR) were evaluated by a modified model based on the Soil Conservation Service curve number(SCS-CN) method. Parameters of the model were selected and determined according to the comprehensive analysis of model evaluation indexes. The first simulation of forest reconstruction scenario,namely a coniferous forest covering 59.35km^2 is replaced by a broad-leaved forest showed no significant impact on the flood reduction in the URTR. The second simulation was added with 61.75km^2 bamboo forest replaced by broad-leaved forest,the reduction of flood peak discharge and flood volume could be improved significantly. Specifically,flood peak discharge of 10-year return period event was reduced to 7-year event,and the reduction rate of small flood was 21%-28%. Moreover,the flood volume was reduced by 9%-14% and 18%-35% for moderate floods and small floods,respectively. The resultssuggest that the bamboo forest reconstruction is an effective control solution for small to moderate flood in the URTR,the effect of forest conversion on flood volume is increasingly reduced as the rainfall amount increases to more extreme magnitude. Using a hydrological model with scenarios analysis is an effective simulation approach in investigating the relationship between forest type change and flood control. This method would provide reliable support for flood control and disaster mitigation in mountainous cities.展开更多
Climate change scenarios predict an increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall events in some areas. This will increase runoff and soil erosion,and reduce agricultural productivity, particularly on vulnerable mountai...Climate change scenarios predict an increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall events in some areas. This will increase runoff and soil erosion,and reduce agricultural productivity, particularly on vulnerable mountainous agricultural lands that is already exhibiting high rates of soil erosion.Haphazard implementation of soil and water conservation(SWC) interventions on scattered fields is inefficient in reducing soil erosion. The objective of this study was to identify areas at high risk of erosion to aid the design and implementation of sustainable SWC using GIS analysis and farmers' participation approach. A 25 m digital elevation model(DEM) was used to derive layers of flow accumulation, slope steepness and land curvature, which were used to derive an erosion-risk(priority) map for the whole watershed. Boundaries of farmers' fields were mapped and verified by the community and each field was classified into high, moderate or low erosion risk.Fields with low flow accumulation(top of hill) and/or steep slope and/or convex slope were assigned high erosion risk and therefore high implementation priority. The study showed that more than 64% of the fields were classified into high erosion risk areas.Accordingly, a community-watershed plan was established, revised and approved by the community.Incentive loans to implement SWC measures were distributed to 100 farmers based on the priorities of their fields. Judged by local farmers and using 16 randomly selected fields, 90% of the targeted areas were correctly identified using the erosion risk map. After two years, the conservation measures had led to marked improvement of soil conservation. The approach is simple and easy to comprehend by the community and provides scientific basis to prioritize the implementation of SWC and to target the most degraded areas, which amplify the impact of these in reducing the vulnerability to land degradation.展开更多
The study was conducted to investigate farmers’ perception of soil erosion, participation and adoption of soil conservation technologies (SWC) in Geshy sub-catchment of Gojeb river catchment, Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia...The study was conducted to investigate farmers’ perception of soil erosion, participation and adoption of soil conservation technologies (SWC) in Geshy sub-catchment of Gojeb river catchment, Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia during 2016. The study is based on a detailed survey of 77 households using structured interviews, field observation and focus group discussion. Descriptive and chi-square statistics were applied to analyze factors that affected farmers’ perceived soil erosion severity, participation and adoption options. The results revealed that about 79% of farmers perceived soil erosion problem and its consequences and 97.4% of them believed that it can be controlled. Almost all (97.4%) farmers acknowledged the presence of SWC technologies and about 92.2% of them were participated in conservation activities voluntarily. Thus, 93.5% of them realized decreasing rate of soil erosion and 79.9% of them observed an increasing trend in soil fertility status. Consequently, 94.8% of them confirmed the potential of SWC technologies to halt land degradation and improve land productivity. Furthermore, 98.7% of them were willing to adopt with very good adoption judgment and 94.8% of them were willing to continue maintaining constructed technologies in the future. Principally, farmers’ perception of soil erosion, their genuine participation derived from their conviction, and adoption of induced SWC technologies are the decisive elements for the success of watershed management interventions.展开更多
India is an ancient land having high seasonal rain fall (4 months rain & 8 months dry), has paddy cultivation. Becauses silt-sand separation;buoyant sand gets carried;silt agglutinates. Rill fluid dissolves agglut...India is an ancient land having high seasonal rain fall (4 months rain & 8 months dry), has paddy cultivation. Becauses silt-sand separation;buoyant sand gets carried;silt agglutinates. Rill fluid dissolves agglutinated soil;vectors as silt → degradation. Indian farmer has unique agricultural field conservation;soil cum fertility maintenance/regeneration heritage. Also use the stubble and cow dung (cellulose) as binder cum multi purpose in-field uses. economic;ecologically safe;and not discussed earlier. Good tool for altruistic administrations.展开更多
Rainfall, runoff(surface runoff and interflow) and soil loss were recorded from 2002 to2005 in an experiment with four treatments on sloping red soil land in southern China. Treatments consisted of bare sloping ground...Rainfall, runoff(surface runoff and interflow) and soil loss were recorded from 2002 to2005 in an experiment with four treatments on sloping red soil land in southern China. Treatments consisted of bare sloping ground(control check, CK),interplanting with soybean in spring or radish in autumn(I), level terrace(i.e., grass planted on the riser and bunds built at the edge of a bench terrace)(II), and level terraces of orchards with Bahia grass planted on the riser(III). The surface runoff and erosion in treatment II and III during the four years were low despite the occurrence of potentially erosive rains. By contrast, the CK plot had both the highest surface runoff coefficient and the highest sediment yield among all the plots. The surface runoff and soil erosion of the CK plot significantly differed from that of the treatment plots(p < 0.05). Additionally,Significant differences between the interflow of the CK plot and that of the treatment plots was found from April to August(p < 0.05). However, no significant differences between the CK and treatment plots were found from January to March and September to December. The order of the plots in terms of surface runoff coefficients and soil losses was: CK > I > III > II, whereas their order in terms of interflow was II > III > I > CK. The effects of treatment II were excellent, indicating that level terrace(i.e., grass planted on the riser and bunds built at the edge of a bench terrace) can be an excellent practice for soil and water conservation on sloping red soil land. Soil loss in southern China can be reduced through the widespread use of this approach.展开更多
Assessing the effects of vegetation on water and soil conversation is the key basis for research and management of ecological restoration on water-eroded areas.In this study,the runoff depth,soil loss and correspondin...Assessing the effects of vegetation on water and soil conversation is the key basis for research and management of ecological restoration on water-eroded areas.In this study,the runoff depth,soil loss and corresponding precipitation of five plots planted respectively with Pueraria lobata,Lespedeza bicolor Turcz,Manglietia yuyuanensis Law,Paspalum natatu Fliigge,Paspalum wettsteinii Hackel and one control plot were observed monthly from 2003 to 2010 in Hetian Town of Changting County,Fujian Province,a typical water-eroded area in southern China.Then the effects of different vegetation on water/soil conversation(RE/SE)were determined using the ratios of runoff depth/soil loss between vegetated plots to the control plot.Meanwhile,the effect of precipitation on the water and soil loss was also analyzed.The results showed that,both the water and soil conservation effects of Pueraria lobata and Manglietia yuyuanensis Law are better than Lespedeza bicolor Turcz and Paspalum natatu,while Paspalum wettsteinii Hackel are the worst.The differences of effects of water conservation are more significantly than those of soil conversation between five kinds of vegetations.The runoff depth is mainly affected by precipitation,the determination coefficients(R2)of linear regression models between precipitation and runoff depth of all planted plots are all greater than 0.9,whereas the determination coefficients of the linear regression models between precipitation and soil loss vary form 0.3 to 0.8 for different vegetated plots.These results provide a reference for vegetation reconstruction in the current and similar areas.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071285,42371297)the Key R&D Program Projects in Shaanxi Province of China(2022SF-382)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(GK202302002).
文摘Severe soil erosion and drought are the two main factors affecting the ecological security of the Loess Plateau,China.Investigating the influence of drought on soil conservation service is of great importance to regional environmental protection and sustainable development.However,there is little research on the coupling relationship between them.In this study,focusing on the Jinghe River Basin,China as a case study,we conducted a quantitative evaluation on meteorological,hydrological,and agricultural droughts(represented by the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Standardized Runoff Index(SRI),and Standardized Soil Moisture Index(SSMI),respectively)using the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model,and quantified the soil conservation service using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)in the historical period(2000-2019)and future period(2026-2060)under two Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs)(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).We further examined the influence of the three types of drought on soil conservation service at annual and seasonal scales.The NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP)dataset was used to predict and model the hydrometeorological elements in the future period under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.The results showed that in the historical period,annual-scale meteorological drought exhibited the highest intensity,while seasonal-scale drought was generally weakest in autumn and most severe in summer.Drought intensity of all three types of drought will increase over the next 40 years,with a greater increase under the RCP4.5 scenario than under the RCP8.5 scenario.Furthermore,the intra-annual variation in the drought intensity of the three types of drought becomes smaller under the two future scenarios relative to the historical period(2000-2019).Soil conservation service exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by high levels in the southwest and southeast and lower levels in the north,and this pattern has remained consistent both in the historical and future periods.Over the past 20 years,the intra-annual variation indicated peak soil conservation service in summer and lowest level in winter;the total soil conservation of the Jinghe River Basin displayed an upward trend,with the total soil conservation in 2019 being 1.14 times higher than that in 2000.The most substantial impact on soil conservation service arises from annual-scale meteorological drought,which remains consistent both in the historical and future periods.Additionally,at the seasonal scale,meteorological drought exerts the highest influence on soil conservation service in winter and autumn,particularly under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.Compared to the historical period,the soil conservation service in the Jinghe River Basin will be significantly more affected by drought in the future period in terms of both the affected area and the magnitude of impact.This study conducted beneficial attempts to evaluate and predict the dynamic characteristics of watershed drought and soil conservation service,as well as the response of soil conservation service to different types of drought.Clarifying the interrelationship between the two is the foundation for achieving sustainable development in a relatively arid and severely eroded area such as the Jinghe River Basin.
基金Supported by Key Science and Technology Program of Yunnan Company of China National Tobacco Corporation (2020530000241022)General Science and Technology Program of Zhaotong Company of Yunnan Tobacco Company (ZT20235301001).
文摘The environment of tobacco-growing soil directly affects the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.In order to solve problems of tobacco-growing soil degradation,low organic matter content and unbalanced soil nutrient supply and promote sustainable and healthy development of tobacco production,this paper comprehensively discussed conservation and improvement techniques of tobacco-growing soil based on existing problems in Zhaoyang District,aiming to provide reference for tobacco-growing soil conservation.
基金Under the auspices of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research of China(No.2019QZKK0603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41771196)。
文摘The relationship between landscape patterns and soil conservation,as well as the need for nature-based soil erosion control and landscape pattern optimization,have increasingly gained attention in the scientific and political community in the past decade.With the implementation of a series of afforestation/reforestation projects in the western China,the optimization and management of forest landscape patterns will become more important for soil conservation.In this study,the Bailongjiang Watershed(BLJW),in the western China,was used as a case study to explore the relationship between the forest landscape pattern and soil conservation services using mathematical and spatial statistics methods.A spatially-explicit model called the sediment delivery ratio(SDR)model of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)was used to assess the soil conservation service in each sub-basin of BLJW in 1990,2002,and 2014,and landscape indices were used to describe changes in forest landscape patterns in each sub-basin.Nine forest landscape indices,including the percentage of landscape(PLAND),largest patch index(LPI),edge density(ED),landscape shape index(LSI),mean patch shape(SHAPEMN),patch cohesion index(COHESION),landscape division index(DIVISION),splitting index(SPLIT)and aggregation index(AI),were significantly correlated to the soil conservation service.PLAND,AI,LSI and SPLIT of forestland were determined to be the more important landscape indicators.The results also indicated that soil conservation was substantially scale-dependent.The results demonstrated that landscape type diversity greatly affected watershed soil conservation and can be used for forest landscape restoration and management.Furthermore,spatial statistics analysis indicated that the Spatial Lag Model(SLM)was superior to the Ordinary Least Squares(OLS)for soil conservation regressions in 1990 and 2014,while OLS was more appropriate for the regression in 2002.These findings will be useful for enhancing soil conservation and for optimizing mountainous forest landscape patterns for afforestation/reforestation and regional development.Future planning and implementation of ecological restoration should focus more on strategic spatial planning and integrated landscape management with full consideration of future climate,water availability/consumption,hydrological regime,topography,and watershed features,especially on afforestation and revegetation projects in western mountainous China,where the socio-ecological system is fragile and poor.
文摘Taiwan has always attached great importance to management of mountain slopes, and its steepslope water and soil conservation system has been a reference for the water and soil conservation in hot and rainy regions. From the perspective of water and soil ecology theory, new forms of water and soil loss emerged since the industrialization and urbanization of Taiwan, also known as hidden water and soil loss, such as soil hardening, change of original landform, destruction of ecological landscape etc.. These losses should be controlled through water and soil conservation measures such as initial involvement, dynamic analysis, systematic treatment and disaster avoidance, all production and construction activities should follow three elements(water, soil and vegetation) and their correlation laws, in order to maintain water and soil ecological balance. By integrating water and soil ecological concepts, water and soil conservation in Taiwan will make more progress.
基金The information upon which this paper is based was supported by very many people who contributed to discussions that took place during research projects and meetings supported by the EU DG Research. In particular I would like to thank Denis Peter , Maria Yeroyanni, Oli Arnalds and Luca Montanarella for their insights into soil research and soil policy and Contract EVKT - CT2002 - 20016.
文摘The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of soil conservation and sediment control in Europe from the perspectives of policy makers seeking solutions to current problems of soil loss and flooding.Data and information are derived from detailed reports written in support of the European Soils Directive,that addressed the threats facing European soils and from workshops organised to identify best practices and achieve sustainable land use in different EU countries.These were organised by the SCAPE(Strategies for Soil Conservation and Protection in Europe) supporting action.Regarding technical measures used to limit erosion and restore ecosystems,there is much similarity between Europe and China.The main soil and land degradation problems that soil conservation practitioners and scientists have to address are caused by land use and management impacts that have proved difficult or impossible to resist because of political conditions.The political leadership that regarded soil conservation and sediment control,as a cornerstone of sustainable economic development,which seemed to be present eight years,is urgently required once more.
文摘Quantifying soil conservation service is critical for sustainable land management. However, the traditional algo-rithm includes a gap between barren land and real soil erosion (BSERef), and its paradox is that a mass of barrenland rarely exists in ecologically adaptable areas with fertile soils, which might overestimate soil conservationservice. This study suggests a practical algorithm to effectively evaluate soil conservation service of differentecosystems. We propose a new algorithm based on the difference between cropland without control practicesand real soil erosion (CSERef), which is compared with the BSERef algorithm. Our results show that: (1) a nearlyfive times smaller mean soil conservation amount of cropland occurred in the CSERef algorithm (3.76×106 t·yr–1)than in the BSERef algorithm (20.04×106 t·yr–1);(2) land use has higher explanatory power for the spatial dif-ferentiation of soil conservation rate in the CSERef algorithm (15.93% – 46.34%) than in the BSERef algorithm(5.95% – 44.49%). Our results demonstrate that the BSERef algorithm overestimates the soil conservation serviceof cropland in ecologically adaptable areas, whereas the CSERef algorithm can effectively assess the influence ofland use change induced by anthropogenic activities on soil conservation service. Furthermore, we develop anassessment framework in terms of land use classification system following the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Theframework considers that for water bodies, there is no soil conservation service;for non-ecologically adaptable ar-eas (unused land) with vast barren lands and vegetation cover below 5%, the BSERef algorithm is recommended;the CSERef algorithm is suggested to use in ecologically adaptable areas (including woodland, grassland, crop-land and construction land). This assessment framework can provide scientific assistance for decision-makers toformulate strategies for sustainable land management.
文摘The Soil Conservation Monitorins Information System (SCMIS) presented in this paper is oriented to soil erosion control, resources exploitation, utilization, planning and management for a small watershed (about 10 sq. km.) on the Loess Plateau. It sums up Remote sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and Expert System (ES) and consists of a integrated system. As a basic level information system of Loess Plateau, its perfection and psreading will bring about a great advance in resources exploitation and management of Loess Plateau.
文摘Land degradation in the form of soil erosion presents a threat to food security and sustainability of agricultural production in Ethiopia.In response,governments and development agencies have invested substantial resources to conserve soil.However,the efforts put toward to conserve soil have failed to meet the anticipated objectives.Hence,the study was carried out to investigate the factors that are affecting the adoption of soil conservation measures in North Achefer District.The data were collected from 121 households by the use of household survey,focus group discussion,and key informant's interview.Descriptive,inferential,and binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the factors determining adoption of soil conservation measures in the study area.The most important factors affecting the adoption of soil conservation were age,farmers'level of perception on soil erosion,family size and labor availability,livestock holding,farm size,farmers'contact with development agents,and farmers'access to training and credit services.For instance,the family size increases by one person,held other factors constant,the likely probability to adopt soil conservation measures increases by a factor of 2.04,livestock-holding increases adoption by a factor of 2.53,and so on.Therefore,in order to improve adoption of soil conservation measures by farmers'district officials,extension experts and development agents should give due attention to those significant variables that determine farmers'decision to adopt soil conservation measures.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571415,41071281)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20131078)Planning Project for Cultivation of Young Academic Leaders in"Qinglan Project"of Education Department of Jiangsu Province
文摘Based on the observation data of rainfall,vegetation,runoff and sediment yield in the experimental plots located in Hetian Town,Changting County of Fujian Province during 2007-2010,the changing characteristics and interrelation of live vegetation volume of grass,rainfall parameters,and water(soil)conservation effect RE(SE)were analyzed at four time scales of rainfall event,month,season,and year.The results showed that with the increase of time scales,the rainfall and vegetation indicators increased or decreased more or less,and the variation range of RE was small,while SEslowly decreased.The mean REchanged by 10%-20% at different time scales,and the observed water conservation effect of the grassland was the best at season scale while the worst at year scale.The soil conservation effect of the grassland was the best at month scale and the worst at season scale.The water conservation effect of the grass was mainly controlled by rainfall factors,including rainfall duration and precipitation at rainfall event scale,and the maximum intensity of precipitation within 30 min at longer time scales.However,the soil conservation effect of the grass was mainly controlled by vegetation factors,including the contribution of the litter on soil surface at rainfall event scale,the interaction of rainfall and vegetation at month and season scales,and the live vegetation volume of the grass at year scale.Consequently,at different time scales,the factors influencing water and soil conservation changed and interacted,and the observed water and soil conservation effects were also different,indicating that the influence of time scales deserves attention in both research and management practices.
基金Under the auspices of National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2011BAC09B08)Special Issue of National Remote Sensing Survey and Assessment of Eco-Environment Change between 2000 and 2010(No.STSN-04-01)
文摘Human activities significantly alter ecosystems and their services; however, quantifying the impact of human activities on ecosystems has been a great challenge in ecosystem management. We used the Universal Soil Loss Equation and county-level socioeconomic data to assess the changes in the ecosystem service of soil conservation between 2000 and 2010, and to analyze its spatial characteristics and driving factors in the southwestern China. The results showed that cropland in the southwestern China decreased by 3.74%, while urban land, forest, and grassland areas increased by 46.78%, 0.86%, and 1.12%, respectively. The soil conservation increased by 1.88 × 10^(11) kg, with deterioration only in some local areas. The improved and the degraded areas accounted for 6.41% and 2.44% of the total land area, respectively. Implementation of the Sloping Land Conversion Program and urbanization explained 57.80% and 23.90% of the variation in the soil conservation change, respectively, and were found to be the main factors enhancing soil conservation. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was one of the factors that led to the degradation of soil conservation. Furthermore, industrial adjustment, by increasing shares of Industry and Service and reducing those of Agriculture, has also promoted soil conservation. Our results quantitatively showed and emphasized the contributions to soil conservation improvement made by implementing ecological restoration programs and promoting urbanization. Consequently, these results provide basic information to improve our understanding of the effects of ecological restoration programs, and help guide future sustainable urban development and regional industrial restructuring.
基金funded by the Key Project of China National Tobacco Corporation Sichuan Province Company(Grants No.SCYC201802)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(Grants No.2019VEA0032)。
文摘Soil conservation practices can greatly affect the soil erosion process,but limited information is available about its influence on the particle size distribution(PSD)of eroded sediment,especially under natural rainfall.In this study,the runoff,sediment yields,and effective/ultimate PSD were measured under two conventional tillage practices,downhill ridge tillage(DT)and plat tillage(PT)and three soil conservation practices,contour ridge tillage(CT),mulching with downhill ridge tillage(MDT),and mulching with contour ridge tillage(MCT)during 21 natural rainfall events in the lower Jinsha River.The results showed that(1)soil conservation practices had a significant effect on soil erosion.The conventional tillage of DT caused highest runoff depth(0.58 to 29.13 mm)and sediment yield(0.01 to 3.19 t hm^(-2)).Compared with DT,the annual runoff depths and sediment yields of CT,MDT and MCT decreased by 12.24%-49.75%and 40.79%-88.30%,respectively.(2)Soil conservation practices can reduce the decomposition of aggregates in sediments.The ratios of effective and ultimate particle size(E/U)of siltand sand-sized particles of DT and PT plots were close to 1,indicating that they were transported as primary particles,however,values lower/greater than 1 subject to CT,MDT and MCT plots indicated they were transported as aggregates.The ratios of E/U of claysized particles were all less than 1 independently of tillage practices.(3)The sediments of soil conservation practices were more selective than those of conventional tillage practices.For CT,MDT and MCT plots,the average enrichment ratios(ERs)of clay,silt and sand were 1.99,1.93 and 0.42,respectively,with enrichment of clay and silt and depletion of sand in sediments.However,the compositions of the eroded sediments of DT and PT plots were similar to that of the original soil.These findings support the use of both effective and ultimate particle size distributions for studying the size selectivity of eroded sediment,and provide a scientific basis for revealing the erosion mechanism in the purple soil area of China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (No.31200531)National Science and Technology Support Program (No.2012BAC01B08)the National Environmental Protection Public Welfare Industry Targeted Research (No.201209027)
文摘We propose an eco-service provision unit method for estimating the benefit and spatial differences of forests in controlling soil erosion.A total of 197 eco-service provision units were grouped on 1424.43 km2 of forest according to differences in vegetation,slope,soil,and rainfall.The amount of soil conservation and its economic value were estimated.The forests in Anji County prevent4.08 9 105 tons of soil from eroding annually,thereby avoiding 1.36 9 104 tons of nutrient loss(on-site cost) and preventing 149 tons of nutritive elements from entering water systems(off-site cost).From an economic perspective,the soil nutrient conservation in the forests of Anji County generated an annual benefit of 43.37 million RMB(Chinese Currency,6.20 RMB = US$1).On average,each hectare of ecological forest contributed up to 436 RMB annually because of soil conservation.Ecological complexes with higher rainfall intensity,such as broadleaf forest and red soil on slope gradients [25°,contributed the highest soil conservation benefits.This study identified and quantified the dominant contributors and magnitudes of soil conservation provided by forests.This information can benefit decision making regarding differentiated ecological compensation policies.
基金the Key Social Research Project of Education Ministry (04JZD0010)
文摘This paper presents the logic relationship between rural settlement reconstruction and soil conservation in the Upper Yangtze River. Firstly,by introducing the concepts of "flow" and "intercepted flow",we probe into the dynamic mechanism on interaction between ecological and environmental system,and then point out that the "intercepting sites" are physical conditions for establishment of human settlements in mountains. Secondly,by using ecological theories,"flow","source",and "sink",material cycle and energy flow in mountains have been discussed. Thirdly,according to dissipative structure theory and thermodynamic laws,a hypothesis has been proposed that "entropy flow" is a dynamic force for settlement evolution. Finally,it is argued that a project for soil conservation is set to control and utilize flows so rural settlements can be supported and farmers’ life improved.
文摘1. General Situation of Soil Erosion The loessial hilly area of southern Ningxia, Situated at the south of Ningxia Hui Au-tonomous Region, middle-upper reaches of the Yellow River, part of Chinese Loess Pla-teau, covers an area of 1500 square kilometers with an annual mean temperature of 5-8℃,a precipitation of 300-500mm of which 70% taking place concentratively during the peri-od between June and September in form of rainstorm, The annual evaporation
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No.51278239)
文摘To improve flood control efficiency and increase urban resilience to flooding,the impacts of forest type change on flood control in the upper reach of the Tingjiang River(URTR) were evaluated by a modified model based on the Soil Conservation Service curve number(SCS-CN) method. Parameters of the model were selected and determined according to the comprehensive analysis of model evaluation indexes. The first simulation of forest reconstruction scenario,namely a coniferous forest covering 59.35km^2 is replaced by a broad-leaved forest showed no significant impact on the flood reduction in the URTR. The second simulation was added with 61.75km^2 bamboo forest replaced by broad-leaved forest,the reduction of flood peak discharge and flood volume could be improved significantly. Specifically,flood peak discharge of 10-year return period event was reduced to 7-year event,and the reduction rate of small flood was 21%-28%. Moreover,the flood volume was reduced by 9%-14% and 18%-35% for moderate floods and small floods,respectively. The resultssuggest that the bamboo forest reconstruction is an effective control solution for small to moderate flood in the URTR,the effect of forest conversion on flood volume is increasingly reduced as the rainfall amount increases to more extreme magnitude. Using a hydrological model with scenarios analysis is an effective simulation approach in investigating the relationship between forest type change and flood control. This method would provide reliable support for flood control and disaster mitigation in mountainous cities.
基金the CocaCola foundation and the CGIAR CRP5 program on Water, Land and Ecosystems for supporting this study
文摘Climate change scenarios predict an increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall events in some areas. This will increase runoff and soil erosion,and reduce agricultural productivity, particularly on vulnerable mountainous agricultural lands that is already exhibiting high rates of soil erosion.Haphazard implementation of soil and water conservation(SWC) interventions on scattered fields is inefficient in reducing soil erosion. The objective of this study was to identify areas at high risk of erosion to aid the design and implementation of sustainable SWC using GIS analysis and farmers' participation approach. A 25 m digital elevation model(DEM) was used to derive layers of flow accumulation, slope steepness and land curvature, which were used to derive an erosion-risk(priority) map for the whole watershed. Boundaries of farmers' fields were mapped and verified by the community and each field was classified into high, moderate or low erosion risk.Fields with low flow accumulation(top of hill) and/or steep slope and/or convex slope were assigned high erosion risk and therefore high implementation priority. The study showed that more than 64% of the fields were classified into high erosion risk areas.Accordingly, a community-watershed plan was established, revised and approved by the community.Incentive loans to implement SWC measures were distributed to 100 farmers based on the priorities of their fields. Judged by local farmers and using 16 randomly selected fields, 90% of the targeted areas were correctly identified using the erosion risk map. After two years, the conservation measures had led to marked improvement of soil conservation. The approach is simple and easy to comprehend by the community and provides scientific basis to prioritize the implementation of SWC and to target the most degraded areas, which amplify the impact of these in reducing the vulnerability to land degradation.
文摘The study was conducted to investigate farmers’ perception of soil erosion, participation and adoption of soil conservation technologies (SWC) in Geshy sub-catchment of Gojeb river catchment, Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia during 2016. The study is based on a detailed survey of 77 households using structured interviews, field observation and focus group discussion. Descriptive and chi-square statistics were applied to analyze factors that affected farmers’ perceived soil erosion severity, participation and adoption options. The results revealed that about 79% of farmers perceived soil erosion problem and its consequences and 97.4% of them believed that it can be controlled. Almost all (97.4%) farmers acknowledged the presence of SWC technologies and about 92.2% of them were participated in conservation activities voluntarily. Thus, 93.5% of them realized decreasing rate of soil erosion and 79.9% of them observed an increasing trend in soil fertility status. Consequently, 94.8% of them confirmed the potential of SWC technologies to halt land degradation and improve land productivity. Furthermore, 98.7% of them were willing to adopt with very good adoption judgment and 94.8% of them were willing to continue maintaining constructed technologies in the future. Principally, farmers’ perception of soil erosion, their genuine participation derived from their conviction, and adoption of induced SWC technologies are the decisive elements for the success of watershed management interventions.
文摘India is an ancient land having high seasonal rain fall (4 months rain & 8 months dry), has paddy cultivation. Becauses silt-sand separation;buoyant sand gets carried;silt agglutinates. Rill fluid dissolves agglutinated soil;vectors as silt → degradation. Indian farmer has unique agricultural field conservation;soil cum fertility maintenance/regeneration heritage. Also use the stubble and cow dung (cellulose) as binder cum multi purpose in-field uses. economic;ecologically safe;and not discussed earlier. Good tool for altruistic administrations.
基金funded by the National Science and Technique Sustentation Project (Grant No. 2012BAJ25B01)
文摘Rainfall, runoff(surface runoff and interflow) and soil loss were recorded from 2002 to2005 in an experiment with four treatments on sloping red soil land in southern China. Treatments consisted of bare sloping ground(control check, CK),interplanting with soybean in spring or radish in autumn(I), level terrace(i.e., grass planted on the riser and bunds built at the edge of a bench terrace)(II), and level terraces of orchards with Bahia grass planted on the riser(III). The surface runoff and erosion in treatment II and III during the four years were low despite the occurrence of potentially erosive rains. By contrast, the CK plot had both the highest surface runoff coefficient and the highest sediment yield among all the plots. The surface runoff and soil erosion of the CK plot significantly differed from that of the treatment plots(p < 0.05). Additionally,Significant differences between the interflow of the CK plot and that of the treatment plots was found from April to August(p < 0.05). However, no significant differences between the CK and treatment plots were found from January to March and September to December. The order of the plots in terms of surface runoff coefficients and soil losses was: CK > I > III > II, whereas their order in terms of interflow was II > III > I > CK. The effects of treatment II were excellent, indicating that level terrace(i.e., grass planted on the riser and bunds built at the edge of a bench terrace) can be an excellent practice for soil and water conservation on sloping red soil land. Soil loss in southern China can be reduced through the widespread use of this approach.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41071281)
文摘Assessing the effects of vegetation on water and soil conversation is the key basis for research and management of ecological restoration on water-eroded areas.In this study,the runoff depth,soil loss and corresponding precipitation of five plots planted respectively with Pueraria lobata,Lespedeza bicolor Turcz,Manglietia yuyuanensis Law,Paspalum natatu Fliigge,Paspalum wettsteinii Hackel and one control plot were observed monthly from 2003 to 2010 in Hetian Town of Changting County,Fujian Province,a typical water-eroded area in southern China.Then the effects of different vegetation on water/soil conversation(RE/SE)were determined using the ratios of runoff depth/soil loss between vegetated plots to the control plot.Meanwhile,the effect of precipitation on the water and soil loss was also analyzed.The results showed that,both the water and soil conservation effects of Pueraria lobata and Manglietia yuyuanensis Law are better than Lespedeza bicolor Turcz and Paspalum natatu,while Paspalum wettsteinii Hackel are the worst.The differences of effects of water conservation are more significantly than those of soil conversation between five kinds of vegetations.The runoff depth is mainly affected by precipitation,the determination coefficients(R2)of linear regression models between precipitation and runoff depth of all planted plots are all greater than 0.9,whereas the determination coefficients of the linear regression models between precipitation and soil loss vary form 0.3 to 0.8 for different vegetated plots.These results provide a reference for vegetation reconstruction in the current and similar areas.
