Wollastonite, a mineral of wide industrial applications was synthesised from rice husk ash silica and limestone. A number of raw batches consisting of these starting materials, in 1:1 molar ratio, were heat treated to...Wollastonite, a mineral of wide industrial applications was synthesised from rice husk ash silica and limestone. A number of raw batches consisting of these starting materials, in 1:1 molar ratio, were heat treated to produce it through solid state reaction from 900℃ to 1300℃. The conducted reaction was monitored by XRD step by step. Amount of Wollastonite formed at every temperature was also studied to some extent. Analyses of the obtained data indicated that the target mineral formation was quite effective and almost proportional to a rise in temperature up to 1200℃. The results from both, XRD and chemical analysis were found in fair agreement with one展开更多
An industrial mineral wollastonite (CaSiO3) was produced under solid state conditions from rice husk silica and limestone. Reaction was carried out at 900’C to 1300’C for 1 h. The product batches were subjected to X...An industrial mineral wollastonite (CaSiO3) was produced under solid state conditions from rice husk silica and limestone. Reaction was carried out at 900’C to 1300’C for 1 h. The product batches were subjected to XRD and chemical analysis techniques specific for wollastonite. Mole fractions of different product batches were calculated on the basis of accumulated data to study the kinetics. Specific rate constants and reaction rate were also found out. Various probable models of mechanism for reaction were considered and testified with the laid down criterion for suggesting the suitable one. The resulting data were treated with Arrhenius equation as well and activation energy was calculated--therefrom. In addition to finding it’s value from the slope of Arrhenius curve, an alternate method was also applied for this purpose. Both of the values were observed to be comparable. The activation energy required for performed reaction was found to be almost one third of that reported for synthesizing CaSiO3 by using quartz. This referred to the economical preparation of wollastonite by using rice husk as a source of silica instead of quartz.展开更多
ZnS nanoparticles were prepared by using solid-state reaction method at room temperature in agate mortar for the first time. The average particle size was about 20nm. This reaction is affected by the structure of reac...ZnS nanoparticles were prepared by using solid-state reaction method at room temperature in agate mortar for the first time. The average particle size was about 20nm. This reaction is affected by the structure of reactant, crystal water and defects.展开更多
Mesoporous chromium aluminophosphate(CrAlPO)was successfully synthesized via solid state reaction(SSR)route at low temperature in the presence of a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)and inorgani...Mesoporous chromium aluminophosphate(CrAlPO)was successfully synthesized via solid state reaction(SSR)route at low temperature in the presence of a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)and inorganic sources such as AlCl_3·6H_2O,CrCl_3·6H_2O and NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O.Characterizations by means of powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),N_2 adsorption-desorption,high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM),scanning electron micrography(SEM),energy dispersion spectroscopy(EDS),thermo-gravimetry(TG),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and ultraviolet visible light spectroscopy(UV-Vis)were carried out to understand both the pore characteristics and electron transition route of these obtained materials.The experimental results show that the meso-CrAlPO materials with various Cr/Al molar ratios possess a mesostructure and a specific surface area of 193 to 310 m^2 /g corresponding to an average pore size of 5.5 to 2.2 nm,respectively.The maxium content of Cr in meso-CrAlPO materials synthesized via SSR route can achieve 16.7wt%,being significantly higher than that of the meso-CrAlPO prepared via a conventional sol-gel route.Meanwhile,the formation mechanism of the meso-CrAlPO was also proposed.展开更多
Lithium-excess manganese layered oxides, which are commonly described in chemical formula 0.5Li2MnO3 ·0.5LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 , were prepared by low-heating solid state reaction. The reaction mechanisms of synthesizing...Lithium-excess manganese layered oxides, which are commonly described in chemical formula 0.5Li2MnO3 ·0.5LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 , were prepared by low-heating solid state reaction. The reaction mechanisms of synthesizing precursors, the decomposition mechanism, and intermediate materials in calcination were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The major diffraction patterns of 0.5Li2MnO3 ·0.5LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 powder calcinated at 720°C for 15 h are indexed to the hexagonal structure with a space group of R 3m , and the clear splits of doublets at (006)/(102) and (108)/(110) indicate that the sample adopts a well-layered structure. FESEM images show that the size of the agglomerated particles of the sample ranges from 100 to 300 nm.展开更多
Solid-state grinding is a simple and effective method to introduce guest species into the channels of microporous materials through filling.The structure and the surface acidity of the materials were obtained from BET...Solid-state grinding is a simple and effective method to introduce guest species into the channels of microporous materials through filling.The structure and the surface acidity of the materials were obtained from BET isotherms and NH3-TPD,respectively.XRD,UV-vis,UV diffuse-reflectance,and TEM were used to characterize the phases,and the morphology,respectively.The clustered layers of MgO-Al2O3phases were formed in the internal pore surface and were highly dispersed inside the channels of the ZSM-5 host.So the volume of MgO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 composite was larger than the ZSM-5 zeolite itself and some mesoporous channels appeared when Mg/Al species entered the channels.Meanwhile,new acid sites emerged in MgO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 composite and the acid amount of the sample changed.The improved Pt dispersion and the increased acid content would cause the increase of propane conversion and the modification of selectivity during the reaction.展开更多
Alumina coated LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles were obtained by a simple method of solid state reaction at room temperature. The reaction mechanism of solid state reaction at room temperature was investigated. The struc...Alumina coated LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles were obtained by a simple method of solid state reaction at room temperature. The reaction mechanism of solid state reaction at room temperature was investigated. The structure and morphology of the coating materials were investigated by XRD, SEM and TEM. The electrochemical performances of uncoated and Al2O3-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials were studied within a voltage window of 3.00?4.35 V at current density of 30 mA/g. SEM, TEM and EDS analytical results indicate that the surface of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles is coated with very fine Al2O3 composite, which leads to the improved cycle ability though a slight decrease in the first discharge capacity is observed. It is proposed that surface treatment by solid state reaction at room temperature is a simple and effective method to improve the cycle performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 particles.展开更多
To clarify the influence of Fe O and sulfur on solid state reaction between an Fe-Mn-Si alloy and Mn O-Si O2-Fe O oxides under the restricted oxygen diffusion flux, two diffusion couples with different sulfur contents...To clarify the influence of Fe O and sulfur on solid state reaction between an Fe-Mn-Si alloy and Mn O-Si O2-Fe O oxides under the restricted oxygen diffusion flux, two diffusion couples with different sulfur contents in the oxides were produced and investigated after heat treatment at 1473 K. The experimental results were also compared with previous work in which the oxides contained higher Fe O. It was found that although the Fe O content in the oxides decreased from 3wt% to 1wt% which was lower than the content corresponding to the equilibrium with molten steel at 1873 K, excess oxygen still diffused from the oxides to solid steel during heat treatment at 1473 K and formed oxide particles. In addition, increasing the sulfur content in the oxides was observed to suppress the diffusion of oxygen between the alloy and the oxides.展开更多
Doped with Sb and Te, Mg2Si based compounds were prepared respectively by solid state reaction at 823 K for 8 h. Effects of dopants of Sb and Te on the structure and thermoelectric properties of the compounds were inv...Doped with Sb and Te, Mg2Si based compounds were prepared respectively by solid state reaction at 823 K for 8 h. Effects of dopants of Sb and Te on the structure and thermoelectric properties of the compounds were investigated. By calculating the values of the electrical conductivity for Sb-doped sample, the mechanism of electric conduction at 625 K is different. The figure of merit for sample doped with 0.4 wt% Te at500K is 2.4 × 10-3W/mK2,and it reaches 3. 3 ×10-3 W/mK2 at 650K for the sample doped with 0. 5wt% Sb. The values are more than 1.4 times and 2.3 times of the pure Mg2 Si sample.展开更多
The crystal structure of a solid electrolyte, beta-Al2O3, was investigated by XRD analysis and demonstrated by Diamond software. Its chemical formula was verified by the Ag ion molten salt exchange method and X-ray fl...The crystal structure of a solid electrolyte, beta-Al2O3, was investigated by XRD analysis and demonstrated by Diamond software. Its chemical formula was verified by the Ag ion molten salt exchange method and X-ray fluorescence analysis(XRF). The chemical formula of β-Al2O3 is Na2O·8.52Al2O3, and its crystal is of hexagonal, space group P63/mmc, with a = 5.5941 and c = 22.5300 . The chemical formula of β''-Al2 O is Na2O·6.03Al2O3, and its crystal is of trigonal, space group R 3 m, with a = 5.6017 and c = 33.6219 . The maximum span in the sodion migration of β''-phase(2.4283 ) is only about a third of that for the β''-phase(6.9037 ), so the β''-phase has higher ionic conductivity than the β-phase.展开更多
The NiFe2O4-10NiO powder for inert anode of aluminium electrolysis was prepared by high temperature solid state reaction. The microstructural evolution from the raw materials NiO and Fe2O3 to the NiFe2O4-10NiO powder ...The NiFe2O4-10NiO powder for inert anode of aluminium electrolysis was prepared by high temperature solid state reaction. The microstructural evolution from the raw materials NiO and Fe2O3 to the NiFe2O4-10NiO powder was studied by SEM. The results show that the domain structure making up of the agglomerate particles of Fe2O3 remains after high temperature solid state reaction, and the diffusion of Ni2+ into Fe2O3 structure is the control step of the reaction process. A microstructure with compact structure and fine grain inside the particle results from the sintering of NiFe2O4-10NiO powder.展开更多
Alpha-alumina(α-Al_2O_3) platelets were prepared via solid-state reaction using pseudo-boehmite as the starting material, while NH_4F and nano-SiO_2 were used as additives, and nitric acid was used as the binder. The...Alpha-alumina(α-Al_2O_3) platelets were prepared via solid-state reaction using pseudo-boehmite as the starting material, while NH_4F and nano-SiO_2 were used as additives, and nitric acid was used as the binder. The effect of these additives on properties of the alumina platelets was determined via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and measurements of the surface area and silicon content. A mechanism governing their role in the synthesis process was proposed. The results indicated that NH_4F could promote the formation of highly crystalline platelets. Addition of nano-SiO_2 could lead to increase in the diameter and reduction in the thickness of the platelets, and could also prevent their transformation to α-Al_2O_3. This addition weakened the effect of NH_4F because of the reaction of nano-SiO_2 with F-species and the formation of volatile SiF_4.展开更多
Cu/Sn couples, prepared by sequentially electroplating Cu and Sn layers on metallized Si wafers, were employed to study the microstructures, phases and the growth kinetics of Cu-Sn intermediate phases, when electropla...Cu/Sn couples, prepared by sequentially electroplating Cu and Sn layers on metallized Si wafers, were employed to study the microstructures, phases and the growth kinetics of Cu-Sn intermediate phases, when electroplated Cu/Sn couples were aged at room temperature or annealed at temperatures from 373 K to 498 K for various time. Only Cu6Sn5 formed in aged couples or couples annealed at temperature below 398 K. The Cu6Sn5 layer was continuous, but not uniform, with protrusions extending into the Sn matrix. When Cu/Sn couples were annealed at temperatures from 423 K to 498 K, two continuous and uniform Cn6Sn5/Cu3Sn layers formed within the reaction region between Sn and Cu. There were many voids near the Cu3Sn/Cu interface and within the Cu3Sn layer. Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn formations both follow parabolic growth kinetics with activation energies of 41.4 kJ/mol for Cu6Sn5 and 90.4 kJ/mol for Cu3Sn, respectively.展开更多
Nano-sized cerium-titanium pyrophosphates Ce1-xTixP2O7 (with x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.0) were obtained by grinding a mixture of Ce(SO4)2·4H2O, Ti(SO4)2, and Na4P2O7·10H2O in the presence of surfactan...Nano-sized cerium-titanium pyrophosphates Ce1-xTixP2O7 (with x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.0) were obtained by grinding a mixture of Ce(SO4)2·4H2O, Ti(SO4)2, and Na4P2O7·10H2O in the presence of surfactant PEG-400 at room temperature, washing the mixture with water to remove soluble inorganic salts, and drying at 100°C. The products and their calcined samples were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that nano-sized Ce1-xTixP2O7 behave as an excellent UV-shielding material. Thereinto, the CeP2O7 has the most excellent UV-shielding effect, and the amorphous state of Ce0.8Ti0.2P2O7 can keep at a higher temperature than CeP2O7. Therefore, the stabilization of the amorphous state of the cerium pyrophosphates was carried out by doping titanium. This stabilization is a significant improvement, which enables to apply these amorphous pyrophosphates not only to cosmetics and paints, but also plastics and films.展开更多
Superfine cerium-zinc oxides Ce1-xZnxO2-x with x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 were obtained by grinding Ce(SO4)2·4H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O and NH4HCO3 under the condition of surfactant PEG-400 being present at room te...Superfine cerium-zinc oxides Ce1-xZnxO2-x with x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 were obtained by grinding Ce(SO4)2·4H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O and NH4HCO3 under the condition of surfactant PEG-400 being present at room temperature, washing the mixture with water to remove soluble inorganic salts, drying at 80°C, and calcining.The precursor and its calcined samples were characterized using thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses(TG/DTA), UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results showed that superfine Ce1-xZnxO2-x behaved as an excellent UV-shielding material.The ZnO-doped CeO2 can facilitate the formation of crystalline state CeO2.The catalytic ability of products used in air oxidation of castor oil was investigated.The results showed that the catalytic abilities of products decreased with increasing zinc amount.展开更多
Oily cold rolling mill(CRM)sludge is one of the pollutants emitted by iron and steel plants.Recycling oily CRM sludge can not only reduce pollution but also bring social and environmental benefits.In this study,using ...Oily cold rolling mill(CRM)sludge is one of the pollutants emitted by iron and steel plants.Recycling oily CRM sludge can not only reduce pollution but also bring social and environmental benefits.In this study,using oily CRM sludge as sources of iron oxide,the strontium ferrite powders were synthesized in multiple steps including vacuum distillation,magnetic separation,oxidizing roasting,and solidstate reaction.The optimal technological conditions of vacuum distillation and oxidizing roasting were studied carefully.To consider the effects of Fe2O3/SrCO3mol ratio,calcination temperature,milling time and calcination time on magnetic properties of prepared strontium ferrite powders,the orthogonal experimental method was adopted.The maximum saturation magnetization(62.6 mAám2ág-1)of the synthesized strontium ferrite powders was achieved at the Fe2O3/SrCO3mol ratio of 6,5 h milling time,1250°C calcination temperature,and 1 h calcination time.Strontium ferrite powders synthesis method not only provides a cheap,high quality raw material for the production of strontium ferrite powders,but also effectively prevents the environmental pollution.展开更多
Spinel compound LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with high capacity and high rate capability was synthesized by solid-state reaction. At first, MnCl2·4H2O and NiCl2·6H2O were reacted with (NH4)2C2O4·H2O to produce a prec...Spinel compound LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with high capacity and high rate capability was synthesized by solid-state reaction. At first, MnCl2·4H2O and NiCl2·6H2O were reacted with (NH4)2C2O4·H2O to produce a precursor via a low-temperature solid-state route, then the precursor was reacted with Li2CO3 to synthesize LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The effects of calcination temperature and time on the physical properties and electrochemical performance of the products were investigated. Samples were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffractometry(XRD), charge-discharge tests and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) image shows that as calcination temperature and time increase, the crystallinity of the samples is improved, and their grain sizes are obviously increased. It is found that LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 calcined at 800 ℃ for 6 h exhibits a typical cubic spinel structure with a space group of Fd3m. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the sample obtained possesses high capacity and excellent rate capability. When being discharged at a rate as high as 5C after 30 cycles, the as-prepared LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders can still deliver a capacity of 101 mA·h/g, which shows to be a potential cathode material for high power batteries.展开更多
Two types of spinel cathode powders, LiMn2O4 and LiAl0.1Mn1.9O3.9F0.1, were synthesized by solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the prepared samples were identified as the spinel structure with a ...Two types of spinel cathode powders, LiMn2O4 and LiAl0.1Mn1.9O3.9F0.1, were synthesized by solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the prepared samples were identified as the spinel structure with a space group of Fd 3 m. The cubic lattice parameter was determined from least-squares fitting of the XRD data. The LiAl0.1Mn1.9O3.9F0.1 sample showed a little lower initial capacity, but better cycling performance than the LiMn2O4 sample at both room temperature and an elevated temperature. The Vanderbilt method was used to test the electrochemical conductivity of the LiMn2O4 samples. The electrochemical impedance spec-troscopy (EIS) method was employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of these spinel LiMn2O4 samples.展开更多
文摘Wollastonite, a mineral of wide industrial applications was synthesised from rice husk ash silica and limestone. A number of raw batches consisting of these starting materials, in 1:1 molar ratio, were heat treated to produce it through solid state reaction from 900℃ to 1300℃. The conducted reaction was monitored by XRD step by step. Amount of Wollastonite formed at every temperature was also studied to some extent. Analyses of the obtained data indicated that the target mineral formation was quite effective and almost proportional to a rise in temperature up to 1200℃. The results from both, XRD and chemical analysis were found in fair agreement with one
文摘An industrial mineral wollastonite (CaSiO3) was produced under solid state conditions from rice husk silica and limestone. Reaction was carried out at 900’C to 1300’C for 1 h. The product batches were subjected to XRD and chemical analysis techniques specific for wollastonite. Mole fractions of different product batches were calculated on the basis of accumulated data to study the kinetics. Specific rate constants and reaction rate were also found out. Various probable models of mechanism for reaction were considered and testified with the laid down criterion for suggesting the suitable one. The resulting data were treated with Arrhenius equation as well and activation energy was calculated--therefrom. In addition to finding it’s value from the slope of Arrhenius curve, an alternate method was also applied for this purpose. Both of the values were observed to be comparable. The activation energy required for performed reaction was found to be almost one third of that reported for synthesizing CaSiO3 by using quartz. This referred to the economical preparation of wollastonite by using rice husk as a source of silica instead of quartz.
文摘ZnS nanoparticles were prepared by using solid-state reaction method at room temperature in agate mortar for the first time. The average particle size was about 20nm. This reaction is affected by the structure of reactant, crystal water and defects.
基金Funded by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universitythe Ministry of Education of China+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21061006)the Research of Natural Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province ([2010]2006),Chinathe Natural Science Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Guizhou Province (No.2007083)the China Guizhou Province Characteristic Leading Academic Discipline Project in Material Physics and Chemistry (No.[2011]208)
文摘Mesoporous chromium aluminophosphate(CrAlPO)was successfully synthesized via solid state reaction(SSR)route at low temperature in the presence of a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)and inorganic sources such as AlCl_3·6H_2O,CrCl_3·6H_2O and NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O.Characterizations by means of powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),N_2 adsorption-desorption,high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM),scanning electron micrography(SEM),energy dispersion spectroscopy(EDS),thermo-gravimetry(TG),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and ultraviolet visible light spectroscopy(UV-Vis)were carried out to understand both the pore characteristics and electron transition route of these obtained materials.The experimental results show that the meso-CrAlPO materials with various Cr/Al molar ratios possess a mesostructure and a specific surface area of 193 to 310 m^2 /g corresponding to an average pore size of 5.5 to 2.2 nm,respectively.The maxium content of Cr in meso-CrAlPO materials synthesized via SSR route can achieve 16.7wt%,being significantly higher than that of the meso-CrAlPO prepared via a conventional sol-gel route.Meanwhile,the formation mechanism of the meso-CrAlPO was also proposed.
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2009AA03Z226)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50702007)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.FRF-MP-12-005B)the Special Funds for Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Beijing (No.YB20081000801)
文摘Lithium-excess manganese layered oxides, which are commonly described in chemical formula 0.5Li2MnO3 ·0.5LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 , were prepared by low-heating solid state reaction. The reaction mechanisms of synthesizing precursors, the decomposition mechanism, and intermediate materials in calcination were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The major diffraction patterns of 0.5Li2MnO3 ·0.5LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 powder calcinated at 720°C for 15 h are indexed to the hexagonal structure with a space group of R 3m , and the clear splits of doublets at (006)/(102) and (108)/(110) indicate that the sample adopts a well-layered structure. FESEM images show that the size of the agglomerated particles of the sample ranges from 100 to 300 nm.
基金the financial supports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21376051,21106017,21306023 and 51077013)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu(Grant No.BK20131288)+3 种基金the Fund Project for Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BA2011086)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20100092120047)the Key Program for the Scientific Research Guiding Fund of Basic Scientific Research Operation Expenditure of Southeast University(Grant No.3207043101)Instrumental Analysis Fund of Southeast University
文摘Solid-state grinding is a simple and effective method to introduce guest species into the channels of microporous materials through filling.The structure and the surface acidity of the materials were obtained from BET isotherms and NH3-TPD,respectively.XRD,UV-vis,UV diffuse-reflectance,and TEM were used to characterize the phases,and the morphology,respectively.The clustered layers of MgO-Al2O3phases were formed in the internal pore surface and were highly dispersed inside the channels of the ZSM-5 host.So the volume of MgO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 composite was larger than the ZSM-5 zeolite itself and some mesoporous channels appeared when Mg/Al species entered the channels.Meanwhile,new acid sites emerged in MgO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 composite and the acid amount of the sample changed.The improved Pt dispersion and the increased acid content would cause the increase of propane conversion and the modification of selectivity during the reaction.
基金Project(50604018) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Alumina coated LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles were obtained by a simple method of solid state reaction at room temperature. The reaction mechanism of solid state reaction at room temperature was investigated. The structure and morphology of the coating materials were investigated by XRD, SEM and TEM. The electrochemical performances of uncoated and Al2O3-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials were studied within a voltage window of 3.00?4.35 V at current density of 30 mA/g. SEM, TEM and EDS analytical results indicate that the surface of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles is coated with very fine Al2O3 composite, which leads to the improved cycle ability though a slight decrease in the first discharge capacity is observed. It is proposed that surface treatment by solid state reaction at room temperature is a simple and effective method to improve the cycle performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 particles.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51374021 and 51304016)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. FRF-TP-14-114A2)Research Funds of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy (No. 41603014)
文摘To clarify the influence of Fe O and sulfur on solid state reaction between an Fe-Mn-Si alloy and Mn O-Si O2-Fe O oxides under the restricted oxygen diffusion flux, two diffusion couples with different sulfur contents in the oxides were produced and investigated after heat treatment at 1473 K. The experimental results were also compared with previous work in which the oxides contained higher Fe O. It was found that although the Fe O content in the oxides decreased from 3wt% to 1wt% which was lower than the content corresponding to the equilibrium with molten steel at 1873 K, excess oxygen still diffused from the oxides to solid steel during heat treatment at 1473 K and formed oxide particles. In addition, increasing the sulfur content in the oxides was observed to suppress the diffusion of oxygen between the alloy and the oxides.
文摘Doped with Sb and Te, Mg2Si based compounds were prepared respectively by solid state reaction at 823 K for 8 h. Effects of dopants of Sb and Te on the structure and thermoelectric properties of the compounds were investigated. By calculating the values of the electrical conductivity for Sb-doped sample, the mechanism of electric conduction at 625 K is different. The figure of merit for sample doped with 0.4 wt% Te at500K is 2.4 × 10-3W/mK2,and it reaches 3. 3 ×10-3 W/mK2 at 650K for the sample doped with 0. 5wt% Sb. The values are more than 1.4 times and 2.3 times of the pure Mg2 Si sample.
基金supported by NSFC projects(21203095)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Projects(2012M511261)Jiangsu Colleges and Universities Advantage Discipline Construction projects
文摘The crystal structure of a solid electrolyte, beta-Al2O3, was investigated by XRD analysis and demonstrated by Diamond software. Its chemical formula was verified by the Ag ion molten salt exchange method and X-ray fluorescence analysis(XRF). The chemical formula of β-Al2O3 is Na2O·8.52Al2O3, and its crystal is of hexagonal, space group P63/mmc, with a = 5.5941 and c = 22.5300 . The chemical formula of β''-Al2 O is Na2O·6.03Al2O3, and its crystal is of trigonal, space group R 3 m, with a = 5.6017 and c = 33.6219 . The maximum span in the sodion migration of β''-phase(2.4283 ) is only about a third of that for the β''-phase(6.9037 ), so the β''-phase has higher ionic conductivity than the β-phase.
基金Project(2005CB623703) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘The NiFe2O4-10NiO powder for inert anode of aluminium electrolysis was prepared by high temperature solid state reaction. The microstructural evolution from the raw materials NiO and Fe2O3 to the NiFe2O4-10NiO powder was studied by SEM. The results show that the domain structure making up of the agglomerate particles of Fe2O3 remains after high temperature solid state reaction, and the diffusion of Ni2+ into Fe2O3 structure is the control step of the reaction process. A microstructure with compact structure and fine grain inside the particle results from the sintering of NiFe2O4-10NiO powder.
基金supported by the Technology Development(Commission) Project of SINOPEC Catalyst Co.Ltd(Grant No.14-05-01)
文摘Alpha-alumina(α-Al_2O_3) platelets were prepared via solid-state reaction using pseudo-boehmite as the starting material, while NH_4F and nano-SiO_2 were used as additives, and nitric acid was used as the binder. The effect of these additives on properties of the alumina platelets was determined via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and measurements of the surface area and silicon content. A mechanism governing their role in the synthesis process was proposed. The results indicated that NH_4F could promote the formation of highly crystalline platelets. Addition of nano-SiO_2 could lead to increase in the diameter and reduction in the thickness of the platelets, and could also prevent their transformation to α-Al_2O_3. This addition weakened the effect of NH_4F because of the reaction of nano-SiO_2 with F-species and the formation of volatile SiF_4.
基金the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and Micralyne, Inc. for providing research funding and Si substrates for electroplating (Micralyne)
文摘Cu/Sn couples, prepared by sequentially electroplating Cu and Sn layers on metallized Si wafers, were employed to study the microstructures, phases and the growth kinetics of Cu-Sn intermediate phases, when electroplated Cu/Sn couples were aged at room temperature or annealed at temperatures from 373 K to 498 K for various time. Only Cu6Sn5 formed in aged couples or couples annealed at temperature below 398 K. The Cu6Sn5 layer was continuous, but not uniform, with protrusions extending into the Sn matrix. When Cu/Sn couples were annealed at temperatures from 423 K to 498 K, two continuous and uniform Cn6Sn5/Cu3Sn layers formed within the reaction region between Sn and Cu. There were many voids near the Cu3Sn/Cu interface and within the Cu3Sn layer. Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn formations both follow parabolic growth kinetics with activation energies of 41.4 kJ/mol for Cu6Sn5 and 90.4 kJ/mol for Cu3Sn, respectively.
基金the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council(NSERC) of Canada and Micralyne Inc.for providing the research fund and Si substrates for electroplating(Micralyne)
文摘Ni/Sn 夫妇，准备了由顺序使硬化的 Si 晶片上的 electroplating Ni 层和 Sn 层，被采用学习微观结构和 Ni-Sn 中间的阶段的生长动力学， Ni/Sn 夫妇是什么时候，在各种各样的时间从 150 ～ 225 在温度在房间温度或 armealed 变老。分别地， NiSn 阶段和 Ni3Sn4 分阶段执行的结果表演在年老的夫妇被形成并且退火夫妇。Ni3Sn4 层连续地在退火的 Ni/Sn 夫妇在 Ni 和 Sn 方面之间被散布。Ni3Sn4 生长与 39.0 kJ/mol 的一个明显的激活精力跟随寓言的生长动力学。
基金supported by the Natural Sci-ence Foundation of Guangxi Province, China (No. 0640009)
文摘Nano-sized cerium-titanium pyrophosphates Ce1-xTixP2O7 (with x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.0) were obtained by grinding a mixture of Ce(SO4)2·4H2O, Ti(SO4)2, and Na4P2O7·10H2O in the presence of surfactant PEG-400 at room temperature, washing the mixture with water to remove soluble inorganic salts, and drying at 100°C. The products and their calcined samples were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that nano-sized Ce1-xTixP2O7 behave as an excellent UV-shielding material. Thereinto, the CeP2O7 has the most excellent UV-shielding effect, and the amorphous state of Ce0.8Ti0.2P2O7 can keep at a higher temperature than CeP2O7. Therefore, the stabilization of the amorphous state of the cerium pyrophosphates was carried out by doping titanium. This stabilization is a significant improvement, which enables to apply these amorphous pyrophosphates not only to cosmetics and paints, but also plastics and films.
基金supported by the Natural Scientific Foundation of Guangxi Province (No. 0832111)the Large Apparatus Cooperation Community Net Foundation of Guangxi Province, China (No. 695-2008-108)the Undergraduate Innovation Foundation of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Guangxi University
文摘Superfine cerium-zinc oxides Ce1-xZnxO2-x with x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 were obtained by grinding Ce(SO4)2·4H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O and NH4HCO3 under the condition of surfactant PEG-400 being present at room temperature, washing the mixture with water to remove soluble inorganic salts, drying at 80°C, and calcining.The precursor and its calcined samples were characterized using thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses(TG/DTA), UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results showed that superfine Ce1-xZnxO2-x behaved as an excellent UV-shielding material.The ZnO-doped CeO2 can facilitate the formation of crystalline state CeO2.The catalytic ability of products used in air oxidation of castor oil was investigated.The results showed that the catalytic abilities of products decreased with increasing zinc amount.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (Nos. 2012BAC02B01, 2012BAC12B05, 2011BAE13B07, and 2011BAC10B02)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2012AA063202)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51174247 and 51004011)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2010A030200003)the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (No. 2010000612003)
文摘Oily cold rolling mill(CRM)sludge is one of the pollutants emitted by iron and steel plants.Recycling oily CRM sludge can not only reduce pollution but also bring social and environmental benefits.In this study,using oily CRM sludge as sources of iron oxide,the strontium ferrite powders were synthesized in multiple steps including vacuum distillation,magnetic separation,oxidizing roasting,and solidstate reaction.The optimal technological conditions of vacuum distillation and oxidizing roasting were studied carefully.To consider the effects of Fe2O3/SrCO3mol ratio,calcination temperature,milling time and calcination time on magnetic properties of prepared strontium ferrite powders,the orthogonal experimental method was adopted.The maximum saturation magnetization(62.6 mAám2ág-1)of the synthesized strontium ferrite powders was achieved at the Fe2O3/SrCO3mol ratio of 6,5 h milling time,1250°C calcination temperature,and 1 h calcination time.Strontium ferrite powders synthesis method not only provides a cheap,high quality raw material for the production of strontium ferrite powders,but also effectively prevents the environmental pollution.
基金Project(2007CB613607) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Spinel compound LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with high capacity and high rate capability was synthesized by solid-state reaction. At first, MnCl2·4H2O and NiCl2·6H2O were reacted with (NH4)2C2O4·H2O to produce a precursor via a low-temperature solid-state route, then the precursor was reacted with Li2CO3 to synthesize LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The effects of calcination temperature and time on the physical properties and electrochemical performance of the products were investigated. Samples were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffractometry(XRD), charge-discharge tests and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) image shows that as calcination temperature and time increase, the crystallinity of the samples is improved, and their grain sizes are obviously increased. It is found that LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 calcined at 800 ℃ for 6 h exhibits a typical cubic spinel structure with a space group of Fd3m. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the sample obtained possesses high capacity and excellent rate capability. When being discharged at a rate as high as 5C after 30 cycles, the as-prepared LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders can still deliver a capacity of 101 mA·h/g, which shows to be a potential cathode material for high power batteries.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50272012).
文摘Two types of spinel cathode powders, LiMn2O4 and LiAl0.1Mn1.9O3.9F0.1, were synthesized by solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the prepared samples were identified as the spinel structure with a space group of Fd 3 m. The cubic lattice parameter was determined from least-squares fitting of the XRD data. The LiAl0.1Mn1.9O3.9F0.1 sample showed a little lower initial capacity, but better cycling performance than the LiMn2O4 sample at both room temperature and an elevated temperature. The Vanderbilt method was used to test the electrochemical conductivity of the LiMn2O4 samples. The electrochemical impedance spec-troscopy (EIS) method was employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of these spinel LiMn2O4 samples.
