In the process of constructing domain-specific knowledge graphs,the task of relational triple extraction plays a critical role in transforming unstructured text into structured information.Existing relational triple e...In the process of constructing domain-specific knowledge graphs,the task of relational triple extraction plays a critical role in transforming unstructured text into structured information.Existing relational triple extraction models facemultiple challenges when processing domain-specific data,including insufficient utilization of semantic interaction information between entities and relations,difficulties in handling challenging samples,and the scarcity of domain-specific datasets.To address these issues,our study introduces three innovative components:Relation semantic enhancement,data augmentation,and a voting strategy,all designed to significantly improve the model’s performance in tackling domain-specific relational triple extraction tasks.We first propose an innovative attention interaction module.This method significantly enhances the semantic interaction capabilities between entities and relations by integrating semantic information fromrelation labels.Second,we propose a voting strategy that effectively combines the strengths of large languagemodels(LLMs)and fine-tuned small pre-trained language models(SLMs)to reevaluate challenging samples,thereby improving the model’s adaptability in specific domains.Additionally,we explore the use of LLMs for data augmentation,aiming to generate domain-specific datasets to alleviate the scarcity of domain data.Experiments conducted on three domain-specific datasets demonstrate that our model outperforms existing comparative models in several aspects,with F1 scores exceeding the State of the Art models by 2%,1.6%,and 0.6%,respectively,validating the effectiveness and generalizability of our approach.展开更多
Specification language is used to provide enough information for the model of the cryptographic protocol. This paper first extends strand space model to dynamic strand model, and then a formal specification language f...Specification language is used to provide enough information for the model of the cryptographic protocol. This paper first extends strand space model to dynamic strand model, and then a formal specification language for this model is defined by using BNF grammar. Compared with those in literatures, it is simpler because of only concerning the algebraic properties of cryptographic protocols.展开更多
In order to ensure the safety,quality and efficiency of computer numerical control(CNC)machine tool processing,a real-time monitoring and visible solution for CNC machine tools based on hyper text markup language(HTML...In order to ensure the safety,quality and efficiency of computer numerical control(CNC)machine tool processing,a real-time monitoring and visible solution for CNC machine tools based on hyper text markup language(HTML)5 is proposed.The characteristics of the real-time monitoring technology of CNC machine tools under the traditional Client/Server(C/S)structure are compared and analyzed,and the technical drawbacks are proposed.Web real-time communication technology and browser drawing technology are deeply studied.A real-time monitoring and visible system for CNC machine tool data is developed based on Metro platform,combining WebSocket real-time communication technology and Canvas drawing technology.The system architecture is given,and the functions and implementation methods of the system are described in detail.The practical application results show that the WebSocket real-time communication technology can effectively reduce the bandwidth and network delay and save server resources.The numerical control machine data monitoring system can intuitively reflect the machine data,and the visible effect is good.It realizes timely monitoring of equipment alarms and prompts maintenance and management personnel.展开更多
This paper presents a model specifying requirements of real-time systems. Different from existing researches, this model mainly uses rules and templates to represent hierarchical FSMs (Finite State Machine). In this m...This paper presents a model specifying requirements of real-time systems. Different from existing researches, this model mainly uses rules and templates to represent hierarchical FSMs (Finite State Machine). In this model, one rule corresponds to one state transition of FSM and one template corresponds to one FSM. Rules and information with respect to a FSM can be written in a template. So templates include not only state diagrams, but also information that can not be described by FSM, such as performance requirements. The specification using this model consists of a collection of templates and it is easy for users to understand and to review. After introduced the related researches and principles of the model, this paper specifies requirements of a real-time system with this model, and discusses characters of this model in the end.展开更多
The current research was grounded in prior interdisciplinary research that showed cognitive ability (verbal ability for translating cognitions into oral language) and multiple-working memory endophenotypes (behavioral...The current research was grounded in prior interdisciplinary research that showed cognitive ability (verbal ability for translating cognitions into oral language) and multiple-working memory endophenotypes (behavioral markers of genetic or brain bases of language learning) predict reading and writing achievement in students with and without specific learning disabilities in written language (SLDs-WL). Results largely replicated prior findings that verbally gifted with dyslexia score higher on reading and writing achievement than those with average verbal ability but not on endophenotypes. The current study extended that research by comparing those with and without SLDs-WL with assessed verbal ability held constant. The verbally gifted without SLDs-WL (n = 14) scored higher than the verbally gifted with SLDs-WL (n = 27) on six language skills (oral sentence construction, best and fastest handwriting in copying, single real word oral reading accuracy, oral pseudoword reading accuracy and rate) and four endophenotypes (orthographic and morphological coding, orthographic loop, and switching attention). The verbally average without SLDs-WL (n = 6) scored higher than the verbally average with SLDs-WL (n = 22) on four language skills (best and fastest hand-writing in copying, oral pseudoword reading accuracy and rate) and two endophenotypes (orthographic coding and orthographic loop). Implications of results for translating interdisciplinary research into flexible definitions for assessment and instruction to serve students with varying verbal abilities and language learning and endophenotype profiles are discussed along with directions for future research.展开更多
The great evolution of the mobile market during the last years caused some fragmentation of the mobile platforms namely through the existence of different programming languages and software development tools for each ...The great evolution of the mobile market during the last years caused some fragmentation of the mobile platforms namely through the existence of different programming languages and software development tools for each platform. This fact can be an obstacle and increases the development complexity and costs when we want to develop mobile applications for multiple platforms. The XIS-Mobile domain specific language (defined as a UML profile) and its MDD-based framework address this problem by proposing platform-independent models to describe mobile applications and from them automatically generate the application’s source code. Many issues arose during an iterative process of evaluation which originated changes and the evolution of XIS-Mobile. This paper presents the results of the evaluation of XIS-Mobile (both the language and the companion framework) obtained through the implementation of a case study and by conducting a user session, and discusses its benefits and challenges.展开更多
In Content and Language Integrated Learning, one key issue is the differentiation between content area language (discipline-specific language) and everyday language and how the linguistic and competence gap can be bri...In Content and Language Integrated Learning, one key issue is the differentiation between content area language (discipline-specific language) and everyday language and how the linguistic and competence gap can be bridged. Language is the conveyor of meanings and it functions differently when the context that it is embedded in changes. In everyday language, frequently-encountered objects and concepts are present and the understanding of an idea is supported with abundant contextual clues. However, academic language is, in a sense, de-contextualized, in other words, context-reduced (Cummins, 2000). Notable features of academic language are high density of meanings, high level of formality, different syntactic structures from familiar and simpler everyday language, and discipline-specific terminology also poses great challenges to the comprehension. This paper will examine the differences between everyday language and the language of particular disciplines and the nature of discipline-specific language features. Drawn from the analysis, pedagogical suggestions are presented with reference to the teaching strategies and ways to bridge the gap. In addition, educational implications for CLIL will also be briefly discussed in the final section.展开更多
In ordet to maintain the dependability of system and meet the functional needof users dtsire, this paper introduces a survivability mechanism into embedded real-time system,and proposes a general comprehensive, approa...In ordet to maintain the dependability of system and meet the functional needof users dtsire, this paper introduces a survivability mechanism into embedded real-time system,and proposes a general comprehensive, approach based on a rigorous definition of survivability. Thisapproach permits a trade-off between the function and the cost of system development. It emphasizesthe ultradependable implementation of crucial function without demanding that of entire system.展开更多
Formative evaluation is relatively more scientific and accurate as compared to traditional teaching evaluation.Formative evaluation is a method of professional evaluation of students’learning process,which is very im...Formative evaluation is relatively more scientific and accurate as compared to traditional teaching evaluation.Formative evaluation is a method of professional evaluation of students’learning process,which is very important in the entire course of teaching.In the actual teaching process,formative evaluation can better help teachers understand the situation of students,and take effective improvement measures to address the problems existing in the process of learning.As a contribution to the teaching of foreign languages in the colleges and universities,this paper will start with an introduction of formative evaluation,and then the application of formative evaluation in teaching.展开更多
The past decade witnessed rapid development of constraint satisfaction technologies, where algorithms are now able to cope with larger and harder problems. However, owing to the fact that constraints are inherently de...The past decade witnessed rapid development of constraint satisfaction technologies, where algorithms are now able to cope with larger and harder problems. However, owing to the fact that constraints are inherently declarative, attention is quickly turning toward developing high-level programming languages within which such problems can be modeled and also solved. Along these lines, this paper presents DEPICT, the language. Its use is illustrated through modeling a number of benchmark examples. The paper continues with a description of a prototype system within which such models may be interpreted. The paper concludes with a description of a sample run of this interpreter showing how a problem modeled as such is typically solved.展开更多
The paper presents the embedded real-time software-oriented requirements engineering environment—SREZ. It involves the whole process of software requirements engineering, including the definition, analysis and checki...The paper presents the embedded real-time software-oriented requirements engineering environment—SREZ. It involves the whole process of software requirements engineering, including the definition, analysis and checking of requirements ,specifications. We first explain the principles of the executable specification language RTRSM. Subsequently, we introduce the main functions of SREE, illustrate the methods and techniques of checking requirements specifications, especially how to perform simulation execution, combining prototyping method with RTRSM and animated representations. At last, we compare the SREE with other requirements specifications methods and make a summary for SREE＇s advantages.展开更多
In order to improve the standardized technical systems of quantitative analyses for genetically modified organisms （GMOs） and products, ensure bio-safety and reduce ecological risk in China, a real-time fluorescent ...In order to improve the standardized technical systems of quantitative analyses for genetically modified organisms （GMOs） and products, ensure bio-safety and reduce ecological risk in China, a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay was established for detection of genetically modified maize line MON88017. The established method was evaluated based on the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and measurement uncertainty. The results showed that the established method had strong specificity in detection of genetically modified maize line MON88017. 1.50% MON88017 sample was detected with 29 replica- tions. The average measured value （ 1. 541% ） was close to the actual value （ 1.50% ） and the relative deviation was 2.70%. The variation coefficient of the measured value was 0.110 g ; the recovery was 100.00% and the measurement uncertainty was 0. 096. The limit of detection for genetically modified maize line MON88017 with the established method was 5 copies at the 97.5% confidence level. Thus, the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay established in this study exhibited high specificity, accuracy and sensitivity, which could provide technical support for the safety supervision of genetically modified organ- isms and products in China.展开更多
The lack of existing solutions makes it really hard to understand formal specification languages since the application domain for representations is useful for the purpose of carrying out certain software engineering ...The lack of existing solutions makes it really hard to understand formal specification languages since the application domain for representations is useful for the purpose of carrying out certain software engineering operations such as slicing and the computation of program metrics.A Z specification dependence graph is presented in this letter. It draws on the strengths of a range of earlier works and adapts them, if necessary, to the Z language.展开更多
Automatically mapping a requirement specification to design model in Software Engineering is an open complex problem. Existing methods use a complex manual process that use the knowledge from the requirement specifica...Automatically mapping a requirement specification to design model in Software Engineering is an open complex problem. Existing methods use a complex manual process that use the knowledge from the requirement specification/modeling and the design, and try to find a good match between them. The key task done by designers is to convert a natural language based requirement specification (or corresponding UML based representation) into a predominantly computer language based design model—thus the process is very complex as there is a very large gap between our natural language and computer language. Moreover, this is not just a simple language conversion, but rather a complex knowledge conversion that can lead to meaningful design implementation. In this paper, we describe an automated method to map Requirement Model to Design Model and thus automate/partially automate the Structured Design (SD) process. We believe, this is the first logical step in mapping a more complex requirement specification to design model. We call it IRTDM (Intelligent Agent based requirement model to design model mapping). The main theme of IRTDM is to use some AI (Artificial Intelligence) based algorithms, semantic representation using Ontology or Predicate Logic, design structures using some well known design framework and Machine Learning algorithms for learning over time. Semantics help convert natural language based requirement specification (and associated UML representation) into high level design model followed by mapping to design structures. AI method can also be used to convert high level design structures into lower level design which then can be refined further by some manual and/or semi automated process. We emphasize that automation is one of the key ways to minimize the software cost, and is very important for all, especially, for the “Design for the Bottom 90% People” or BOP (Base of the Pyramid People).展开更多
With the rapid development of economic globalization, foreign language talents who are cultivated by general foreign language teaching should meet the requirements of the international development strategy. Therefore,...With the rapid development of economic globalization, foreign language talents who are cultivated by general foreign language teaching should meet the requirements of the international development strategy. Therefore, it is of great importance to promote foreign language teaching quality. In this paper, we discuss how to fully utilize the English for Specific Purposes （ESP） theory to enhance professional foreign language teaching quality. ESP refers to a type of teaching concept or approach as the counterpart of English for General Purposes （EGP）, which contains a vast range of aspects. Particularly, we propose two English course design methods based on the ESP theory, that is, 1） language centered curriculum design, and 2） learning centered curriculum design. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve teaching quality.展开更多
The choice of methods or design languages is a crucial phase in the development of systems and software, also for real time and embedded systems. An open question that remains in the design of these types of systems i...The choice of methods or design languages is a crucial phase in the development of systems and software, also for real time and embedded systems. An open question that remains in the design of these types of systems is to build a method, or to choose one among those existing, capable to cover the life cycle of a project, and particularly the development phases. This article contributes to answer the question, by proposing an approach based on a multi-criteria comparative study, of few languages and methods dedicated to the design of real time and embedded systems. The underlying objective of this work is to present to designers a wide range of approaches, and elements that can guide their choices. In order to reach this goal, we propose different comparison criteria. Each criterion is divided into sub-criteria, so that the designers can refine their choices according to the qualities they prefer and wish to have in the method or language. We also define a rating scale which is used to assess the retained languages and methods. The scores obtained from this assessment are presented in tables, one table per criterion, followed by a summary table giving the overall scores. Graphics built from these tables are provided and intend to facilitate the judgement and thus the choice of the designers.展开更多
基金Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Project of“New Generation Artificial Intelligence”granted by Ministry of Science and Technology,Grant Number 2020AAA0109300.
文摘In the process of constructing domain-specific knowledge graphs,the task of relational triple extraction plays a critical role in transforming unstructured text into structured information.Existing relational triple extraction models facemultiple challenges when processing domain-specific data,including insufficient utilization of semantic interaction information between entities and relations,difficulties in handling challenging samples,and the scarcity of domain-specific datasets.To address these issues,our study introduces three innovative components:Relation semantic enhancement,data augmentation,and a voting strategy,all designed to significantly improve the model’s performance in tackling domain-specific relational triple extraction tasks.We first propose an innovative attention interaction module.This method significantly enhances the semantic interaction capabilities between entities and relations by integrating semantic information fromrelation labels.Second,we propose a voting strategy that effectively combines the strengths of large languagemodels(LLMs)and fine-tuned small pre-trained language models(SLMs)to reevaluate challenging samples,thereby improving the model’s adaptability in specific domains.Additionally,we explore the use of LLMs for data augmentation,aiming to generate domain-specific datasets to alleviate the scarcity of domain data.Experiments conducted on three domain-specific datasets demonstrate that our model outperforms existing comparative models in several aspects,with F1 scores exceeding the State of the Art models by 2%,1.6%,and 0.6%,respectively,validating the effectiveness and generalizability of our approach.
文摘Specification language is used to provide enough information for the model of the cryptographic protocol. This paper first extends strand space model to dynamic strand model, and then a formal specification language for this model is defined by using BNF grammar. Compared with those in literatures, it is simpler because of only concerning the algebraic properties of cryptographic protocols.
文摘In order to ensure the safety,quality and efficiency of computer numerical control(CNC)machine tool processing,a real-time monitoring and visible solution for CNC machine tools based on hyper text markup language(HTML)5 is proposed.The characteristics of the real-time monitoring technology of CNC machine tools under the traditional Client/Server(C/S)structure are compared and analyzed,and the technical drawbacks are proposed.Web real-time communication technology and browser drawing technology are deeply studied.A real-time monitoring and visible system for CNC machine tool data is developed based on Metro platform,combining WebSocket real-time communication technology and Canvas drawing technology.The system architecture is given,and the functions and implementation methods of the system are described in detail.The practical application results show that the WebSocket real-time communication technology can effectively reduce the bandwidth and network delay and save server resources.The numerical control machine data monitoring system can intuitively reflect the machine data,and the visible effect is good.It realizes timely monitoring of equipment alarms and prompts maintenance and management personnel.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science F oundation of China(6 98730 35 ) and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Hi
文摘This paper presents a model specifying requirements of real-time systems. Different from existing researches, this model mainly uses rules and templates to represent hierarchical FSMs (Finite State Machine). In this model, one rule corresponds to one state transition of FSM and one template corresponds to one FSM. Rules and information with respect to a FSM can be written in a template. So templates include not only state diagrams, but also information that can not be described by FSM, such as performance requirements. The specification using this model consists of a collection of templates and it is easy for users to understand and to review. After introduced the related researches and principles of the model, this paper specifies requirements of a real-time system with this model, and discusses characters of this model in the end.
文摘The current research was grounded in prior interdisciplinary research that showed cognitive ability (verbal ability for translating cognitions into oral language) and multiple-working memory endophenotypes (behavioral markers of genetic or brain bases of language learning) predict reading and writing achievement in students with and without specific learning disabilities in written language (SLDs-WL). Results largely replicated prior findings that verbally gifted with dyslexia score higher on reading and writing achievement than those with average verbal ability but not on endophenotypes. The current study extended that research by comparing those with and without SLDs-WL with assessed verbal ability held constant. The verbally gifted without SLDs-WL (n = 14) scored higher than the verbally gifted with SLDs-WL (n = 27) on six language skills (oral sentence construction, best and fastest handwriting in copying, single real word oral reading accuracy, oral pseudoword reading accuracy and rate) and four endophenotypes (orthographic and morphological coding, orthographic loop, and switching attention). The verbally average without SLDs-WL (n = 6) scored higher than the verbally average with SLDs-WL (n = 22) on four language skills (best and fastest hand-writing in copying, oral pseudoword reading accuracy and rate) and two endophenotypes (orthographic coding and orthographic loop). Implications of results for translating interdisciplinary research into flexible definitions for assessment and instruction to serve students with varying verbal abilities and language learning and endophenotype profiles are discussed along with directions for future research.
文摘The great evolution of the mobile market during the last years caused some fragmentation of the mobile platforms namely through the existence of different programming languages and software development tools for each platform. This fact can be an obstacle and increases the development complexity and costs when we want to develop mobile applications for multiple platforms. The XIS-Mobile domain specific language (defined as a UML profile) and its MDD-based framework address this problem by proposing platform-independent models to describe mobile applications and from them automatically generate the application’s source code. Many issues arose during an iterative process of evaluation which originated changes and the evolution of XIS-Mobile. This paper presents the results of the evaluation of XIS-Mobile (both the language and the companion framework) obtained through the implementation of a case study and by conducting a user session, and discusses its benefits and challenges.
文摘In Content and Language Integrated Learning, one key issue is the differentiation between content area language (discipline-specific language) and everyday language and how the linguistic and competence gap can be bridged. Language is the conveyor of meanings and it functions differently when the context that it is embedded in changes. In everyday language, frequently-encountered objects and concepts are present and the understanding of an idea is supported with abundant contextual clues. However, academic language is, in a sense, de-contextualized, in other words, context-reduced (Cummins, 2000). Notable features of academic language are high density of meanings, high level of formality, different syntactic structures from familiar and simpler everyday language, and discipline-specific terminology also poses great challenges to the comprehension. This paper will examine the differences between everyday language and the language of particular disciplines and the nature of discipline-specific language features. Drawn from the analysis, pedagogical suggestions are presented with reference to the teaching strategies and ways to bridge the gap. In addition, educational implications for CLIL will also be briefly discussed in the final section.
文摘In ordet to maintain the dependability of system and meet the functional needof users dtsire, this paper introduces a survivability mechanism into embedded real-time system,and proposes a general comprehensive, approach based on a rigorous definition of survivability. Thisapproach permits a trade-off between the function and the cost of system development. It emphasizesthe ultradependable implementation of crucial function without demanding that of entire system.
文摘Formative evaluation is relatively more scientific and accurate as compared to traditional teaching evaluation.Formative evaluation is a method of professional evaluation of students’learning process,which is very important in the entire course of teaching.In the actual teaching process,formative evaluation can better help teachers understand the situation of students,and take effective improvement measures to address the problems existing in the process of learning.As a contribution to the teaching of foreign languages in the colleges and universities,this paper will start with an introduction of formative evaluation,and then the application of formative evaluation in teaching.
基金This work was supported by Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research.
文摘The past decade witnessed rapid development of constraint satisfaction technologies, where algorithms are now able to cope with larger and harder problems. However, owing to the fact that constraints are inherently declarative, attention is quickly turning toward developing high-level programming languages within which such problems can be modeled and also solved. Along these lines, this paper presents DEPICT, the language. Its use is illustrated through modeling a number of benchmark examples. The paper continues with a description of a prototype system within which such models may be interpreted. The paper concludes with a description of a sample run of this interpreter showing how a problem modeled as such is typically solved.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(69873035) the K.C. Wong Education Foundation,Hong Kong,China
文摘The paper presents the embedded real-time software-oriented requirements engineering environment—SREZ. It involves the whole process of software requirements engineering, including the definition, analysis and checking of requirements ,specifications. We first explain the principles of the executable specification language RTRSM. Subsequently, we introduce the main functions of SREE, illustrate the methods and techniques of checking requirements specifications, especially how to perform simulation execution, combining prototyping method with RTRSM and animated representations. At last, we compare the SREE with other requirements specifications methods and make a summary for SREE＇s advantages.
基金Supported by Project of Standardization Technical System from the Administration of Quality and Technology Supervision of Sichuan Province(ZYBZ2013-39)
文摘In order to improve the standardized technical systems of quantitative analyses for genetically modified organisms （GMOs） and products, ensure bio-safety and reduce ecological risk in China, a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay was established for detection of genetically modified maize line MON88017. The established method was evaluated based on the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and measurement uncertainty. The results showed that the established method had strong specificity in detection of genetically modified maize line MON88017. 1.50% MON88017 sample was detected with 29 replica- tions. The average measured value （ 1. 541% ） was close to the actual value （ 1.50% ） and the relative deviation was 2.70%. The variation coefficient of the measured value was 0.110 g ; the recovery was 100.00% and the measurement uncertainty was 0. 096. The limit of detection for genetically modified maize line MON88017 with the established method was 5 copies at the 97.5% confidence level. Thus, the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay established in this study exhibited high specificity, accuracy and sensitivity, which could provide technical support for the safety supervision of genetically modified organ- isms and products in China.
文摘The lack of existing solutions makes it really hard to understand formal specification languages since the application domain for representations is useful for the purpose of carrying out certain software engineering operations such as slicing and the computation of program metrics.A Z specification dependence graph is presented in this letter. It draws on the strengths of a range of earlier works and adapts them, if necessary, to the Z language.
文摘Automatically mapping a requirement specification to design model in Software Engineering is an open complex problem. Existing methods use a complex manual process that use the knowledge from the requirement specification/modeling and the design, and try to find a good match between them. The key task done by designers is to convert a natural language based requirement specification (or corresponding UML based representation) into a predominantly computer language based design model—thus the process is very complex as there is a very large gap between our natural language and computer language. Moreover, this is not just a simple language conversion, but rather a complex knowledge conversion that can lead to meaningful design implementation. In this paper, we describe an automated method to map Requirement Model to Design Model and thus automate/partially automate the Structured Design (SD) process. We believe, this is the first logical step in mapping a more complex requirement specification to design model. We call it IRTDM (Intelligent Agent based requirement model to design model mapping). The main theme of IRTDM is to use some AI (Artificial Intelligence) based algorithms, semantic representation using Ontology or Predicate Logic, design structures using some well known design framework and Machine Learning algorithms for learning over time. Semantics help convert natural language based requirement specification (and associated UML representation) into high level design model followed by mapping to design structures. AI method can also be used to convert high level design structures into lower level design which then can be refined further by some manual and/or semi automated process. We emphasize that automation is one of the key ways to minimize the software cost, and is very important for all, especially, for the “Design for the Bottom 90% People” or BOP (Base of the Pyramid People).
文摘With the rapid development of economic globalization, foreign language talents who are cultivated by general foreign language teaching should meet the requirements of the international development strategy. Therefore, it is of great importance to promote foreign language teaching quality. In this paper, we discuss how to fully utilize the English for Specific Purposes （ESP） theory to enhance professional foreign language teaching quality. ESP refers to a type of teaching concept or approach as the counterpart of English for General Purposes （EGP）, which contains a vast range of aspects. Particularly, we propose two English course design methods based on the ESP theory, that is, 1） language centered curriculum design, and 2） learning centered curriculum design. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve teaching quality.
文摘The choice of methods or design languages is a crucial phase in the development of systems and software, also for real time and embedded systems. An open question that remains in the design of these types of systems is to build a method, or to choose one among those existing, capable to cover the life cycle of a project, and particularly the development phases. This article contributes to answer the question, by proposing an approach based on a multi-criteria comparative study, of few languages and methods dedicated to the design of real time and embedded systems. The underlying objective of this work is to present to designers a wide range of approaches, and elements that can guide their choices. In order to reach this goal, we propose different comparison criteria. Each criterion is divided into sub-criteria, so that the designers can refine their choices according to the qualities they prefer and wish to have in the method or language. We also define a rating scale which is used to assess the retained languages and methods. The scores obtained from this assessment are presented in tables, one table per criterion, followed by a summary table giving the overall scores. Graphics built from these tables are provided and intend to facilitate the judgement and thus the choice of the designers.
