Objective:To investigate the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide(SO2)exposure and semen quality parameters.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies investigating the as...Objective:To investigate the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide(SO2)exposure and semen quality parameters.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies investigating the association between SO2 exposure and semen quality parameters.This search encompassed the timeframe from January 2000 to May 2023 and included electronic databases such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,Cochrane,and Scopus.Pooled effect estimates with 95%confidence intervals(CI)were calculated using percent changes(PC).The meta-analysis included seven studies with 6711 participants and 15087 semen samples.Results:The results revealed a significant negative association between ambient SO2 exposure and certain semen quality parameters.In particular,SO2 exposure was associated with a significant decrease in progressive motility(PC=0.032;95%CI:-0.063 to-0.001;P=0.044)and sperm concentration(PC=-0.020;95%CI:-0.036 to-0.005;P=0.012).However,no statistically significant associations were observed for total sperm count(PC=-0.038;95%CI:-0.079 to 0.003;P=0.070),seminal fluid volume(PC=-0.009;95%CI:-0.048 to-0.030;P=0.662)and sperm motility(PC=-0.17;95%CI:-0.363 to 0.022;P=0.830).In addition,the results of the subgroup analysis revealed specific variables that were associated with the decrease in relevant sperm parameters.Conclusions:This systematic review and meta-analysis provides compelling evidence supporting a consistent negative association between exposure to ambient SO2 and semen quality parameters.展开更多
Primary sources of atmospheric sulfur dioxide are anthropogenic activities associated with the burning of fossil fuels and industrial processes that may have associations with various morbidities and mortalities. As s...Primary sources of atmospheric sulfur dioxide are anthropogenic activities associated with the burning of fossil fuels and industrial processes that may have associations with various morbidities and mortalities. As such, several regional and global regulatory agencies have recommended ambient air limits to reduce environmental exposures. The objectives of this study were to evaluate ambient levels of sulfur dioxide surrounding an oil refinery on the island of Cura?ao. Levels which were then compared to literature values and recommended public health guidelines to determine potential public health risks. Concentrations of sulfur dioxide in Curacao were found to be among the highest globally with an increasing trend over time. While the epidemiological evidence does not conclusively suggest there is a health risk from these levels of exposure, SO2 concentrations greatly exceed regulatory and guidance levels and suggest that further emissions control is warranted. Future recommendations include a more rigorous epidemiological study in Cura?ao and expand the air monitoring efforts to include areas upwind of the refinery as well as additional petrochemical emissions.展开更多
China has published a stricter emission standard for thermal power plants in order to help reduce the power industry's sulfur dioxide emissions by over six
The PdPtVO_(x)/CeO_(2)-ZrO_(2)(PdPtVO_(x)/CZO)catalysts were obtained by using different approaches,and their physical and chemical properties were determined by various techniques.Catalytic activities of these materi...The PdPtVO_(x)/CeO_(2)-ZrO_(2)(PdPtVO_(x)/CZO)catalysts were obtained by using different approaches,and their physical and chemical properties were determined by various techniques.Catalytic activities of these materials in the presence of H_(2)O or SO_(2)were evaluated for the oxidation of ethylbenzene(EB).The PdPtVO_(x)/CZO sample exhibited high catalytic activity,good hydrothermal stability,and reversible sulfur dioxide-poisoning performance,over which the specific reaction rate at 160℃,turnover frequency at 160℃(TOF_(Pd or Pt)),and apparent activation energy were 72.6 mmol/(g_(Pt)·sec)or 124.2 mmol/(g_(Pd)·sec),14.2 sec^(-1)(TOF_(Pt))or 13.1 sec^(-1)(TOF_(Pd)),and 58 k J/mol,respectively.The large EB adsorption capacity,good reducibility,and strong acidity contributed to the good catalytic performance of PdPtVO_(x)/CZO.Catalytic activity of PdPtVO_(x)/CZO decreased when 50 ppm SO_(2)or(1.0 vol.%H_(2)O+50 ppm SO_(2))was added to the feedstock,but was gradually restored to its initial level after the SO_(2)was cut off.The good reversible sulfur dioxide-resistant performance of PdPtVO_(x)/CZO was associated with the facts:(i)the introduction of SO_(2)leads to an increase in surface acidity;(ii)V can adsorb and activate SO_(2),thus accelerating formation of the SO_(x)^(2-)(x=3 or 4)species at the V and CZO sites,weakening the adsorption of sulfur species at the PdPt active sites,and hence protecting the PdPt active sites to be not poisoned by SO_(2).EB oxidation over PdPtVO_(x)/CZO might take place via the route of EB→styrene→phenyl methyl ketone→benzaldehyde→benzoic acid→maleic anhydride→CO_(2)and H_(2)O.展开更多
The reduction of phosphogypsum(PG)to lime slag and SO_(2)using coke can effectively alleviate the environmental problems caused by PG.However,the PG decomposition temperature remains high and the product yield remains...The reduction of phosphogypsum(PG)to lime slag and SO_(2)using coke can effectively alleviate the environmental problems caused by PG.However,the PG decomposition temperature remains high and the product yield remains poor.By adding additives,the decomposition temperature can be further reduced and PG decomposition rate and product yield can be improved.However,the use of current additives such as Fe_(2)O_(3)and SiO_(2)brings the problem of increasing economic cost.Therefore,it is proposed to use solid waste copper slag(CS)as a new additive to reduce PG to prepare SO2,which can reduce the cost and meet the environmental benefits at the same time.The effects of proportion,temperature and thermostatic time on PG decomposition are investigated by experimental and kinetic analysis combined with FactSage thermodynamic calculations to optimize the roasting conditions.Finally,the reaction mechanism is proposed.It is found that adding CS to the coke and PG system can increase the rate of PG decomposition and SO_(2)yield while lowering the PG decomposition temperature.For example,when the CS/PG mass ratio increases from 0 to 1,PG decomposition rate increases from 83.38%to 99.35%,SO_(2)yield increases from 78.62%to 96.81%,and PG decomposition temperature decreases from 992.4℃to 949.6℃.The optimal reaction parameters are CS/PG mass ratio of 1,Coke/PG mass ratio of 0.06 at 1100℃for 20 min with 99.35%PG decomposition rate and 96.81%SO_(2) yield.The process proceeds according to the following reactions:2CaSO_(4)+ 0.7C + 0.8Fe_(2)SiO_(4)→0.8Ca_(2)SiO_(4)+ 0.2Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5)+ 0.4Fe_(3)O_(4)+2SO_(2)+ 0.7CO_(2)Finally,a process for decomposing PG with coke and CS is proposed.展开更多
Melanoma,as the most aggressive and treatment-resistant skin malignancy,is responsible for about 80%of all skin cancer mortalities.Prone to invade into the dermis and form distant metastases significantly reduce the p...Melanoma,as the most aggressive and treatment-resistant skin malignancy,is responsible for about 80%of all skin cancer mortalities.Prone to invade into the dermis and form distant metastases significantly reduce the patient survival rate.Therefore,early treatment of the melanoma in situ or timely blocking the deterioration of metastases is critical.In this study,a sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))polymer prodrug was designed as both an intracellular glutathione(GSH)-responsive SO_(2) generator and a carrier of doxorubicin(DOX),and used for the treatment of subcutaneous and metastatic melanoma.Firstly,chemical conjugation of 4-N-(2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl)-imino-1-butyric acid(DIBA)onto the side chains of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)grafted dextran(mPEG-g-Dex)resulted in the synthesis of the amphiphilic polymer prodrug of SO_(2),mPEG-g-Dex(DIBA).The obtained mPEG-g-Dex(DIBA)could self-assemble into stable micellar nanoparticles and exhibited a glutathione-responsive SO_(2) release behavior.Subsequently,DOX was encapsulated into the core of mPEG-g-Dex(DIBA)micelles to form DOX-loaded nanoparticles(PDDN-DOX).The formed PDDN-DOX could be internalized by B16F10 cells and synchronously release DOX and SO_(2) into the tumor cells.As a result,PDDN-DOX exerted synergistic anti-tumor effects in B16F10 melanoma cells because of the oxidative damage properties of SO_(2) and toxic effects of DOX.Furthermore,in vivo experiments verified that PDDN-DOX had great potential for the treatment of subcutaneous and metastasis melanoma.Collectively,our present work demonstrates that the combination of SO_(2)-based gas therapy and chemotherapeutics offers a new avenue for inhibiting melanoma progression and metastases.展开更多
A photoinduced reaction of potassium alkyltrifluoroborates,sulfur dioxide,and para-quinone methides under visible light irradiation at room temperature is developed,giving rise to diarylmethyl alkylsulfones in moderat...A photoinduced reaction of potassium alkyltrifluoroborates,sulfur dioxide,and para-quinone methides under visible light irradiation at room temperature is developed,giving rise to diarylmethyl alkylsulfones in moderate to good yields.This reaction works well under photocatalysis with a broad substrate scope by using DABCO·(SO_(2))_(2)as the source of sulfur dioxide.Mechanistic study shows that this transformation is initiated by alkyl radicals generated in situ from potassium alkyltrifluoroborates in the presence of photocatalyst.The subsequent insertion of sulfur dioxide and radical 1,6-addition of para-quinone methides with alkylsulfonyl radical intermediates afford the corresponding diarylmethyl alkylsulfones.展开更多
Generation of 3-sulfonated 2 H-pyrrol-2-ones through a three-component reaction of allenoic amides,sulfur dioxide,and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under metal-free conditions is achieved.This transformation procee...Generation of 3-sulfonated 2 H-pyrrol-2-ones through a three-component reaction of allenoic amides,sulfur dioxide,and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under metal-free conditions is achieved.This transformation proceeds under mild conditions without the addition of catalysts or additives,giving rise to 3-sulfonated 2 H-pyrrol-2-ones in moderate to good yields.Good functional group compatibility is observed.A plausible mechanism is proposed,which is initiated by aryl radicals formed in situ from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates and DABCO·(SO2)2.Additionally,excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity are presented in this transformation.展开更多
Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))is a ubiquitous air pollutant,presents in low concentrations in urban air and in higher concentrations in working environment.Few data are avail-able on the effects of being exposed to this pollu...Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))is a ubiquitous air pollutant,presents in low concentrations in urban air and in higher concentrations in working environment.Few data are avail-able on the effects of being exposed to this pollutant on the molecular mechanism,although some biochemical changes in lipid metabolism,intermediary metabolism and oxidative stress have been detected.The present investigation aimed at analyzing the gene expression profiles of the lungs of Wistar rats short-term(20 ppm,6 h/day,for seven days)and long-term(5 ppm,1 h/day,for 30 days)exposed to SO_(2)by Affymetrix GeneChip(RAE230A)analysis.It was found that 31 genes,containing 18 known genes and 13 novel genes,were up-regulated,and 31 genes,containing 20 known genes and 11 novel genes,were down-regulated in rats short-term exposed to SO_(2)compared with control rats.While there were 176 genes,containing 82 known genes and 94 novel genes,were up-regulated,and 85 genes,containing 46 known genes and 39 novel genes,were down-regulated in rats long-term exposed to SO_(2)compared with control rats.It is suggested that:(1)SO_(2)exerts its effects by different mechanisms in vivo at high-dose short-term inhalation and at low-dose long-term inhalation;(2)a notable feature of the gene expression profile was the decreased expression of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation in lungs of rats short-term exposed to SO_(2),which shows high-dose short-term exposed to SO_(2)may cause the deterioration of mitochondrial functions;(3)discriminating genes in lungs of rats long-term exposed to SO_(2)included those involved in fatty acid metabolism,immune,inflammatory,oxidative stress,oncogene,tumor suppresser and extracellular matrix.The mechanism of low-dose long-term exposed to SO_(2)is more complex.展开更多
Endogenous sulfur dioxide(SO_(2) )is a novel gasotransmitter involved in the pathophysiologic process of pulmonary artery hypertension(PAH).However,the molecular pathways on which endogenous SO_(2) impact remains uncl...Endogenous sulfur dioxide(SO_(2) )is a novel gasotransmitter involved in the pathophysiologic process of pulmonary artery hypertension(PAH).However,the molecular pathways on which endogenous SO_(2) impact remains unclarified.Methods In the present study,the regulatory role of endogenous SO_(2) in the pathogenesis of PAH and its associated molecular mechanisms were investigated.A Wistar rat model of PAH induced by hypoxic exposure was established.Endogenous SO_(2) content in rat plasma and rat lungs,mean PAH,ratio of right ventricular/(left ventricular+septum)[RV/(LV+SP)]and body weight of Wistar rats were examined.Protein expression of aspartate aminotransferase 1(AAT1),endothelial nitric oxide synthase(e NOS)and Rho-associated coiled kinase(ROCK)in rat lung tissues were determined by western blot.Activation of AAT1 and Ras homolog gene family member A(Rho A)in rat lungs were detected by assay kits according to manufacturers’instructions.The concentration of nitric oxide(NO),level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate(c GMP)and activity of protein kinase G(PKG)in rat lung tissues after exposure to hypoxic conditions or treatment with SO_(2) donor were also examined using commercial kits.Results Our data showed that the endogenous SO_(2) /AAT1 pathway was markedly downregulated in rats with PAH induced by hypoxic exposure.However,SO_(2) donor upregulated the endogenous SO_(2) pathway and attenuated PAH.Further investigation revealed that in the PAH model,the e NOS/c GMP/PKG cascade was downregulated and the Rho A/ROCK pathway was upregulated,which could be reversed by SO_(2) donor.Conclusions In conclusion,the endogenous SO_(2) /AAT1 pathway might protect against the development of hypoxic exposure induced PAH by promoting the e NOS/c GMP/PKG cascade and downregulating Rho A/ROCK pathway.展开更多
The key reason for SO_(2) formation during the production of a residue hydrogenation catalyst support was identified and subsequent emission reduction solutions were then investigated and verified systematically.The r...The key reason for SO_(2) formation during the production of a residue hydrogenation catalyst support was identified and subsequent emission reduction solutions were then investigated and verified systematically.The results demonstrated that carbon-containing organic materials,including sesbania powder and cellulose,did not completely decompose over the temperature range of 350−600℃during the heating stage of the calcination process,but rather underwent a condensation reaction within the same temperature range to form carbon-containing species with a lower ratio of hydrogen to carbon and a higher condensation degree,which promoted the decomposition of sulfate to form SO_(2).Systematic experimental work revealed that three different measures,i.e.,applying the staged calcination method,reducing the heating rate,and increasing the air flow rate,during the calcination process could all achieve the effect of reducing SO_(2) emissions.展开更多
In this paper, the authors analyzed the correlation between the microbiological stability of white wines and the content of sulfur dioxide, which influences the main redox processes that take place in the technologica...In this paper, the authors analyzed the correlation between the microbiological stability of white wines and the content of sulfur dioxide, which influences the main redox processes that take place in the technological stages of the wine. The consecutive, parallel and spontaneous development of several redox processes and their impact on the quality, microbiological and crystalline stability of white wines were examined. The reduction of additive and subtractive technological interventions, of the amounts of adjuvants (sulphurous anhydride) is essential for the production of organic wines.展开更多
The reaction kinetics of SO 2 oxidation on Cs Rb V series sulfuric acid catalyst promoted by alkali salts such as cesium and rubidium was studied. A three step reaction mechanism of SO 2 oxidation was proposed, in whi...The reaction kinetics of SO 2 oxidation on Cs Rb V series sulfuric acid catalyst promoted by alkali salts such as cesium and rubidium was studied. A three step reaction mechanism of SO 2 oxidation was proposed, in which it was assumed that oxidation of quadrivalent vanadium complex was a controlling step. Then, a mechanism model equation was concluded according to the three step reaction mechanism. The SO 2 oxidation rate was measured with a non gradient reactor under the conditions of temperature of 380～520?℃ and space velocity of 3?600～7?200?h -1 . Through calculating with Powell nonlinear regression method, the parameters of model equation were obtained: K 1=0.152?exp(-62?073/ (RT) ), K 2=8.18?exp(-2?384/ (RT) ), K 3=0.221?exp(-18?949/ (RT) ). It was found that the model equation could fit with all the experimental reaction rate data very well. [展开更多
Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))emissions from diesel exhaust pose a serious threat to the environment and human health.Thus,desulfurization technology and the performance of desulfurization materials must be improved.In this s...Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))emissions from diesel exhaust pose a serious threat to the environment and human health.Thus,desulfurization technology and the performance of desulfurization materials must be improved.In this study,MnO_(2) was modified with various alkali metal ions using the impregnation method to enhance its SO_(2) capture performance.The composites were characterized intensively by scanning electron microscopy,energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy,and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory.The SO_(2) capture performance of these composites were measured via thermogravimetry,and the effect of doping with alkali metal ions on the SO_(2) capture performance of MnO_(2) was investigated.Results showed that the SO_(2) capture performance of MnO_(2) could be enhanced by doping with alkali metal ions,and the MnO_(2) composite doped with LiOH(2.0 mol/L)had the best SO_(2) capture capacity(124 mgSO_(2)/gMaterial),which was 18%higher than that of pure MnO_(2).Moreover,the type and concentration of alkali metal ions had varying effects on the SO_(2) capture performance of MnO_(2).In our experiment,the SO_(2) capture performance of the MnO_(2) doped with NaOH,LiCl,Na2CO3,K2CO3,and Li2CO3 composites were worse than that of pure MnO_(2).Therefore,the influences of the type and concentration of alkali metal ions to be doped into desulfurization materials must be considered comprehensively.展开更多
The development of novel absorbents is essential for SO_(2)removal.In this study,a novel ionic liquid(IL,[BHEP][HSO_(4)])was prepared,and water was selected as the co-solvent.The density and viscosity of aqueous[BHEP]...The development of novel absorbents is essential for SO_(2)removal.In this study,a novel ionic liquid(IL,[BHEP][HSO_(4)])was prepared,and water was selected as the co-solvent.The density and viscosity of aqueous[BHEP][HSO_(4)]were measured and the SO_(2)absorption performance was systematically investigated.Furthermore,the thermodynamic properties of SO_(2)in aqueous[BHEP][HSO_(4)]were calculated.Additionally,the mechanism of SO_(2)absorption in aqueous[BHEP][HSO_(4)]was confirmed using Fouriertransform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.It showed that[BHEP][HSO_(4)]absorbed0.302 g·g^(-1)(g SO_(2)/g IL)at an SO_(2)partial pressure of 2000μl·L^(-1)at 303.2 K,and the SO_(2)desorption enthalpy was-39.63 k J·mol^(-1).The mechanistic study confirmed the chemical absorption of SO_(2)in aqueous[BHEP][HSO_(4)].展开更多
The effects of NOx(in a ratio of NO∶NO2=9∶1) and SO2in cathode streamonthe performance of a single proton ex-change membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) were investigated.NOxwith concentrations of 1×10-3%(in volume,the sa...The effects of NOx(in a ratio of NO∶NO2=9∶1) and SO2in cathode streamonthe performance of a single proton ex-change membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) were investigated.NOxwith concentrations of 1×10-3%(in volume,the same as fol-lows),1.4×10-2%and 1×10-3%could cause significant detri mental effects on the cell performance.However,nearly com-plete recovery of the cell performance could be observed after NOxwas shut off and purged with clean air.The electrochemicalmeasurements suggested that thei mpacts of NOxresulted mainlyfromthe superposition of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),NOand HNO2oxidation reactions,and the increased cathodic i mpedance.Trace SO2with concentrations of 5×10-6%,5×10-3%,2×10-4%and 3.2×10-4%influenced the cell muchseverer,which could be attributed toits strong adsorption onthesurface of Pt atoms.The cell performance could not be completely recovered after purged with clean air and cyclic voltammetry(CV) tests,due to the changes of electrochemical i mpedance spectroscopy(EIS) and electrochemical active surface(EAS) causedby surface state change after SO2exposure.展开更多
Air pollution is a major health problem in developing countries and has adverse effects on human health and the environment. Non-thermal plasma is an effective air pollution treatment technology. In this research, the...Air pollution is a major health problem in developing countries and has adverse effects on human health and the environment. Non-thermal plasma is an effective air pollution treatment technology. In this research, the performance of a dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) plasma reactor packed with glass and ceramic pellets was evaluated in the removal of SO_2 as a major air pollutant from air in ambient temperature. The response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of three key parameters(concentration of gas, gas flow rate, and voltage) as well as their simultaneous effects and interactions on the SO2 removal process. Reduced cubic models were derived to predict the SO_2 removal efficiency(RE) and energy yield(EY). Analysis of variance results showed that the packed-bed reactors(PBRs) studied were more energy efficient and had a high SO2 RE which was at least four times more than that of the non-packed reactor. Moreover, the results showed that the performance of ceramic pellets was better than that of glass pellets in PBRs. This may be due to the porous surface of ceramic pellets which allows the formation of microdischarges in the fine cavities of a porous surface when placed in a plasma discharge zone. The maximum SO_2 RE and EY were obtained at 94% and 0.81 g kWh^(-1),respectively under the optimal conditions of a concentration of gas of 750 ppm, a gas flow rate of 2lmin^(-1), and a voltage of 18 kV, which were achieved by the DBD plasma packed with ceramic pellets. Finally, the results of the model's predictions and the experiments showed good agreement.展开更多
Marine biogenic emission of dimethylsulfi de(DMS)has been well recognized as the main natural source of reduced sulfur to the remote marine atmosphere and has the potential to aff ect climate,especially in the polar r...Marine biogenic emission of dimethylsulfi de(DMS)has been well recognized as the main natural source of reduced sulfur to the remote marine atmosphere and has the potential to aff ect climate,especially in the polar regions.We used a global climate model(GCM)to investigate the impact on atmospheric chemistry from a change to the contemporary DMS fl ux to that which has been projected for the late 21 st century.The perturbed simulation corresponded to conditions that pertained to a tripling of equivalent CO 2,which was estimated to occur by year 2090 based on current worst-case greenhouse gas emission scenarios.The changes in zonal mean DMS fl ux were applied to 50°S–70°S Antarctic(ANT)and 65°N–80°N Arctic(ARC)regions.The results indicate that there are clearly diff erent impacts after perturbation in the southern and northern polar regions.Most quantities related to the sulfur cycle show a higher increase in ANT.However,most sulfur compounds have higher peaks in ARC.The perturbation in DMS fl ux leads to an increase of atmospheric DMS of about 45%in ANT and 33.6%in ARC.The sulfur dioxide(SO 2)vertical integral increases around 43%in ANT and 7.5%in ARC.Sulfate(SO 4)vertical integral increases by 17%in ANT and increases around 6%in ARC.Sulfur emissions increases by 21%in ANT and increases by 9.7%in ARC.However,oxidation of DMS by OH increases by 38.2%in ARC and by 15.17%in ANT.Aerosol optical depth(AOD)increases by 4%in the ARC and by 17.5%in the ANT,and increases by 22.8%in austral summer.The importance of the perturbation of the biogenic source to future aerosol burden in polar regions leads to a cooling in surface temperature of 1 K in the ANT and 0.8 K in the ARC.Generally,polar regions in the Antarctic Ocean will have a higher off setting eff ect on warming after DMS fl ux perturbation.展开更多
As the major source of air pollution,sulfur dioxide(S0_(2))emissions have become the focus of global attention.However,existing studies rarely consider spatial effects when discussing the relationship between foreign ...As the major source of air pollution,sulfur dioxide(S0_(2))emissions have become the focus of global attention.However,existing studies rarely consider spatial effects when discussing the relationship between foreign direct investment(FDI)and S0_(2) emissions.This study took the Yangtze River Delta as the research area and used the spatial panel data of 26 cities in this region for 2004-2017.The study investigated the spatial agglomeration effects and dynamics at work in FDI and S0_(2) emissions by using global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation.Then,based on regression analysis using a results of traditional ordinary least squares(OLS)model and a spatial econometric model,the spatial Durbin model(SDM)with spatial-time effects was adopted to quantify the impact of FDI on S0_(2) emissions,so as to avoid the regression results bias caused by ignoring the spatial effects.The results revealed a significant spatial autocorrelation between FDI and S0_(2) emissions,both of which displayed obvious path dependence characteristics in their geographical distribution.A series of agglomeration regions were observed on the spatial scale.The estimation results of the SDM showed that FDI inflow promoted S0_(2) emissions,which supports the pollution haven hypothesis.The findings of this study are significant in the prevention and control of air pollution in the Yangtze River Delta.展开更多
文摘Objective:To investigate the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide(SO2)exposure and semen quality parameters.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies investigating the association between SO2 exposure and semen quality parameters.This search encompassed the timeframe from January 2000 to May 2023 and included electronic databases such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,Cochrane,and Scopus.Pooled effect estimates with 95%confidence intervals(CI)were calculated using percent changes(PC).The meta-analysis included seven studies with 6711 participants and 15087 semen samples.Results:The results revealed a significant negative association between ambient SO2 exposure and certain semen quality parameters.In particular,SO2 exposure was associated with a significant decrease in progressive motility(PC=0.032;95%CI:-0.063 to-0.001;P=0.044)and sperm concentration(PC=-0.020;95%CI:-0.036 to-0.005;P=0.012).However,no statistically significant associations were observed for total sperm count(PC=-0.038;95%CI:-0.079 to 0.003;P=0.070),seminal fluid volume(PC=-0.009;95%CI:-0.048 to-0.030;P=0.662)and sperm motility(PC=-0.17;95%CI:-0.363 to 0.022;P=0.830).In addition,the results of the subgroup analysis revealed specific variables that were associated with the decrease in relevant sperm parameters.Conclusions:This systematic review and meta-analysis provides compelling evidence supporting a consistent negative association between exposure to ambient SO2 and semen quality parameters.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50244012) the National Science Foundtion of Shaanxi Education Department (No.02JC37)
基金the Environmental Fund Netherlands Antilles(MINA Fund)and Mote Marine Laboratory for the financial support of this work
文摘Primary sources of atmospheric sulfur dioxide are anthropogenic activities associated with the burning of fossil fuels and industrial processes that may have associations with various morbidities and mortalities. As such, several regional and global regulatory agencies have recommended ambient air limits to reduce environmental exposures. The objectives of this study were to evaluate ambient levels of sulfur dioxide surrounding an oil refinery on the island of Cura?ao. Levels which were then compared to literature values and recommended public health guidelines to determine potential public health risks. Concentrations of sulfur dioxide in Curacao were found to be among the highest globally with an increasing trend over time. While the epidemiological evidence does not conclusively suggest there is a health risk from these levels of exposure, SO2 concentrations greatly exceed regulatory and guidance levels and suggest that further emissions control is warranted. Future recommendations include a more rigorous epidemiological study in Cura?ao and expand the air monitoring efforts to include areas upwind of the refinery as well as additional petrochemical emissions.
文摘China has published a stricter emission standard for thermal power plants in order to help reduce the power industry's sulfur dioxide emissions by over six
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Committee of China-Liaoning Provincial People’s Government Joint Fund(No.U1908204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21976009)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFB3506200 and 2022YFB3504100)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(J210006)the R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commisson(No.KZ202210005011)。
文摘The PdPtVO_(x)/CeO_(2)-ZrO_(2)(PdPtVO_(x)/CZO)catalysts were obtained by using different approaches,and their physical and chemical properties were determined by various techniques.Catalytic activities of these materials in the presence of H_(2)O or SO_(2)were evaluated for the oxidation of ethylbenzene(EB).The PdPtVO_(x)/CZO sample exhibited high catalytic activity,good hydrothermal stability,and reversible sulfur dioxide-poisoning performance,over which the specific reaction rate at 160℃,turnover frequency at 160℃(TOF_(Pd or Pt)),and apparent activation energy were 72.6 mmol/(g_(Pt)·sec)or 124.2 mmol/(g_(Pd)·sec),14.2 sec^(-1)(TOF_(Pt))or 13.1 sec^(-1)(TOF_(Pd)),and 58 k J/mol,respectively.The large EB adsorption capacity,good reducibility,and strong acidity contributed to the good catalytic performance of PdPtVO_(x)/CZO.Catalytic activity of PdPtVO_(x)/CZO decreased when 50 ppm SO_(2)or(1.0 vol.%H_(2)O+50 ppm SO_(2))was added to the feedstock,but was gradually restored to its initial level after the SO_(2)was cut off.The good reversible sulfur dioxide-resistant performance of PdPtVO_(x)/CZO was associated with the facts:(i)the introduction of SO_(2)leads to an increase in surface acidity;(ii)V can adsorb and activate SO_(2),thus accelerating formation of the SO_(x)^(2-)(x=3 or 4)species at the V and CZO sites,weakening the adsorption of sulfur species at the PdPt active sites,and hence protecting the PdPt active sites to be not poisoned by SO_(2).EB oxidation over PdPtVO_(x)/CZO might take place via the route of EB→styrene→phenyl methyl ketone→benzaldehyde→benzoic acid→maleic anhydride→CO_(2)and H_(2)O.
基金financial support from the school-enterprise cooperation projects(2019-KYY-508101-0078).
文摘The reduction of phosphogypsum(PG)to lime slag and SO_(2)using coke can effectively alleviate the environmental problems caused by PG.However,the PG decomposition temperature remains high and the product yield remains poor.By adding additives,the decomposition temperature can be further reduced and PG decomposition rate and product yield can be improved.However,the use of current additives such as Fe_(2)O_(3)and SiO_(2)brings the problem of increasing economic cost.Therefore,it is proposed to use solid waste copper slag(CS)as a new additive to reduce PG to prepare SO2,which can reduce the cost and meet the environmental benefits at the same time.The effects of proportion,temperature and thermostatic time on PG decomposition are investigated by experimental and kinetic analysis combined with FactSage thermodynamic calculations to optimize the roasting conditions.Finally,the reaction mechanism is proposed.It is found that adding CS to the coke and PG system can increase the rate of PG decomposition and SO_(2)yield while lowering the PG decomposition temperature.For example,when the CS/PG mass ratio increases from 0 to 1,PG decomposition rate increases from 83.38%to 99.35%,SO_(2)yield increases from 78.62%to 96.81%,and PG decomposition temperature decreases from 992.4℃to 949.6℃.The optimal reaction parameters are CS/PG mass ratio of 1,Coke/PG mass ratio of 0.06 at 1100℃for 20 min with 99.35%PG decomposition rate and 96.81%SO_(2) yield.The process proceeds according to the following reactions:2CaSO_(4)+ 0.7C + 0.8Fe_(2)SiO_(4)→0.8Ca_(2)SiO_(4)+ 0.2Ca_(2)Fe_(2)O_(5)+ 0.4Fe_(3)O_(4)+2SO_(2)+ 0.7CO_(2)Finally,a process for decomposing PG with coke and CS is proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51803209,51773196,and 51573184)the Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Program(20190201205JC,20190103022JH,and 20190103038JH)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy and Sciences(2017266).
文摘Melanoma,as the most aggressive and treatment-resistant skin malignancy,is responsible for about 80%of all skin cancer mortalities.Prone to invade into the dermis and form distant metastases significantly reduce the patient survival rate.Therefore,early treatment of the melanoma in situ or timely blocking the deterioration of metastases is critical.In this study,a sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))polymer prodrug was designed as both an intracellular glutathione(GSH)-responsive SO_(2) generator and a carrier of doxorubicin(DOX),and used for the treatment of subcutaneous and metastatic melanoma.Firstly,chemical conjugation of 4-N-(2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl)-imino-1-butyric acid(DIBA)onto the side chains of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)grafted dextran(mPEG-g-Dex)resulted in the synthesis of the amphiphilic polymer prodrug of SO_(2),mPEG-g-Dex(DIBA).The obtained mPEG-g-Dex(DIBA)could self-assemble into stable micellar nanoparticles and exhibited a glutathione-responsive SO_(2) release behavior.Subsequently,DOX was encapsulated into the core of mPEG-g-Dex(DIBA)micelles to form DOX-loaded nanoparticles(PDDN-DOX).The formed PDDN-DOX could be internalized by B16F10 cells and synchronously release DOX and SO_(2) into the tumor cells.As a result,PDDN-DOX exerted synergistic anti-tumor effects in B16F10 melanoma cells because of the oxidative damage properties of SO_(2) and toxic effects of DOX.Furthermore,in vivo experiments verified that PDDN-DOX had great potential for the treatment of subcutaneous and metastasis melanoma.Collectively,our present work demonstrates that the combination of SO_(2)-based gas therapy and chemotherapeutics offers a new avenue for inhibiting melanoma progression and metastases.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22007017 and 21871053)the Talents'Startup Fund of Gannan Medical University(No.QD201831)+3 种基金the Education Bureau of Jiangxi Province(No.GJJ190799)the Research Fund of Gannan Medical University(No.ZD201905)the Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(No.2019R01005)the Open Research Fund of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Henan Normal University(No.2020ZD04)。
文摘A photoinduced reaction of potassium alkyltrifluoroborates,sulfur dioxide,and para-quinone methides under visible light irradiation at room temperature is developed,giving rise to diarylmethyl alkylsulfones in moderate to good yields.This reaction works well under photocatalysis with a broad substrate scope by using DABCO·(SO_(2))_(2)as the source of sulfur dioxide.Mechanistic study shows that this transformation is initiated by alkyl radicals generated in situ from potassium alkyltrifluoroborates in the presence of photocatalyst.The subsequent insertion of sulfur dioxide and radical 1,6-addition of para-quinone methides with alkylsulfonyl radical intermediates afford the corresponding diarylmethyl alkylsulfones.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21871053 and 21532001)the Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(No.2019R01005)。
文摘Generation of 3-sulfonated 2 H-pyrrol-2-ones through a three-component reaction of allenoic amides,sulfur dioxide,and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under metal-free conditions is achieved.This transformation proceeds under mild conditions without the addition of catalysts or additives,giving rise to 3-sulfonated 2 H-pyrrol-2-ones in moderate to good yields.Good functional group compatibility is observed.A plausible mechanism is proposed,which is initiated by aryl radicals formed in situ from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates and DABCO·(SO2)2.Additionally,excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity are presented in this transformation.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.20677035,20477023)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(No.20031092).
文摘Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))is a ubiquitous air pollutant,presents in low concentrations in urban air and in higher concentrations in working environment.Few data are avail-able on the effects of being exposed to this pollutant on the molecular mechanism,although some biochemical changes in lipid metabolism,intermediary metabolism and oxidative stress have been detected.The present investigation aimed at analyzing the gene expression profiles of the lungs of Wistar rats short-term(20 ppm,6 h/day,for seven days)and long-term(5 ppm,1 h/day,for 30 days)exposed to SO_(2)by Affymetrix GeneChip(RAE230A)analysis.It was found that 31 genes,containing 18 known genes and 13 novel genes,were up-regulated,and 31 genes,containing 20 known genes and 11 novel genes,were down-regulated in rats short-term exposed to SO_(2)compared with control rats.While there were 176 genes,containing 82 known genes and 94 novel genes,were up-regulated,and 85 genes,containing 46 known genes and 39 novel genes,were down-regulated in rats long-term exposed to SO_(2)compared with control rats.It is suggested that:(1)SO_(2)exerts its effects by different mechanisms in vivo at high-dose short-term inhalation and at low-dose long-term inhalation;(2)a notable feature of the gene expression profile was the decreased expression of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation in lungs of rats short-term exposed to SO_(2),which shows high-dose short-term exposed to SO_(2)may cause the deterioration of mitochondrial functions;(3)discriminating genes in lungs of rats long-term exposed to SO_(2)included those involved in fatty acid metabolism,immune,inflammatory,oxidative stress,oncogene,tumor suppresser and extracellular matrix.The mechanism of low-dose long-term exposed to SO_(2)is more complex.
基金supported by National Natural Science Founds of China(No.81900285)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(No.202002030317)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515010242)。
文摘Endogenous sulfur dioxide(SO_(2) )is a novel gasotransmitter involved in the pathophysiologic process of pulmonary artery hypertension(PAH).However,the molecular pathways on which endogenous SO_(2) impact remains unclarified.Methods In the present study,the regulatory role of endogenous SO_(2) in the pathogenesis of PAH and its associated molecular mechanisms were investigated.A Wistar rat model of PAH induced by hypoxic exposure was established.Endogenous SO_(2) content in rat plasma and rat lungs,mean PAH,ratio of right ventricular/(left ventricular+septum)[RV/(LV+SP)]and body weight of Wistar rats were examined.Protein expression of aspartate aminotransferase 1(AAT1),endothelial nitric oxide synthase(e NOS)and Rho-associated coiled kinase(ROCK)in rat lung tissues were determined by western blot.Activation of AAT1 and Ras homolog gene family member A(Rho A)in rat lungs were detected by assay kits according to manufacturers’instructions.The concentration of nitric oxide(NO),level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate(c GMP)and activity of protein kinase G(PKG)in rat lung tissues after exposure to hypoxic conditions or treatment with SO_(2) donor were also examined using commercial kits.Results Our data showed that the endogenous SO_(2) /AAT1 pathway was markedly downregulated in rats with PAH induced by hypoxic exposure.However,SO_(2) donor upregulated the endogenous SO_(2) pathway and attenuated PAH.Further investigation revealed that in the PAH model,the e NOS/c GMP/PKG cascade was downregulated and the Rho A/ROCK pathway was upregulated,which could be reversed by SO_(2) donor.Conclusions In conclusion,the endogenous SO_(2) /AAT1 pathway might protect against the development of hypoxic exposure induced PAH by promoting the e NOS/c GMP/PKG cascade and downregulating Rho A/ROCK pathway.
基金support from the China Petrochemical Corporation(Sinopec Group 121043-2).
文摘The key reason for SO_(2) formation during the production of a residue hydrogenation catalyst support was identified and subsequent emission reduction solutions were then investigated and verified systematically.The results demonstrated that carbon-containing organic materials,including sesbania powder and cellulose,did not completely decompose over the temperature range of 350−600℃during the heating stage of the calcination process,but rather underwent a condensation reaction within the same temperature range to form carbon-containing species with a lower ratio of hydrogen to carbon and a higher condensation degree,which promoted the decomposition of sulfate to form SO_(2).Systematic experimental work revealed that three different measures,i.e.,applying the staged calcination method,reducing the heating rate,and increasing the air flow rate,during the calcination process could all achieve the effect of reducing SO_(2) emissions.
文摘In this paper, the authors analyzed the correlation between the microbiological stability of white wines and the content of sulfur dioxide, which influences the main redox processes that take place in the technological stages of the wine. The consecutive, parallel and spontaneous development of several redox processes and their impact on the quality, microbiological and crystalline stability of white wines were examined. The reduction of additive and subtractive technological interventions, of the amounts of adjuvants (sulphurous anhydride) is essential for the production of organic wines.
文摘The reaction kinetics of SO 2 oxidation on Cs Rb V series sulfuric acid catalyst promoted by alkali salts such as cesium and rubidium was studied. A three step reaction mechanism of SO 2 oxidation was proposed, in which it was assumed that oxidation of quadrivalent vanadium complex was a controlling step. Then, a mechanism model equation was concluded according to the three step reaction mechanism. The SO 2 oxidation rate was measured with a non gradient reactor under the conditions of temperature of 380～520?℃ and space velocity of 3?600～7?200?h -1 . Through calculating with Powell nonlinear regression method, the parameters of model equation were obtained: K 1=0.152?exp(-62?073/ (RT) ), K 2=8.18?exp(-2?384/ (RT) ), K 3=0.221?exp(-18?949/ (RT) ). It was found that the model equation could fit with all the experimental reaction rate data very well. [
基金This work was financially supported by the Key Program of Frontier Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDY-SSW-JSC038)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2017A030310185)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou,China(201704030040).
文摘Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))emissions from diesel exhaust pose a serious threat to the environment and human health.Thus,desulfurization technology and the performance of desulfurization materials must be improved.In this study,MnO_(2) was modified with various alkali metal ions using the impregnation method to enhance its SO_(2) capture performance.The composites were characterized intensively by scanning electron microscopy,energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy,and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory.The SO_(2) capture performance of these composites were measured via thermogravimetry,and the effect of doping with alkali metal ions on the SO_(2) capture performance of MnO_(2) was investigated.Results showed that the SO_(2) capture performance of MnO_(2) could be enhanced by doping with alkali metal ions,and the MnO_(2) composite doped with LiOH(2.0 mol/L)had the best SO_(2) capture capacity(124 mgSO_(2)/gMaterial),which was 18%higher than that of pure MnO_(2).Moreover,the type and concentration of alkali metal ions had varying effects on the SO_(2) capture performance of MnO_(2).In our experiment,the SO_(2) capture performance of the MnO_(2) doped with NaOH,LiCl,Na2CO3,K2CO3,and Li2CO3 composites were worse than that of pure MnO_(2).Therefore,the influences of the type and concentration of alkali metal ions to be doped into desulfurization materials must be considered comprehensively.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22108115,21776123)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(2021 M691554)Kempe foundation(SMK21-0020)in Sweden。
文摘The development of novel absorbents is essential for SO_(2)removal.In this study,a novel ionic liquid(IL,[BHEP][HSO_(4)])was prepared,and water was selected as the co-solvent.The density and viscosity of aqueous[BHEP][HSO_(4)]were measured and the SO_(2)absorption performance was systematically investigated.Furthermore,the thermodynamic properties of SO_(2)in aqueous[BHEP][HSO_(4)]were calculated.Additionally,the mechanism of SO_(2)absorption in aqueous[BHEP][HSO_(4)]was confirmed using Fouriertransform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.It showed that[BHEP][HSO_(4)]absorbed0.302 g·g^(-1)(g SO_(2)/g IL)at an SO_(2)partial pressure of 2000μl·L^(-1)at 303.2 K,and the SO_(2)desorption enthalpy was-39.63 k J·mol^(-1).The mechanistic study confirmed the chemical absorption of SO_(2)in aqueous[BHEP][HSO_(4)].
文摘The effects of NOx(in a ratio of NO∶NO2=9∶1) and SO2in cathode streamonthe performance of a single proton ex-change membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) were investigated.NOxwith concentrations of 1×10-3%(in volume,the same as fol-lows),1.4×10-2%and 1×10-3%could cause significant detri mental effects on the cell performance.However,nearly com-plete recovery of the cell performance could be observed after NOxwas shut off and purged with clean air.The electrochemicalmeasurements suggested that thei mpacts of NOxresulted mainlyfromthe superposition of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),NOand HNO2oxidation reactions,and the increased cathodic i mpedance.Trace SO2with concentrations of 5×10-6%,5×10-3%,2×10-4%and 3.2×10-4%influenced the cell muchseverer,which could be attributed toits strong adsorption onthesurface of Pt atoms.The cell performance could not be completely recovered after purged with clean air and cyclic voltammetry(CV) tests,due to the changes of electrochemical i mpedance spectroscopy(EIS) and electrochemical active surface(EAS) causedby surface state change after SO2exposure.
基金financially supported by the Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran。
文摘Air pollution is a major health problem in developing countries and has adverse effects on human health and the environment. Non-thermal plasma is an effective air pollution treatment technology. In this research, the performance of a dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) plasma reactor packed with glass and ceramic pellets was evaluated in the removal of SO_2 as a major air pollutant from air in ambient temperature. The response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of three key parameters(concentration of gas, gas flow rate, and voltage) as well as their simultaneous effects and interactions on the SO2 removal process. Reduced cubic models were derived to predict the SO_2 removal efficiency(RE) and energy yield(EY). Analysis of variance results showed that the packed-bed reactors(PBRs) studied were more energy efficient and had a high SO2 RE which was at least four times more than that of the non-packed reactor. Moreover, the results showed that the performance of ceramic pellets was better than that of glass pellets in PBRs. This may be due to the porous surface of ceramic pellets which allows the formation of microdischarges in the fine cavities of a porous surface when placed in a plasma discharge zone. The maximum SO_2 RE and EY were obtained at 94% and 0.81 g kWh^(-1),respectively under the optimal conditions of a concentration of gas of 750 ppm, a gas flow rate of 2lmin^(-1), and a voltage of 18 kV, which were achieved by the DBD plasma packed with ceramic pellets. Finally, the results of the model's predictions and the experiments showed good agreement.
文摘Marine biogenic emission of dimethylsulfi de(DMS)has been well recognized as the main natural source of reduced sulfur to the remote marine atmosphere and has the potential to aff ect climate,especially in the polar regions.We used a global climate model(GCM)to investigate the impact on atmospheric chemistry from a change to the contemporary DMS fl ux to that which has been projected for the late 21 st century.The perturbed simulation corresponded to conditions that pertained to a tripling of equivalent CO 2,which was estimated to occur by year 2090 based on current worst-case greenhouse gas emission scenarios.The changes in zonal mean DMS fl ux were applied to 50°S–70°S Antarctic(ANT)and 65°N–80°N Arctic(ARC)regions.The results indicate that there are clearly diff erent impacts after perturbation in the southern and northern polar regions.Most quantities related to the sulfur cycle show a higher increase in ANT.However,most sulfur compounds have higher peaks in ARC.The perturbation in DMS fl ux leads to an increase of atmospheric DMS of about 45%in ANT and 33.6%in ARC.The sulfur dioxide(SO 2)vertical integral increases around 43%in ANT and 7.5%in ARC.Sulfate(SO 4)vertical integral increases by 17%in ANT and increases around 6%in ARC.Sulfur emissions increases by 21%in ANT and increases by 9.7%in ARC.However,oxidation of DMS by OH increases by 38.2%in ARC and by 15.17%in ANT.Aerosol optical depth(AOD)increases by 4%in the ARC and by 17.5%in the ANT,and increases by 22.8%in austral summer.The importance of the perturbation of the biogenic source to future aerosol burden in polar regions leads to a cooling in surface temperature of 1 K in the ANT and 0.8 K in the ARC.Generally,polar regions in the Antarctic Ocean will have a higher off setting eff ect on warming after DMS fl ux perturbation.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41771140)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFE0105900)。
文摘As the major source of air pollution,sulfur dioxide(S0_(2))emissions have become the focus of global attention.However,existing studies rarely consider spatial effects when discussing the relationship between foreign direct investment(FDI)and S0_(2) emissions.This study took the Yangtze River Delta as the research area and used the spatial panel data of 26 cities in this region for 2004-2017.The study investigated the spatial agglomeration effects and dynamics at work in FDI and S0_(2) emissions by using global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation.Then,based on regression analysis using a results of traditional ordinary least squares(OLS)model and a spatial econometric model,the spatial Durbin model(SDM)with spatial-time effects was adopted to quantify the impact of FDI on S0_(2) emissions,so as to avoid the regression results bias caused by ignoring the spatial effects.The results revealed a significant spatial autocorrelation between FDI and S0_(2) emissions,both of which displayed obvious path dependence characteristics in their geographical distribution.A series of agglomeration regions were observed on the spatial scale.The estimation results of the SDM showed that FDI inflow promoted S0_(2) emissions,which supports the pollution haven hypothesis.The findings of this study are significant in the prevention and control of air pollution in the Yangtze River Delta.
