Upper limit of thermal stability and subsequent rise of thermoregulatory functions are affected by body temperature. This study was designed to determine the effects of rectal temperature (RT) on dairy cows’ performa...Upper limit of thermal stability and subsequent rise of thermoregulatory functions are affected by body temperature. This study was designed to determine the effects of rectal temperature (RT) on dairy cows’ performance (heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (RR), milk yield (MY), dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, plasma concentration of vitamin C under hot climate. This study was carried out in 2009, in north-west of Tunisia using 30 Holstein cows in mid lactation. The experiment was performed in spring (15th of February-15th of March: P1) and summer (1st-30th of August: P2). On each test day, temperature-humidity index (THI), RT, HR, RR, MY, DMI, digestibility and plasma VC concentration were determined. All this parameters were affected (P < 0.001) when the THI increased from 65.62 (P1) to 83.27 (P2). Regression analyses were carried out between THI index and some parameters (HR, RR, MY, DMI, digestibility, plasma concentration of vitamin C) and between RT and same parameters (HR, RR, MY, DMI, digestibility, plasma concentration of vitamin C). Characteristics of regression analyses in the two modes were different as also were R<sup>2</sup> and r (correlation coefficient) of the regressions. R<sup>2</sup> in regressions on RT (R<sup>2</sup> (RT, DMI) = 0.92 (P < 0.01);R<sup>2</sup> (RT, MY) = 0.91 (P < 0.001)) was markedly higher relative to R<sup>2</sup> in regressions on THI (R<sup>2</sup> (THI, DMI) = 0.76 (P < 0.001);R<sup>2 </sup>(THI, MY) = 0.63 (P < 0.001)). The two regressions modes suggest that increasing R<sup>2</sup> in regressions on RT confirms that rectal temperature constitutes a larger component of total variance of responses in dairy cows to hot environmental temperature.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Fever in patients can provide an important clue to the etiology of a patient's symptoms.Non-invasive temperature sites(oral,axillary,temporal) may be insensitive due to a variety of factors.This has not...BACKGROUND:Fever in patients can provide an important clue to the etiology of a patient's symptoms.Non-invasive temperature sites(oral,axillary,temporal) may be insensitive due to a variety of factors.This has not been well studied in adult emergency department patients.To determine whether emergency department triage temperatures detected fever adequately when compared to a rectal temperature.METHODS:A retrospective chart review was made of 27 130 adult patients in a high volume,urban emergency department over an eight-year period who received first a non-rectal triage temperature and then a subsequent rectal temperature.RESULTS:The mean difference in temperatures between the initial temperature and the rectal temperature was 1.3 °F(P<0.001),with 25.9%of the patients having higher rectal temperatures >2°F,and 5.0%having higher rectal temperatures >4 °F.The mean difference among the patients who received oral,axillary,and temporal temperatures was 1.2 °F(PO.001),1.8 °F(PO.001),and 1.2 °F(P<0.001) respectively.About 18.1%of the patients were initially afebrile and found to be febrile by rectal temperature,with an average difference of 2.5 °F(P<0.001).These patients had a higher rate of admission(61.4%,P<0.005),and were more likely to be admitted to the hospital for a higher level of care,such as an intensive care unit,when compared with the full cohort(12.5%vs.5.8%,P<0.005).CONCLUSIONS:There are significant differences between rectal temperatures and noninvasive triage temperatures in this emergency department cohort.In almost one in five patients,fever was missed by triage temperature.展开更多
The influence of daytime tropical heat stress in the summer was studied in Holstein and Jersey heifers already acclimatized to tropical environments to determine their physiological response based on body thermal patt...The influence of daytime tropical heat stress in the summer was studied in Holstein and Jersey heifers already acclimatized to tropical environments to determine their physiological response based on body thermal patterns and respiratory alterations according to psychrometric caloric indicators. Daytime psychrometric elements showed a tropical caloric potential for developing moderate to severe heat stress in dairy cattle. Body temperature and respiratory rate increased in both breeds open and pregnant (P < 0.01). Thermal body overload and respiratory works increased from 09 am to 12 md (P < 0.001);reaching and sustaining hyperthermia under the highest caloric pressure from 12 md to 03 pm. Rectal temperature increased +1.5˚C in open Holstein (OH), +1.3˚C in pregnant Holstein (PH), +0.8˚C in open jersey (OJ) and +0.8˚C in pregnant Jersey (PJ). The lowest heat stress index (HSI) was at 06 am, where OH and PH showed a HIS +2.25 and +2.30 and OJ and PJ +2.34 and +2.38. Maximum heat stress occurred at 12 md where OH averaged +3.28 and Pregnant Holsteins showed +3.85 at 03 pm. Open Jersey (OJ) showed a maximum HSI at 12 md (3.54) and PJ resulted in +3.89 at 03 pm. Open and pregnant Jersey heifers were more tolerant to heat stress based on lower body mass, insulation, feed consumption and greater relation between body surface and metabolic body size for thermolysis. Acclimatization between five and twenty-five months under tropical heat stress allowed Holstein and Jersey heifers to develop thermal tolerance. Middle thermal acclimatization lowered thermal sensitivity, hyperthermia and hyperpnea in Holstein and Jersey heifers in the morning;however, pregnant heifers in both breeds showed higher thermal alteration in the afternoon. Tropical acclimatization at low altitudes could be integrated with environmental improvements and nutritional and health management to reduce influences of severe heat stress and improve physiological comfort and welfare in Holstein and Jersey heifers in the summer. Those combined strategies will reduce daytime thermal and respiratory responses and allow growth, pregnancy and health with lower body heat overload and less hyperthermia.展开更多
Objective: To determine the range of body temperature in a group of healthy Chinese term neonates over the first 72 hours of life and to assess the influence of body weight, gestational age and route of delivery. Meth...Objective: To determine the range of body temperature in a group of healthy Chinese term neonates over the first 72 hours of life and to assess the influence of body weight, gestational age and route of delivery. Method: All 200 consecutive cases of neonates delivered at our hospital from March to August 2001 were included in this retrospective study. Temperatures were measured immediately after delivery, after 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 8 hours and 15 hours and on the 2nd and 3rd day. Axillary temperatures ranging from 36.5 篊 to 37 篊 were regarded as normal. No cases of maternal fever or systemic infection of the newborns were discovered. All infants were discharged in good general condition. Results: The mean rectal temperature at birth was 37.19 篊. The lowest average temperature was reached at 1 hour after delivery (36.54 篊) with a significant difference between natural delivery (36.48 篊) and section (36.59 篊) (P<0.05). Temperature subsequently rose to 36.70 篊 at 8 hours and 36.78 篊 at 15 hours (P<0.05). Hypothermia was seen in 51.8% and hypothermia in 42.5% of the patients. On the 3rd day after delivery, 96% of all temperatures were in the normal range. A significant relation was found between hypothermia and both low birth weight (P<0.001) and low gestational age (P<0.05). Conclusion: The ref-erence range presently used did not include all physiological temperatures in the first 72 hours of life. Considering other factors, such as birth weight, route of delivery, gestational age and body temperature on the 2nd and 3rd day of life, may help to correctly assess the significance of temperatures beyond the reference range.展开更多
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-cooling and fluid replacement with either crushed ice or cold water.Methods: On 2 separate occasions, in a counterbalanced order, 9 recreationally-t...Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-cooling and fluid replacement with either crushed ice or cold water.Methods: On 2 separate occasions, in a counterbalanced order, 9 recreationally-trained males ingested 1.25 g/kg(80–100 g) of either crushed ice(0.5℃)or cold water(4℃) every 5 min for 30 min before exercise. They also ingested 2.0 g/kg(130–160 g) of the same treatment drink at 15 min, 30 min, and45 min after the commencement of cycling to exhaustion at 60%VO_(2max) until voluntary exhaustion in a hot environment(35℃ and 30% relative humidity).Results: The cycling time to exhaustion in the crushed ice trial(50.0 ± 12.2 min) was longer than the cold water trial(42.2 ± 10.1 min; p = 0.02).Although the rectal temperature fell by 0.37℃± 0.03℃(p = 0.01) at the end of the resting period after the crushed ice ingestion, the rates of rise in rectal temperature during the exercise period were not significantly different between these 2 conditions(crushed ice: 0.23℃± 0.07℃, 5 min;cold water: 0.22℃± 0.07℃, 5 min; p = 0.94).Conclusion: Crushed ice ingestion before and during exercise in a hot environment may be a preferred and effective approach for minimizing thermal strain, and for improving endurance performance as compared with cold water ingestion.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： Zanthoxylum heitzii is a medicinal plant widely used in central Africa for the treatment of many diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. The diuretic effects of crude stern bark extr...OBJECTIVE： Zanthoxylum heitzii is a medicinal plant widely used in central Africa for the treatment of many diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. The diuretic effects of crude stern bark extraction were determined and its safety in rats was evaluated. METHODS： The diuretic effects of crude stem bark extraction of Z. heitzii were investigated in Wistar rats （250 g ＋ 10 g） of both sexes. The crude stem bark extraction of Z. heitzii at the doses of 225, 300 and 375 mg/kg was administered to rats at 5 mL/kg body weight. Urine volume was determined 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 24 h after administration of the extract. Kinetics of electrolyte elimination in response to a single oral administration dose of acute treatment was measured. The experiments were performed under the same conditions with two synthetic pharmacological diuretics considered as reference （furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide）. Urinary and plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium ions were determined using flame photometry. Concentrations of creatinine, urea, glucose, albumin and electrolytes in the plasma and urine samples were evaluated using a two-way digital bidirectional spectrophotometer. The osmolarity of plasma and urine samples was measured by cytometry using an osmometer. Aldosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS： The plant extract accelerated the elimination of overloaded fluid and increased urine volume and the excretion of Na＋, K＋ and CI 24 h after administration （P〈0.05）. The increase in elimination of Na＋, K＋, and Cl- induced by the extract caused alkalinization of the urine, and showed a strong inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase and saluretic. These effects were mainly observed at the dose of 375 mg/kg. At the maximum diuretic response, urinary osmolarity decreased significantly （P 〈 0.05） when compared to controls. The stability of aldosterone level, the absence of correlation with the plasma levels of Na＋, and increased clearance of free water in the animals treated with extract indicated that increased diuresis and natriuresis were tubular in origin. No significant （P 〉 0.05） changes were observed in the body temperature of the animals. CONCLUSION： The significant increase in urine volume 24 h after treatment followed a doseresponse pattern. The excretion of Na＋, K＋ and Cl- caused a decrease in urine osmolarity. The stability of aldosterone, the absence of correlation with the plasma levels of sodium, and increased clearanceof free water in animals treated with aqueous extract suggest that increased diuresis and moderate natriuresis elevation were of tubular origin.展开更多
文摘Upper limit of thermal stability and subsequent rise of thermoregulatory functions are affected by body temperature. This study was designed to determine the effects of rectal temperature (RT) on dairy cows’ performance (heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (RR), milk yield (MY), dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, plasma concentration of vitamin C under hot climate. This study was carried out in 2009, in north-west of Tunisia using 30 Holstein cows in mid lactation. The experiment was performed in spring (15th of February-15th of March: P1) and summer (1st-30th of August: P2). On each test day, temperature-humidity index (THI), RT, HR, RR, MY, DMI, digestibility and plasma VC concentration were determined. All this parameters were affected (P < 0.001) when the THI increased from 65.62 (P1) to 83.27 (P2). Regression analyses were carried out between THI index and some parameters (HR, RR, MY, DMI, digestibility, plasma concentration of vitamin C) and between RT and same parameters (HR, RR, MY, DMI, digestibility, plasma concentration of vitamin C). Characteristics of regression analyses in the two modes were different as also were R<sup>2</sup> and r (correlation coefficient) of the regressions. R<sup>2</sup> in regressions on RT (R<sup>2</sup> (RT, DMI) = 0.92 (P < 0.01);R<sup>2</sup> (RT, MY) = 0.91 (P < 0.001)) was markedly higher relative to R<sup>2</sup> in regressions on THI (R<sup>2</sup> (THI, DMI) = 0.76 (P < 0.001);R<sup>2 </sup>(THI, MY) = 0.63 (P < 0.001)). The two regressions modes suggest that increasing R<sup>2</sup> in regressions on RT confirms that rectal temperature constitutes a larger component of total variance of responses in dairy cows to hot environmental temperature.
文摘BACKGROUND:Fever in patients can provide an important clue to the etiology of a patient's symptoms.Non-invasive temperature sites(oral,axillary,temporal) may be insensitive due to a variety of factors.This has not been well studied in adult emergency department patients.To determine whether emergency department triage temperatures detected fever adequately when compared to a rectal temperature.METHODS:A retrospective chart review was made of 27 130 adult patients in a high volume,urban emergency department over an eight-year period who received first a non-rectal triage temperature and then a subsequent rectal temperature.RESULTS:The mean difference in temperatures between the initial temperature and the rectal temperature was 1.3 °F(P<0.001),with 25.9%of the patients having higher rectal temperatures >2°F,and 5.0%having higher rectal temperatures >4 °F.The mean difference among the patients who received oral,axillary,and temporal temperatures was 1.2 °F(PO.001),1.8 °F(PO.001),and 1.2 °F(P<0.001) respectively.About 18.1%of the patients were initially afebrile and found to be febrile by rectal temperature,with an average difference of 2.5 °F(P<0.001).These patients had a higher rate of admission(61.4%,P<0.005),and were more likely to be admitted to the hospital for a higher level of care,such as an intensive care unit,when compared with the full cohort(12.5%vs.5.8%,P<0.005).CONCLUSIONS:There are significant differences between rectal temperatures and noninvasive triage temperatures in this emergency department cohort.In almost one in five patients,fever was missed by triage temperature.
文摘The influence of daytime tropical heat stress in the summer was studied in Holstein and Jersey heifers already acclimatized to tropical environments to determine their physiological response based on body thermal patterns and respiratory alterations according to psychrometric caloric indicators. Daytime psychrometric elements showed a tropical caloric potential for developing moderate to severe heat stress in dairy cattle. Body temperature and respiratory rate increased in both breeds open and pregnant (P < 0.01). Thermal body overload and respiratory works increased from 09 am to 12 md (P < 0.001);reaching and sustaining hyperthermia under the highest caloric pressure from 12 md to 03 pm. Rectal temperature increased +1.5˚C in open Holstein (OH), +1.3˚C in pregnant Holstein (PH), +0.8˚C in open jersey (OJ) and +0.8˚C in pregnant Jersey (PJ). The lowest heat stress index (HSI) was at 06 am, where OH and PH showed a HIS +2.25 and +2.30 and OJ and PJ +2.34 and +2.38. Maximum heat stress occurred at 12 md where OH averaged +3.28 and Pregnant Holsteins showed +3.85 at 03 pm. Open Jersey (OJ) showed a maximum HSI at 12 md (3.54) and PJ resulted in +3.89 at 03 pm. Open and pregnant Jersey heifers were more tolerant to heat stress based on lower body mass, insulation, feed consumption and greater relation between body surface and metabolic body size for thermolysis. Acclimatization between five and twenty-five months under tropical heat stress allowed Holstein and Jersey heifers to develop thermal tolerance. Middle thermal acclimatization lowered thermal sensitivity, hyperthermia and hyperpnea in Holstein and Jersey heifers in the morning;however, pregnant heifers in both breeds showed higher thermal alteration in the afternoon. Tropical acclimatization at low altitudes could be integrated with environmental improvements and nutritional and health management to reduce influences of severe heat stress and improve physiological comfort and welfare in Holstein and Jersey heifers in the summer. Those combined strategies will reduce daytime thermal and respiratory responses and allow growth, pregnancy and health with lower body heat overload and less hyperthermia.
文摘Objective: To determine the range of body temperature in a group of healthy Chinese term neonates over the first 72 hours of life and to assess the influence of body weight, gestational age and route of delivery. Method: All 200 consecutive cases of neonates delivered at our hospital from March to August 2001 were included in this retrospective study. Temperatures were measured immediately after delivery, after 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 8 hours and 15 hours and on the 2nd and 3rd day. Axillary temperatures ranging from 36.5 篊 to 37 篊 were regarded as normal. No cases of maternal fever or systemic infection of the newborns were discovered. All infants were discharged in good general condition. Results: The mean rectal temperature at birth was 37.19 篊. The lowest average temperature was reached at 1 hour after delivery (36.54 篊) with a significant difference between natural delivery (36.48 篊) and section (36.59 篊) (P<0.05). Temperature subsequently rose to 36.70 篊 at 8 hours and 36.78 篊 at 15 hours (P<0.05). Hypothermia was seen in 51.8% and hypothermia in 42.5% of the patients. On the 3rd day after delivery, 96% of all temperatures were in the normal range. A significant relation was found between hypothermia and both low birth weight (P<0.001) and low gestational age (P<0.05). Conclusion: The ref-erence range presently used did not include all physiological temperatures in the first 72 hours of life. Considering other factors, such as birth weight, route of delivery, gestational age and body temperature on the 2nd and 3rd day of life, may help to correctly assess the significance of temperatures beyond the reference range.
文摘Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-cooling and fluid replacement with either crushed ice or cold water.Methods: On 2 separate occasions, in a counterbalanced order, 9 recreationally-trained males ingested 1.25 g/kg(80–100 g) of either crushed ice(0.5℃)or cold water(4℃) every 5 min for 30 min before exercise. They also ingested 2.0 g/kg(130–160 g) of the same treatment drink at 15 min, 30 min, and45 min after the commencement of cycling to exhaustion at 60%VO_(2max) until voluntary exhaustion in a hot environment(35℃ and 30% relative humidity).Results: The cycling time to exhaustion in the crushed ice trial(50.0 ± 12.2 min) was longer than the cold water trial(42.2 ± 10.1 min; p = 0.02).Although the rectal temperature fell by 0.37℃± 0.03℃(p = 0.01) at the end of the resting period after the crushed ice ingestion, the rates of rise in rectal temperature during the exercise period were not significantly different between these 2 conditions(crushed ice: 0.23℃± 0.07℃, 5 min;cold water: 0.22℃± 0.07℃, 5 min; p = 0.94).Conclusion: Crushed ice ingestion before and during exercise in a hot environment may be a preferred and effective approach for minimizing thermal strain, and for improving endurance performance as compared with cold water ingestion.
文摘OBJECTIVE： Zanthoxylum heitzii is a medicinal plant widely used in central Africa for the treatment of many diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. The diuretic effects of crude stern bark extraction were determined and its safety in rats was evaluated. METHODS： The diuretic effects of crude stem bark extraction of Z. heitzii were investigated in Wistar rats （250 g ＋ 10 g） of both sexes. The crude stem bark extraction of Z. heitzii at the doses of 225, 300 and 375 mg/kg was administered to rats at 5 mL/kg body weight. Urine volume was determined 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 24 h after administration of the extract. Kinetics of electrolyte elimination in response to a single oral administration dose of acute treatment was measured. The experiments were performed under the same conditions with two synthetic pharmacological diuretics considered as reference （furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide）. Urinary and plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium ions were determined using flame photometry. Concentrations of creatinine, urea, glucose, albumin and electrolytes in the plasma and urine samples were evaluated using a two-way digital bidirectional spectrophotometer. The osmolarity of plasma and urine samples was measured by cytometry using an osmometer. Aldosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS： The plant extract accelerated the elimination of overloaded fluid and increased urine volume and the excretion of Na＋, K＋ and CI 24 h after administration （P〈0.05）. The increase in elimination of Na＋, K＋, and Cl- induced by the extract caused alkalinization of the urine, and showed a strong inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase and saluretic. These effects were mainly observed at the dose of 375 mg/kg. At the maximum diuretic response, urinary osmolarity decreased significantly （P 〈 0.05） when compared to controls. The stability of aldosterone level, the absence of correlation with the plasma levels of Na＋, and increased clearance of free water in the animals treated with extract indicated that increased diuresis and natriuresis were tubular in origin. No significant （P 〉 0.05） changes were observed in the body temperature of the animals. CONCLUSION： The significant increase in urine volume 24 h after treatment followed a doseresponse pattern. The excretion of Na＋, K＋ and Cl- caused a decrease in urine osmolarity. The stability of aldosterone, the absence of correlation with the plasma levels of sodium, and increased clearanceof free water in animals treated with aqueous extract suggest that increased diuresis and moderate natriuresis elevation were of tubular origin.
