Thermal analysis plays a key role in the online inspection of molten iron quality.Different solidification process of molten iron can be reflected by thermal analysis curves,and silicon is one of important elements af...Thermal analysis plays a key role in the online inspection of molten iron quality.Different solidification process of molten iron can be reflected by thermal analysis curves,and silicon is one of important elements affecting the solidification of molten iron.In this study,FeSi75 was added in one chamber of the dual-chamber sample cup,and the influences of FeSi75 additive on the characteristic values of thermal analysis curves and vermiculating rate were investigated.The results show that with the increase of FeSi75,the start temperature of austenite formation TALfirstly decreases and then increases,but the start temperature of eutectic growth TSEF,the lowest eutectic temperature TEU,temperature at maximum eutectic reaction rate TEM,and highest eutectic temperature TERkeep always an increase.The temperature at final solidification point TEShas little change.The FeSi75 additive has different influences on the vermiculating rate of molten iron with different vermiculation,and the vermiculating rate increases for lower vermiculation molten iron while decreases for higher one.According to the thermal analysis curves obtained by a dual-chamber sample cup with 0.30wt.%FeSi75 additive in one chamber,the vermiculating rate of molten iron can be evaluated by comparing the characteristic values of these curves.The time differenceΔtERcorresponding to the highest eutectic temperature TERhas a closer relationship with the vermiculating rate,and a parabolic regression curve between the time differenceΔtERand vermiculating rateηhas been obtained within the range of 65%to 95%,which is suitable for the qualified melt.展开更多
The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Aut...The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software. The modelled piston was then imported into Ansys for further analysis. Static structural and thermal analysis were carried out on the pistons of the four different materials namely: Al 413 alloy, Al 384 alloy, Al 390 alloy and Al332 alloy to determine the total deformation, equivalent Von Mises stress, maximum shear stress, and the safety factor. The results of the study revealed that, aluminium 332 alloy piston deformed less compared to the deformations of aluminium 390 alloy piston, aluminium 384 alloy piston and aluminium 413 alloy piston. The induced Von Mises stresses in the pistons of the four different materials were found to be far lower than the yield strengths of all the materials. Hence, all the selected materials including the implementing material have equal properties to withstand the maximum gas load. All the selected materials were observed to have high thermal conductivity enough to be able to withstand the operating temperature in the engine cylinders.展开更多
In order to better understand the thermodynamic properties of magnesium oxysulfate(MOS)cement,pure reagent was analyzed to prepare magnesium sulfide cement,non-isothermal kinetics calculation of the main hydration pro...In order to better understand the thermodynamic properties of magnesium oxysulfate(MOS)cement,pure reagent was analyzed to prepare magnesium sulfide cement,non-isothermal kinetics calculation of the main hydration products was also carried out,and the conversion process of magnesium sulfide cement 517 phase at different temperatures was investigated.Composition of magnesium sulfide cement prepared was measured by XRD technique,and decomposed by a comprehensive thermal analyzer,and DSC curves of magnesium sulfide cement under different temperature rising rates were processed by Kinssinger method and Dolye-Ozawa method.According to the TG-DSC curves of magnesium sulfide cement,the thermal decomposition reaction process can be divided into five stages under normal conditions.The DSC curve was processed by Kinssinger method and Dolye-Ozawa method,and the kinetic analysis was carried out to calculate the 517 phase activation energy of magnesium sulfide cement.The three stages correspond to different activation energies.Therefore,flame retardant mechanism and thermal decomposition mechanism of magnesium sulfide cement based materials are deduced.展开更多
Avirtual wall thicknessmethod is developed to simulate the temperature field of turbine bladeswith thermal barrier coatings(TBCs),to simplify the modeling process and improve the calculation efficiency.The results sho...Avirtual wall thicknessmethod is developed to simulate the temperature field of turbine bladeswith thermal barrier coatings(TBCs),to simplify the modeling process and improve the calculation efficiency.The results show that the virtualwall thickness method can improve themesh quality by 20%,reduce the number ofmeshes by 76.7%and save the calculation time by 35.5%,compared with the traditional real wall thickness method.The average calculation error of the two methods is between 0.21%and 0.93%.Furthermore,the temperature at the blade leading edge is the highest and the average temperature of the blade pressure surface is higher than that of the suction surface under a certain service condition.The blade surface temperature presents a high temperature at both ends and a low temperature in themiddle height when the temperature of incoming gas is uniformand constant.The thermal insulation effect of TBCs is the worst near the air film hole,and the best at the blade leading edge.According to the calculated temperature field of the substrate-coating system,the highest thermal insulation temperature of the TC layer is 172.01 K,and the thermal insulation proportions of TC,TGO and BC are 93.55%,1.54%and 4.91%,respectively.展开更多
A study on heat transfer performance by thermal fluid coupling simulation for the fouling in a shell-tube heat exchanger used in engineering was presented. The coupling simulation was performed in a fluid and solid do...A study on heat transfer performance by thermal fluid coupling simulation for the fouling in a shell-tube heat exchanger used in engineering was presented. The coupling simulation was performed in a fluid and solid domains under three different fouling conditions: fouling inside the tube, fouling outside the tube, and fouling inside the shell. The flow field, temperature, and pressure distributions in the heat exchanger were solved numerically to analyze the heat transfer performance parameters, such as thermal resistance. It is found that the pressure drop of the heat exchanger and the thermal resistance of the tube wall increase by nearly 30% and 20%, respectively, when the relative fouling thickness reaches 10%. The fouling inside the tube has more impact on the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger, and the fouling inside the shell has less impact.展开更多
The large accumulation of coal gangue,a common industrial solid waste,causes severe environmental problems,and green development strategies are required to transform this waste into high-value-added products.In this s...The large accumulation of coal gangue,a common industrial solid waste,causes severe environmental problems,and green development strategies are required to transform this waste into high-value-added products.In this study,low-cost ceramsites adsorbents were prepared from waste gangue,silt coal,and peanut shells and applied to remove the organic dye methylene blue from wastewater.We investigated the microstructure of ceramsites and the effects of the sintering atmosphere,sintering temperature,and solution pH on their adsorption performance.The ceramsites sintered at 800℃under a nitrogen atmosphere exhibited the largest three-dimensional-interconnected hierarchical porous structure among the prepared ceramsites;further,it exhibited the highest methylene blue adsorption performance,with an adsorption capacity of 0.954 mg·g^(−1),adsorption efficiency of over 95%,and adsorption equilibrium time of 1 h at a solution pH of 9.The removal efficiency remained greater than 75%after five adsorption cycles.The adsorption kinetics data were analyzed using various models,including the pseudosecond-order kinetic model and Langmuir equation,and the adsorption was attributed to electrostatic interactions between the dyes and ceramsites,n-interactions,and hydrogen bonds.The prepared coal gangue ceramsites exhibited excellent adsorption capacities,removal rates,and cyclic stabilities,demonstrating their promising application prospects for the comprehensive utilization of solid waste and for wastewater treatment.展开更多
The connecting rod is one of the most important moving components in an internal combustion engine. The present work determined the possibility of using aluminium alloy 7075 material to design and manufacture a connec...The connecting rod is one of the most important moving components in an internal combustion engine. The present work determined the possibility of using aluminium alloy 7075 material to design and manufacture a connecting rod for weight optimisation without losing the strength of the connecting rod. It considered modal and thermal analyses to investigate the suitability of the material for connecting rod design. The parameters that were considered under the modal analysis were: total deformation, and natural frequency, while the thermal analysis looked at the temperature distribution, total heat flux and directional heat flux of the four connecting rods made with titanium alloy, grey cast iron, structural steel and aluminium 7075 alloy respectively. The connecting rod was modelled using Autodesk inventor2017 software using the calculated parameters. The steady-state thermal analysis was used to determine the induced heat flux and directional heat flux. The study found that Aluminium 7075 alloy deformed more than the remaining three other materials but has superior qualities in terms of vibrational natural frequency, total heat flux and lightweight compared to structural steel, grey cast iron and titanium alloy.展开更多
The coupling effect of heat absorption and release exists in the thermal decomposition of a few chemical materials.However,the impact of the above coupling on thermal hazard assessment is not considered in the literat...The coupling effect of heat absorption and release exists in the thermal decomposition of a few chemical materials.However,the impact of the above coupling on thermal hazard assessment is not considered in the literature studies.In this work,nitroguanidine(NQ)and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX)are selected as representative materials to explore the influence of the coupling effect on the thermal hazard assessment of chemical materials.The linear heating experiments of NQ and RDX are carried out by a microcalorimeter and synchronous thermal analyser.The thermal decomposition curves are decoupled by advanced thermokinetics software.The thermal decomposition and kinetic parameters before and after decoupling are calculated.The results of TG experiment show that both NQ and RDX began to lose mass during the endothermic stage.The endothermic melting and exothermic decomposition of NQ and RDX are coupled within this stage.The coupling effect has different degrees of influence on its initial decomposition temperature and safety parameters.Compared with the parameters in the coupling state,the initial decomposition temperature and adiabatic induction period after decoupling decrease.The self-accelerating decomposition temperature increases,and internal thermal runaway time decreases.In the thermal hazard assessment of chemical materials with coupling effects,the calculated parameters after decoupling should be taken as an important safety index。展开更多
Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charg...Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charges(SOCs)has significant implications for reinforcing the thermal safety design of the lithium-ion battery module.This study first investigates the thermal safety boundary(TSB)correspondence at the cells and modules level under the guidance of a newly proposed concept,safe electric quantity boundary(SEQB).A reasonable thermal runaway propagation(TRP)judgment indicator,peak heat transfer power(PHTP),is proposed to predict whether TRP occurs.Moreover,a validated 3D model is used to quantitatively clarify the TSB at different SOCs from the perspective of PHTP,TR trigger temperature,SOC,and the full cycle life.Besides,three different TRP transfer modes are discovered.The interconversion relationship of three different TRP modes is investigated from the perspective of PHTP.This paper explores the TSB of LIBs under different SOCs at both cell and module levels for the first time,which has great significance in guiding the thermal safety design of battery systems.展开更多
Applications of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are still limited by the sluggish conversion kinetics from polysulfide to Li_(2)S.Although various single-atom catalysts are available for improving the conversion kinetic...Applications of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are still limited by the sluggish conversion kinetics from polysulfide to Li_(2)S.Although various single-atom catalysts are available for improving the conversion kinetics,the sulfur redox kinetics for Li-S batteries is still not ultrafast.Herein,in this work,a catalyst with dual-single-atom Pt-Co embedded in N-doped carbon nanotubes(Pt&Co@NCNT)was proposed by the atomic layer deposition method to suppress the shuttle effect and synergistically improve the interconversion kinetics from polysulfides to Li_(2)S.The X-ray absorption near edge curves indicated the reversible conversion of Li_(2)Sx on the S/Pt&Co@NCNT electrode.Meanwhile,density functional theory demonstrated that the Pt&Co@NCNT promoted the free energy of the phase transition of sulfur species and reduced the oxidative decomposition energy of Li_(2)S.As a result,the batteries assembled with S/Pt&Co@NCNT electrodes exhibited a high capacity retention of 80%at 100 cycles at a current density of 1.3 mA cm^(−2)(S loading:2.5 mg cm^(−2)).More importantly,an excellent rate performance was achieved with a high capacity of 822.1 mAh g^(−1) at a high current density of 12.7 mA cm^(−2).This work opens a new direction to boost the sulfur redox kinetics for ultrafast Li-S batteries.展开更多
The kinetics mechanism of the dissociation reactions in a NO/SO_2/N_2/O_2 system was investigated in consideration of energetic electrons' impacts on a non-thermal plasma.A model was derived from the Boltzmann equ...The kinetics mechanism of the dissociation reactions in a NO/SO_2/N_2/O_2 system was investigated in consideration of energetic electrons' impacts on a non-thermal plasma.A model was derived from the Boltzmann equation and molecule collision theory to predict the dissociation reaction rate coefficients.Upon comparison with available literature,the model was confirmed to be acceptably accurate in general.Several reaction rate coefficients of the NO/SO_2/N_2/O_2 dissociation system were derived according to the Arrhenius formula.The activation energies of each plasma reaction were calculated by quantum chemistry methods.The relation between the dissociation reaction rate coefficient and electron temperature was established to describe the importance of each reaction and to predict relevant processes of gaseous chemical reactions.The sensitivity of the mechanism of NO/SO_2/N_2/O_2 dissociation reaction in a non-thermal plasma was also analysed.展开更多
In the 21st century, the deployment of ground-based Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Modules has seen exponential growth, driven by increasing demands for green, clean, and renewable energy sources. However, their usage is con...In the 21st century, the deployment of ground-based Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Modules has seen exponential growth, driven by increasing demands for green, clean, and renewable energy sources. However, their usage is constrained by certain limitations. Notably, the efficiency of solar PV modules on the ground peaks at a maximum of 25%, and there are concerns regarding their long-term reliability, with an expected lifespan of approximately 25 years without failures. This study focuses on analyzing the thermal efficiency of PV Modules. We have investigated the temperature profile of PV Modules under varying environmental conditions, such as air velocity and ambient temperature, utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This analysis is crucial as the efficiency of PV Modules is significantly impacted by changes in the temperature differential relative to the environment. Furthermore, the study highlights the effect of airflow over solar panels on their temperature. It is found that a decrease in the temperature of the PV Module increases Open Circuit Voltage, underlining the importance of thermal management in optimizing solar panel performance.展开更多
Coals are carbon-rich materials with excellent aromatic nature and macro- molecular structure. They pose great potential as the source of organic chemical feed- stock and high value-added carbonaceous materials in the...Coals are carbon-rich materials with excellent aromatic nature and macro- molecular structure. They pose great potential as the source of organic chemical feed- stock and high value-added carbonaceous materials in the 21st century. As some of the most important analytical methods, thermal analysis (TA) techniques with strong com- petence in materials characterization and reaction mechanism research, have been ex- tensively employed to accumulate the knowledge about coal conversion and utilization in a most effective, efficient and responsible way. Unfortunately, some efforts did not promote the sound growth of a systematic discipline, which might arise from the intrinsic drawback of conventional TA. Proposals on acquiring much more reliable understanding of the mechanism and kinetics of reactions were made in this review.展开更多
This work describes thermal decomposition behaviour of plastic bonded explosives(PBXs) based on mixture of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane(HMX) and 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene(TATB)with Viton A as poly...This work describes thermal decomposition behaviour of plastic bonded explosives(PBXs) based on mixture of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane(HMX) and 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene(TATB)with Viton A as polymer binder. Thermal decomposition of PBXs was undertaken by applying simultaneous thermal analysis(STA) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) to investigate influence of the HMX amount on thermal behavior and its kinetics. Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) indicated that the thermal decomposition of PBXs based on mixture of HMX and TATB was occurred in a three-steps. The first step was mainly due to decomposition of HMX. The second step was ascribed due to decomposition of TATB, while the third step was occurred due to decomposition of the polymer matrices. The thermal decomposition % was increased with increasing HMX amount. The kinetics related to thermal decomposition were investigated under non-isothermal for a single heating rate measurement. The variation in the activation energy of PBXs based on mixture of HMX and TATB was observed with varying the HMX amount. The kinetics from the results of TGA data at various heating rates under non-isothermal conditions were also calculated by Flynn—Wall—Ozawa(FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)methods. The activation energies calculated by employing FWO method were very close to those obtained by KAS method. The mean activation energy calculated by FWO and KAS methods was also a good agreement with the activation energy obtained from single heating rate measurement in the first step decomposition.展开更多
The thermal behavior of [Tb2（ m -MBA）6（phen）2]（H2O）2（ m -MBA=C8H7O2, methoxybenzoate; phen=C 12 H8N2, 1,10-phenanthroline） in static air atmosphere was investigated by means of TG-DTG and DTA methods. The ther...The thermal behavior of [Tb2（ m -MBA）6（phen）2]（H2O）2（ m -MBA=C8H7O2, methoxybenzoate; phen=C 12 H8N2, 1,10-phenanthroline） in static air atmosphere was investigated by means of TG-DTG and DTA methods. The thermal decomposition of the title compound takes place mainly in two steps. The intermediate and the residue for each decomposition were identified by the TG curve. By the kinetic method of processing thermal analysis data put forward by Malek et al ., it is defined that the kinetics model for the first-step thermal decomposition is SB（ m,n ）.展开更多
In the present study, the kinetics of thermal decomposition of hydrated minerals associated in natural hematite iron ores has been investigated in a fixed bed system using isothermal methods of kinetic analysis. Hydra...In the present study, the kinetics of thermal decomposition of hydrated minerals associated in natural hematite iron ores has been investigated in a fixed bed system using isothermal methods of kinetic analysis. Hydrated minerals in these hematite iron ores are kaolinite, gibbsite and goethite, which contribute to the loss on ignition(LOI) during thermal decomposition. Experiments in fixed bed have been carried out at variable bed depth(16, 32, 48 and 64 mm),temperature(400-1200 ℃) and residence time(30,45, 60 and 75 min) for iron ore samples. It is observed that beyond a certain critical bed depth(16 mm), 100% removal of LOI is not found possible even at higher temperature and higher residence time. Most of the solid-state reactions of isothermal kinetic analysis have been used to analyze the reaction mechanism. The raw data are modified to yield fraction reacted "α" versus time and used for developing various forms of "α" functions.f(α) is the inverse of first derivative of g(α) with respect to α. The study demonstrates that decomposition of hydrated mineral in hematite follows the chemical kinetics.The estimated activation energy values in all the experimental situations are found to high, of the order of 60 kJ/mol, reinstating that the reactions are indeed controlled by moving phase boundary and random nucleation.展开更多
The age of mineralization in a mining area is a primary factor in various researches related to ore\|forming process. It is that the uncertainty of mineralization ages of gold ore deposits in northern zone of eastern ...The age of mineralization in a mining area is a primary factor in various researches related to ore\|forming process. It is that the uncertainty of mineralization ages of gold ore deposits in northern zone of eastern Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, restrains to probe the relationship of the deposits to the regional tectonic evolution. This paper documents the fission track method used to determine the ages of gold ore deposits in eastern Kunlun Mountains and considers the implication for the origin of the deposits.Eastern Kunlun Mountains is the northern part of the Qinghai—Tibet Plateau and is of three deep\|seated fault belts in about EW extension. This work mainly includes three gold ore districts. All of them, in the north of Mid\|Kunlun fault belt, belong to northern part of eastern Kunlun Mountains. The Yanjingou district, with geographical coordinate 96°00’E and 36°10’N, is located 60 km north of Hongqigou district . Both of them are large, typical tectonoalteration gold deposits and were formed in similar geological setting. Hongshuihe ore district is located 50 km east of Yanjingou district and includes tectonoalteration and magmatic cryptoexplosive gold deposits. Outcroped strata are dominantly Jinshuikou Group metamorphic rocks of Lower Proterozoic erathem. The occurrence area of igneous rocks, especially granitoid, accounts for about 90% in first two districts and become less in Hongshuihe district. The gold deposits occur in NW\|striking fault belts. The Rb\|Sr isochron age and K\|Ar isotopic age of Moyite relevant to the gold mineralization are respectively 228 25Ma and 207 1Ma. Rb\|Sr dating of diorite porphyrite is 209 09Ma. Sericite selected from Yanjingou orebody has 252 9Ma K\|Ar age. The ore in Hongqigou district has 197Ma K\|Ar age and 210Ma model age of Pb isotope of galena.展开更多
Thermal deformation of aluminum alloy casting materials for manufacturing the tire mold was numerically investigated.The AC7A and AC4C casting material was selected as casting material and the metal casting device was...Thermal deformation of aluminum alloy casting materials for manufacturing the tire mold was numerically investigated.The AC7A and AC4C casting material was selected as casting material and the metal casting device was used in order to manufacture the mold product of automobile tire in the actual industrial field.The temperature distribution and the cooling time of casting materials were numerically calculated by finite element analysis (FEA).Also,the thermal deformation such as displacement and stress distribution was calculated from the temperature results.The thermal deformation was closely related to the temperature difference between the surface and inside of the casting.The numerical analysis results reveal that the thermal deformation of AC7A casting material is higher than that of AC4C casting material.Also,the thermal deformation results at the central part are larger than that on the side of casting because of the shrinkage caused by the cooling speed difference.展开更多
基金the financial support of the State Key Laboratory of Engine Reliability(skler-202105)。
文摘Thermal analysis plays a key role in the online inspection of molten iron quality.Different solidification process of molten iron can be reflected by thermal analysis curves,and silicon is one of important elements affecting the solidification of molten iron.In this study,FeSi75 was added in one chamber of the dual-chamber sample cup,and the influences of FeSi75 additive on the characteristic values of thermal analysis curves and vermiculating rate were investigated.The results show that with the increase of FeSi75,the start temperature of austenite formation TALfirstly decreases and then increases,but the start temperature of eutectic growth TSEF,the lowest eutectic temperature TEU,temperature at maximum eutectic reaction rate TEM,and highest eutectic temperature TERkeep always an increase.The temperature at final solidification point TEShas little change.The FeSi75 additive has different influences on the vermiculating rate of molten iron with different vermiculation,and the vermiculating rate increases for lower vermiculation molten iron while decreases for higher one.According to the thermal analysis curves obtained by a dual-chamber sample cup with 0.30wt.%FeSi75 additive in one chamber,the vermiculating rate of molten iron can be evaluated by comparing the characteristic values of these curves.The time differenceΔtERcorresponding to the highest eutectic temperature TERhas a closer relationship with the vermiculating rate,and a parabolic regression curve between the time differenceΔtERand vermiculating rateηhas been obtained within the range of 65%to 95%,which is suitable for the qualified melt.
文摘The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software. The modelled piston was then imported into Ansys for further analysis. Static structural and thermal analysis were carried out on the pistons of the four different materials namely: Al 413 alloy, Al 384 alloy, Al 390 alloy and Al332 alloy to determine the total deformation, equivalent Von Mises stress, maximum shear stress, and the safety factor. The results of the study revealed that, aluminium 332 alloy piston deformed less compared to the deformations of aluminium 390 alloy piston, aluminium 384 alloy piston and aluminium 413 alloy piston. The induced Von Mises stresses in the pistons of the four different materials were found to be far lower than the yield strengths of all the materials. Hence, all the selected materials including the implementing material have equal properties to withstand the maximum gas load. All the selected materials were observed to have high thermal conductivity enough to be able to withstand the operating temperature in the engine cylinders.
基金Fund by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51778101)the General Program (Key Program,Major Research Plan)of National Natural Science Foundation of China+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program (No.2020YFC1909304)the National Program on Key Basic Research Project of Chinathe Joint Fund Project of National Natural Fund of China (U1908227)。
文摘In order to better understand the thermodynamic properties of magnesium oxysulfate(MOS)cement,pure reagent was analyzed to prepare magnesium sulfide cement,non-isothermal kinetics calculation of the main hydration products was also carried out,and the conversion process of magnesium sulfide cement 517 phase at different temperatures was investigated.Composition of magnesium sulfide cement prepared was measured by XRD technique,and decomposed by a comprehensive thermal analyzer,and DSC curves of magnesium sulfide cement under different temperature rising rates were processed by Kinssinger method and Dolye-Ozawa method.According to the TG-DSC curves of magnesium sulfide cement,the thermal decomposition reaction process can be divided into five stages under normal conditions.The DSC curve was processed by Kinssinger method and Dolye-Ozawa method,and the kinetic analysis was carried out to calculate the 517 phase activation energy of magnesium sulfide cement.The three stages correspond to different activation energies.Therefore,flame retardant mechanism and thermal decomposition mechanism of magnesium sulfide cement based materials are deduced.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-IV-0003-0070)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12102320)+1 种基金the Advanced Aviation Power Innovation Workstation Project(HKCX2019-01-003)China Postdoc-toral Science Foundation(2021M692571).
文摘Avirtual wall thicknessmethod is developed to simulate the temperature field of turbine bladeswith thermal barrier coatings(TBCs),to simplify the modeling process and improve the calculation efficiency.The results show that the virtualwall thickness method can improve themesh quality by 20%,reduce the number ofmeshes by 76.7%and save the calculation time by 35.5%,compared with the traditional real wall thickness method.The average calculation error of the two methods is between 0.21%and 0.93%.Furthermore,the temperature at the blade leading edge is the highest and the average temperature of the blade pressure surface is higher than that of the suction surface under a certain service condition.The blade surface temperature presents a high temperature at both ends and a low temperature in themiddle height when the temperature of incoming gas is uniformand constant.The thermal insulation effect of TBCs is the worst near the air film hole,and the best at the blade leading edge.According to the calculated temperature field of the substrate-coating system,the highest thermal insulation temperature of the TC layer is 172.01 K,and the thermal insulation proportions of TC,TGO and BC are 93.55%,1.54%and 4.91%,respectively.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (21878102)
文摘A study on heat transfer performance by thermal fluid coupling simulation for the fouling in a shell-tube heat exchanger used in engineering was presented. The coupling simulation was performed in a fluid and solid domains under three different fouling conditions: fouling inside the tube, fouling outside the tube, and fouling inside the shell. The flow field, temperature, and pressure distributions in the heat exchanger were solved numerically to analyze the heat transfer performance parameters, such as thermal resistance. It is found that the pressure drop of the heat exchanger and the thermal resistance of the tube wall increase by nearly 30% and 20%, respectively, when the relative fouling thickness reaches 10%. The fouling inside the tube has more impact on the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger, and the fouling inside the shell has less impact.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(No.52172099)the Provincial Joint Fund of Shaanxi(2021JLM-28).
文摘The large accumulation of coal gangue,a common industrial solid waste,causes severe environmental problems,and green development strategies are required to transform this waste into high-value-added products.In this study,low-cost ceramsites adsorbents were prepared from waste gangue,silt coal,and peanut shells and applied to remove the organic dye methylene blue from wastewater.We investigated the microstructure of ceramsites and the effects of the sintering atmosphere,sintering temperature,and solution pH on their adsorption performance.The ceramsites sintered at 800℃under a nitrogen atmosphere exhibited the largest three-dimensional-interconnected hierarchical porous structure among the prepared ceramsites;further,it exhibited the highest methylene blue adsorption performance,with an adsorption capacity of 0.954 mg·g^(−1),adsorption efficiency of over 95%,and adsorption equilibrium time of 1 h at a solution pH of 9.The removal efficiency remained greater than 75%after five adsorption cycles.The adsorption kinetics data were analyzed using various models,including the pseudosecond-order kinetic model and Langmuir equation,and the adsorption was attributed to electrostatic interactions between the dyes and ceramsites,n-interactions,and hydrogen bonds.The prepared coal gangue ceramsites exhibited excellent adsorption capacities,removal rates,and cyclic stabilities,demonstrating their promising application prospects for the comprehensive utilization of solid waste and for wastewater treatment.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 50542004） and Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University （No. 1960-71131100017）.
文摘The connecting rod is one of the most important moving components in an internal combustion engine. The present work determined the possibility of using aluminium alloy 7075 material to design and manufacture a connecting rod for weight optimisation without losing the strength of the connecting rod. It considered modal and thermal analyses to investigate the suitability of the material for connecting rod design. The parameters that were considered under the modal analysis were: total deformation, and natural frequency, while the thermal analysis looked at the temperature distribution, total heat flux and directional heat flux of the four connecting rods made with titanium alloy, grey cast iron, structural steel and aluminium 7075 alloy respectively. The connecting rod was modelled using Autodesk inventor2017 software using the calculated parameters. The steady-state thermal analysis was used to determine the induced heat flux and directional heat flux. The study found that Aluminium 7075 alloy deformed more than the remaining three other materials but has superior qualities in terms of vibrational natural frequency, total heat flux and lightweight compared to structural steel, grey cast iron and titanium alloy.
基金the project of the Open Research Fund Program of Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory(Grant No.STACPL320221B04)Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology(Beijing Institute of Technology)The project number is ZDKT21-01.
文摘The coupling effect of heat absorption and release exists in the thermal decomposition of a few chemical materials.However,the impact of the above coupling on thermal hazard assessment is not considered in the literature studies.In this work,nitroguanidine(NQ)and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX)are selected as representative materials to explore the influence of the coupling effect on the thermal hazard assessment of chemical materials.The linear heating experiments of NQ and RDX are carried out by a microcalorimeter and synchronous thermal analyser.The thermal decomposition curves are decoupled by advanced thermokinetics software.The thermal decomposition and kinetic parameters before and after decoupling are calculated.The results of TG experiment show that both NQ and RDX began to lose mass during the endothermic stage.The endothermic melting and exothermic decomposition of NQ and RDX are coupled within this stage.The coupling effect has different degrees of influence on its initial decomposition temperature and safety parameters.Compared with the parameters in the coupling state,the initial decomposition temperature and adiabatic induction period after decoupling decrease.The self-accelerating decomposition temperature increases,and internal thermal runaway time decreases.In the thermal hazard assessment of chemical materials with coupling effects,the calculated parameters after decoupling should be taken as an important safety index。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U20A20310 and No.52176199)sponsored by the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(No.22XD1423800)。
文摘Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charges(SOCs)has significant implications for reinforcing the thermal safety design of the lithium-ion battery module.This study first investigates the thermal safety boundary(TSB)correspondence at the cells and modules level under the guidance of a newly proposed concept,safe electric quantity boundary(SEQB).A reasonable thermal runaway propagation(TRP)judgment indicator,peak heat transfer power(PHTP),is proposed to predict whether TRP occurs.Moreover,a validated 3D model is used to quantitatively clarify the TSB at different SOCs from the perspective of PHTP,TR trigger temperature,SOC,and the full cycle life.Besides,three different TRP transfer modes are discovered.The interconversion relationship of three different TRP modes is investigated from the perspective of PHTP.This paper explores the TSB of LIBs under different SOCs at both cell and module levels for the first time,which has great significance in guiding the thermal safety design of battery systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22208039)the Basic Scientific Research Project of the Educational Department of Liaoning Province(LJKMZ20220878)+1 种基金and the Dalian Science and Technology Talent Innovation Support Plan(2022RQ036)supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC),the Canada Research Chair Program(CRC),the Canada Foundation for Innovation(CFI),and Western University。
文摘Applications of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are still limited by the sluggish conversion kinetics from polysulfide to Li_(2)S.Although various single-atom catalysts are available for improving the conversion kinetics,the sulfur redox kinetics for Li-S batteries is still not ultrafast.Herein,in this work,a catalyst with dual-single-atom Pt-Co embedded in N-doped carbon nanotubes(Pt&Co@NCNT)was proposed by the atomic layer deposition method to suppress the shuttle effect and synergistically improve the interconversion kinetics from polysulfides to Li_(2)S.The X-ray absorption near edge curves indicated the reversible conversion of Li_(2)Sx on the S/Pt&Co@NCNT electrode.Meanwhile,density functional theory demonstrated that the Pt&Co@NCNT promoted the free energy of the phase transition of sulfur species and reduced the oxidative decomposition energy of Li_(2)S.As a result,the batteries assembled with S/Pt&Co@NCNT electrodes exhibited a high capacity retention of 80%at 100 cycles at a current density of 1.3 mA cm^(−2)(S loading:2.5 mg cm^(−2)).More importantly,an excellent rate performance was achieved with a high capacity of 822.1 mAh g^(−1) at a high current density of 12.7 mA cm^(−2).This work opens a new direction to boost the sulfur redox kinetics for ultrafast Li-S batteries.
文摘The kinetics mechanism of the dissociation reactions in a NO/SO_2/N_2/O_2 system was investigated in consideration of energetic electrons' impacts on a non-thermal plasma.A model was derived from the Boltzmann equation and molecule collision theory to predict the dissociation reaction rate coefficients.Upon comparison with available literature,the model was confirmed to be acceptably accurate in general.Several reaction rate coefficients of the NO/SO_2/N_2/O_2 dissociation system were derived according to the Arrhenius formula.The activation energies of each plasma reaction were calculated by quantum chemistry methods.The relation between the dissociation reaction rate coefficient and electron temperature was established to describe the importance of each reaction and to predict relevant processes of gaseous chemical reactions.The sensitivity of the mechanism of NO/SO_2/N_2/O_2 dissociation reaction in a non-thermal plasma was also analysed.
文摘In the 21st century, the deployment of ground-based Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Modules has seen exponential growth, driven by increasing demands for green, clean, and renewable energy sources. However, their usage is constrained by certain limitations. Notably, the efficiency of solar PV modules on the ground peaks at a maximum of 25%, and there are concerns regarding their long-term reliability, with an expected lifespan of approximately 25 years without failures. This study focuses on analyzing the thermal efficiency of PV Modules. We have investigated the temperature profile of PV Modules under varying environmental conditions, such as air velocity and ambient temperature, utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This analysis is crucial as the efficiency of PV Modules is significantly impacted by changes in the temperature differential relative to the environment. Furthermore, the study highlights the effect of airflow over solar panels on their temperature. It is found that a decrease in the temperature of the PV Module increases Open Circuit Voltage, underlining the importance of thermal management in optimizing solar panel performance.
文摘Coals are carbon-rich materials with excellent aromatic nature and macro- molecular structure. They pose great potential as the source of organic chemical feed- stock and high value-added carbonaceous materials in the 21st century. As some of the most important analytical methods, thermal analysis (TA) techniques with strong com- petence in materials characterization and reaction mechanism research, have been ex- tensively employed to accumulate the knowledge about coal conversion and utilization in a most effective, efficient and responsible way. Unfortunately, some efforts did not promote the sound growth of a systematic discipline, which might arise from the intrinsic drawback of conventional TA. Proposals on acquiring much more reliable understanding of the mechanism and kinetics of reactions were made in this review.
基金DRDO(TBR-1251)for funding and awarding the Project
文摘This work describes thermal decomposition behaviour of plastic bonded explosives(PBXs) based on mixture of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane(HMX) and 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene(TATB)with Viton A as polymer binder. Thermal decomposition of PBXs was undertaken by applying simultaneous thermal analysis(STA) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) to investigate influence of the HMX amount on thermal behavior and its kinetics. Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) indicated that the thermal decomposition of PBXs based on mixture of HMX and TATB was occurred in a three-steps. The first step was mainly due to decomposition of HMX. The second step was ascribed due to decomposition of TATB, while the third step was occurred due to decomposition of the polymer matrices. The thermal decomposition % was increased with increasing HMX amount. The kinetics related to thermal decomposition were investigated under non-isothermal for a single heating rate measurement. The variation in the activation energy of PBXs based on mixture of HMX and TATB was observed with varying the HMX amount. The kinetics from the results of TGA data at various heating rates under non-isothermal conditions were also calculated by Flynn—Wall—Ozawa(FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)methods. The activation energies calculated by employing FWO method were very close to those obtained by KAS method. The mean activation energy calculated by FWO and KAS methods was also a good agreement with the activation energy obtained from single heating rate measurement in the first step decomposition.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.2 0 2 140 ) and Hebei Education Departm ent(No.2 0 0 112 1)
文摘The thermal behavior of [Tb2（ m -MBA）6（phen）2]（H2O）2（ m -MBA=C8H7O2, methoxybenzoate; phen=C 12 H8N2, 1,10-phenanthroline） in static air atmosphere was investigated by means of TG-DTG and DTA methods. The thermal decomposition of the title compound takes place mainly in two steps. The intermediate and the residue for each decomposition were identified by the TG curve. By the kinetic method of processing thermal analysis data put forward by Malek et al ., it is defined that the kinetics model for the first-step thermal decomposition is SB（ m,n ）.
基金Ministry of Steel-India,New Delhi for sponsoring the program to carry out the research work
文摘In the present study, the kinetics of thermal decomposition of hydrated minerals associated in natural hematite iron ores has been investigated in a fixed bed system using isothermal methods of kinetic analysis. Hydrated minerals in these hematite iron ores are kaolinite, gibbsite and goethite, which contribute to the loss on ignition(LOI) during thermal decomposition. Experiments in fixed bed have been carried out at variable bed depth(16, 32, 48 and 64 mm),temperature(400-1200 ℃) and residence time(30,45, 60 and 75 min) for iron ore samples. It is observed that beyond a certain critical bed depth(16 mm), 100% removal of LOI is not found possible even at higher temperature and higher residence time. Most of the solid-state reactions of isothermal kinetic analysis have been used to analyze the reaction mechanism. The raw data are modified to yield fraction reacted "α" versus time and used for developing various forms of "α" functions.f(α) is the inverse of first derivative of g(α) with respect to α. The study demonstrates that decomposition of hydrated mineral in hematite follows the chemical kinetics.The estimated activation energy values in all the experimental situations are found to high, of the order of 60 kJ/mol, reinstating that the reactions are indeed controlled by moving phase boundary and random nucleation.
文摘The age of mineralization in a mining area is a primary factor in various researches related to ore\|forming process. It is that the uncertainty of mineralization ages of gold ore deposits in northern zone of eastern Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, restrains to probe the relationship of the deposits to the regional tectonic evolution. This paper documents the fission track method used to determine the ages of gold ore deposits in eastern Kunlun Mountains and considers the implication for the origin of the deposits.Eastern Kunlun Mountains is the northern part of the Qinghai—Tibet Plateau and is of three deep\|seated fault belts in about EW extension. This work mainly includes three gold ore districts. All of them, in the north of Mid\|Kunlun fault belt, belong to northern part of eastern Kunlun Mountains. The Yanjingou district, with geographical coordinate 96°00’E and 36°10’N, is located 60 km north of Hongqigou district . Both of them are large, typical tectonoalteration gold deposits and were formed in similar geological setting. Hongshuihe ore district is located 50 km east of Yanjingou district and includes tectonoalteration and magmatic cryptoexplosive gold deposits. Outcroped strata are dominantly Jinshuikou Group metamorphic rocks of Lower Proterozoic erathem. The occurrence area of igneous rocks, especially granitoid, accounts for about 90% in first two districts and become less in Hongshuihe district. The gold deposits occur in NW\|striking fault belts. The Rb\|Sr isochron age and K\|Ar isotopic age of Moyite relevant to the gold mineralization are respectively 228 25Ma and 207 1Ma. Rb\|Sr dating of diorite porphyrite is 209 09Ma. Sericite selected from Yanjingou orebody has 252 9Ma K\|Ar age. The ore in Hongqigou district has 197Ma K\|Ar age and 210Ma model age of Pb isotope of galena.
基金Project supported by Research Funds from Chosun University(2009),Korea
文摘Thermal deformation of aluminum alloy casting materials for manufacturing the tire mold was numerically investigated.The AC7A and AC4C casting material was selected as casting material and the metal casting device was used in order to manufacture the mold product of automobile tire in the actual industrial field.The temperature distribution and the cooling time of casting materials were numerically calculated by finite element analysis (FEA).Also,the thermal deformation such as displacement and stress distribution was calculated from the temperature results.The thermal deformation was closely related to the temperature difference between the surface and inside of the casting.The numerical analysis results reveal that the thermal deformation of AC7A casting material is higher than that of AC4C casting material.Also,the thermal deformation results at the central part are larger than that on the side of casting because of the shrinkage caused by the cooling speed difference.
