Among the different parts of speech in each language,verbs are usually the most complicated and difficult to understand and master.This paper attempts to classify and analyze English verbs from a semantic perspective,...Among the different parts of speech in each language,verbs are usually the most complicated and difficult to understand and master.This paper attempts to classify and analyze English verbs from a semantic perspective,esp.to have a semantic analysis of the grammatical concept of the progressive aspect of English verbs,so as to raise students’awareness of the relationship between semantics and grammar,and thus to help students have a deeper understanding and mastery of the grammatical rules in future English teaching.展开更多
Verbs of creation in English and Chinese demonstrate asymmetries in its projection to double-object construction. But underling the projection process there is a uniform operation mechanism, namely that the configurat...Verbs of creation in English and Chinese demonstrate asymmetries in its projection to double-object construction. But underling the projection process there is a uniform operation mechanism, namely that the configuration is affected by the interaction between the Meaning Assignment Principle （MAP）, the Distance Principle of Iconicity （DPI） and the Lexical Feature Constraints （LFC）, among which MAP and DPI are inviolable due to its cross-linguistic universality. Once LFC is violated, there must be compensation on the part of DPI, otherwise, the verb of creation in question would be unacceptable to double-object construction.展开更多
Through classifying modal verbs from the semantic aspect and the pragmatic aspect, this paper discusses difficulties that students may encounter in modal verb learning. It indicates that modal verbs have complicacy, a...Through classifying modal verbs from the semantic aspect and the pragmatic aspect, this paper discusses difficulties that students may encounter in modal verb learning. It indicates that modal verbs have complicacy, and a deductive approach and inductive approach should intermingle as an appropriate method to improve students' accuracy in use of modal verbs.展开更多
Adopting corpus-based approach, the use of copular verbs by Chinese college English learners is studied through a comparison between the COLEC and the LOCNESS. The main findings are: 1)Chinese college English learners...Adopting corpus-based approach, the use of copular verbs by Chinese college English learners is studied through a comparison between the COLEC and the LOCNESS. The main findings are: 1)Chinese college English learners under-use copular verbs; 2) Chinese college English learners select a limited variety of copular verbs; 3) Types of complement after most copular verbs used by Chinese college English learners lack variety; 4) Chinese college English learners use less various and more simpler complements than native speakers.展开更多
This study attempts to examine the colligational use of the high-frequency verbs DO, HAVE and BE in Chinese EFL learners'written production in the CIA (Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis) approach. Findings of the...This study attempts to examine the colligational use of the high-frequency verbs DO, HAVE and BE in Chinese EFL learners'written production in the CIA (Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis) approach. Findings of the study indicate that: Chinese learners use a much smaller variety of colligational patterns, they tend to underuse the inflected forms of these verbs in their colligations and they tend to use pronouns as the subject of these verbs. Though at advanced level, they still have difficulty with grammar in terms of tense, aspect and voice. The influence of L1 transfer, the learners'spoken style in writing, the classroom teaching and the learners'use of the avoidance strategy are thought to be the major reasons. The findings in this study may have some light to shed on the EFL teaching and research in China.展开更多
The appraisal theory of the Systemic Functional Linguistic consists of three main systems:Attitude,Graduation and Engagement.This research is mainly about applying the Attitude system to analyze the translation of App...The appraisal theory of the Systemic Functional Linguistic consists of three main systems:Attitude,Graduation and Engagement.This research is mainly about applying the Attitude system to analyze the translation of Appraisal verbs.展开更多
This paper proposes a new way to improve the performance of dependency parser: subdividing verbs according to their grammatical functions and integrating the information of verb subclasses into lexicalized parsing mod...This paper proposes a new way to improve the performance of dependency parser: subdividing verbs according to their grammatical functions and integrating the information of verb subclasses into lexicalized parsing model. Firstly,the scheme of verb subdivision is described. Secondly,a maximum entropy model is presented to distinguish verb subclasses. Finally,a statistical parser is developed to evaluate the verb subdivision. Experimental results indicate that the use of verb subclasses has a good influence on parsing performance.展开更多
The synthetic defining style, a predominant way used to define verbs in many dictionaries, is the main factor that makes dictionary definitions vague and incomplete. The present paper argues that instead of the synthe...The synthetic defining style, a predominant way used to define verbs in many dictionaries, is the main factor that makes dictionary definitions vague and incomplete. The present paper argues that instead of the synthetic defining mode, an analytical meaning-explaining way should be used in dictionaries designed for SLA learners. The analytical meanings of verbs are viewed as mini-narratives and form event schemata comprised of three sub-schemata, namely, participant schema, action schema and scenario schema. The three sub-schemata should be clearly fore-grounded in verbs＇ definitions in learners＇ dictionaries.展开更多
This paper is a generic study of schematic structures and the use of modal verbs of 50 English Research Article （RA） abstracts. With Bhatia＇s （1990） model as the framework, three other move patterns were obtained...This paper is a generic study of schematic structures and the use of modal verbs of 50 English Research Article （RA） abstracts. With Bhatia＇s （1990） model as the framework, three other move patterns were obtained besides the normal move order. The density of modal verbs varies greatly from move to move with significant differences in the frequency of occurrence in different moves. The use of modal verbs is much more move-determined than discipline-determined.展开更多
Through English and Chinese Modals with adverbs, Continuous modal verbs such as a comparative analysis between the two languages inspection Modals different grammatical function comparison.
In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explor...In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explores the motivations of this language phenomenon,and points out that verbs converted from animal nouns can help enrich the vocabulary,make the expression vivid and concise,and achieve certain pragmatic effects as well.Second,it studies the mechanisms of the conversion by analyzing the mapping process and similarities between two domains.Last it points out the importance of the context and the geographic factor in understanding verbs converted from animal nouns.展开更多
The article gives a brief review on Hinkel's study "The Use of Modal Verbs as a Reflection of Cultural Values",aiming at improving language teacher's awareness that culture can influence language lea...The article gives a brief review on Hinkel's study "The Use of Modal Verbs as a Reflection of Cultural Values",aiming at improving language teacher's awareness that culture can influence language learners' use of modals.At the same time,by pointing out the weakness of Hinkel's study,the author suggests that the mere acquisition of linguistic competence is insufficient and teachers should integrate current research findings into their transmission of knowledge to learners.展开更多
In Georgian the verbal form comprises the names expressing the subjective-objective references of certain quantity,which shows the representing signs to express the category of the subjective and objective person.Howe...In Georgian the verbal form comprises the names expressing the subjective-objective references of certain quantity,which shows the representing signs to express the category of the subjective and objective person.However,sometimes the subjective person is expressed by the sign of the objective person or vice versa,which is called inversion in Georgian language.There are many options about the reason of inversion.Bipersonal static verbs are considered as the oldest verbs as believed by many scientists.These are the verbs of feeling and owning;they are inverse,bipersonal and hold the dative construction.We think that inversion cannot be only explained with the static character.There are the verbs,which are not static but are inverse.We believe that it must be one and the same aspect in every case:perfect semantics.In Indo-European languages,the verbs of the perfect semantics have been converted from the class of the lexical words into the grammar perfect.When the Georgian language encountered the need to express the perfect forms respective to Indo-European languages,thus,the third series has been generated and it used the form as the model,belonging to the verbs of bipersonal non-transitional“perfect semantics”in present.This form has been supplemented by preverb and has become dynamic and gradually acquired various semantic nuances characterizing the perfect tense:resultativity,will,evidentiality,interrogative and negative,etc.In our opinion such verbs are not the continuation of the I and II series;they are the standalone link of the verb system,namely the perfect group characterized with the dative construction,which is inverse and always bipersonal.展开更多
The study of modal auxiliary verbs has been done by comparing modal auxiliary verbs in English with the ones in Chinese qualitatively and quantitatively. The modals in English and in Chinese are statistically analyzed...The study of modal auxiliary verbs has been done by comparing modal auxiliary verbs in English with the ones in Chinese qualitatively and quantitatively. The modals in English and in Chinese are statistically analyzed through their forms and meanings. The data consists of 50 pieces of Chinese prose with their 50 English translation versions called corpus A and 50 pieces of English prose with their Chinese translation versions called corpus B, altogether 200 articles, which represent a type of discourse that is rich in modal auxiliary verbs both in English and in Chinese The major findings are as follows： （1） The three criteria： inversion, negation, and the use of pro-forms can be used to define both English and Chinese auxiliaries; （2） the modals of both languages can be analyzed within the same semantic categories： volition, probability, and necessity; （3） Chinese epistemic modals can have inversion patterns; （4） the negative forms of Chinese modals are more complex than those of English modals; and （5） the statistic analysis shows that the modals in probability category both in English and in Chinese are used much more often compared to the other two categories： volition and necessity and that deontic modals are used much fewer in both languages to express necessity展开更多
The Berne Convention plays a very important role in the protection of the copyright in its member states. Good Chinese translation for the Berne Convention will undoubtedly improve the implementation of it in China. O...The Berne Convention plays a very important role in the protection of the copyright in its member states. Good Chinese translation for the Berne Convention will undoubtedly improve the implementation of it in China. One of the key factors that affect the translation of the Berne Convention is the translation for the modal verbs, because they are concerning the rights conferred to or obligations imposed on authors or countries of the Union. Based on the statistics of the modal verbs used in the Berne Convention, this paper discovers that ＂shall＂ and ＂may＂ are the most frequently used modal verbs among the ones in English language and they are translated into many types of phrases in Chinese, but not all of them are accurate or appropriate, because the expressions used in the Copyright Law of the People＇s Republic of China to indicate rights, obligations or prohibitions are not all those that ＂shall＂ or ＂may＂ are translated into. Some suggestions can be put forward to improve the current Chinese translation for ＂shall＂ or ＂may＂ in the Berne Convention.展开更多
This research analyses compound verbs in Igbo,using construction morphology theory.It seeks to identify compound verbs,analyse them using schemata structures,ascertain the structures and behaviours of tones,and examin...This research analyses compound verbs in Igbo,using construction morphology theory.It seeks to identify compound verbs,analyse them using schemata structures,ascertain the structures and behaviours of tones,and examine some inflected forms of compound verbs in Igbo language.The study adopts a descriptive method of data analysis to examine data collected through oral interviews,introspections(which are confirmed by two native speakers)and those obtained from journals and textbooks.The research discovers that some compound verbs do not obey the vowel harmony rule,and through the aid of the schema,it is observed that some transformational processes have occurred before a surface compound verb is formed.According to the findings,tones also play a distinctive role in Igbo compound verbs.The research recommends further research in this area,to account for other aspects of compound verbs in Igbo that the current study could not cover.展开更多
The large number of expressions like "break out, come across", etc. forms an important characteristic in the modern English vocabulary. Such combinations of a common verb plus one or more than one particle a...The large number of expressions like "break out, come across", etc. forms an important characteristic in the modern English vocabulary. Such combinations of a common verb plus one or more than one particle are called "phrasal verbs". They are used casually and colloquially in everyday speech. Because of their simplicity and effectiveness, phrasal verbs are more and more used in modern English,especially in the last thirty years. So,a mastery of phrasal verbs will展开更多
In English,especially in oral English,there are a large number of verb+particle combinations for us to account for.Among these combinations,many are idiomatic ones,of which the meanings cannot be easily figured out by...In English,especially in oral English,there are a large number of verb+particle combinations for us to account for.Among these combinations,many are idiomatic ones,of which the meanings cannot be easily figured out by simply adding the literal meaning of the verb to that of the particle.Therefore,even quite advanced EFL(English as a Foreign Language)learners get confused from time to time when trying to catch what such combinations are intended to mean.Studied from either the semantic or the syntactic point of view,such combinations show certain linguistic features which are quite different from the assumptions of the EFL learners and therefore worth our efforts to analyze.This paper is supposed to offer a tentative analysis of such combinations,in hope of enhancing EFL learners’mastery of them,practically as well as theoretically.展开更多
Phrasal verbs are a specific structural feature in English.The study on phrasal verbs has attracted many researchers because such a common structure always triggers a lot of problems.In China,college students always a...Phrasal verbs are a specific structural feature in English.The study on phrasal verbs has attracted many researchers because such a common structure always triggers a lot of problems.In China,college students always avoid to use phrasal verbs when they convey a parallel meaning.In recent years,phrasal verbs have attracted a lot of studies in linguistics and language teaching and learning. With different circumstances in which phrasal verbs are applied,categories with examples are separated(Biber et al.,2002;Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman,1999).Phrasal verbs are also studied in association with language teaching and learning(Darwin and Gray,1999;Peter,1998). Moreover phrasal verbs are also studied semantically(Quirk,1985;Palmer,1987) and coguitively (Morgan,1997;Gries,1997;Hampe,2000).This paper is going to introduce four correlational studies on the use of phrasal verbs which has remained unpopular.展开更多
Phrasal verbs, accounting for a large proportion in modem language, pose numerous challenges to foreign language learners of English, who usually view verb ＋ particle combinations random. The issue of unpredictabilit...Phrasal verbs, accounting for a large proportion in modem language, pose numerous challenges to foreign language learners of English, who usually view verb ＋ particle combinations random. The issue of unpredictability is obviously a problem for English learners. Making things worse, many phrasal verbs are polysemous. For one thing, one phrasal verb may have multiple meanings; for another, several phrasal verbs may have the same or similar meanings. While the fast development of cognitive linguistics theory provides a new perspective for the study of English polysemous phrasal verbs. Researchers apply cognitive linguistic theory into second language acquisition and find that the multiple senses of phrasal verbs are actually systematic and motivated. The present study summarizes studies of polysemous phrasal verbs from the perspective of traditional approaches and cognitive approaches as well as the empirical studies based on it and analyzes the shortage of traditional approaches on phrasal verbs. Lastly, this paper illustrates some drawbacks of empirical study based on the assessment of Boers （2011） and points out some suggestions on further studies.展开更多
文摘Among the different parts of speech in each language,verbs are usually the most complicated and difficult to understand and master.This paper attempts to classify and analyze English verbs from a semantic perspective,esp.to have a semantic analysis of the grammatical concept of the progressive aspect of English verbs,so as to raise students’awareness of the relationship between semantics and grammar,and thus to help students have a deeper understanding and mastery of the grammatical rules in future English teaching.
文摘Verbs of creation in English and Chinese demonstrate asymmetries in its projection to double-object construction. But underling the projection process there is a uniform operation mechanism, namely that the configuration is affected by the interaction between the Meaning Assignment Principle （MAP）, the Distance Principle of Iconicity （DPI） and the Lexical Feature Constraints （LFC）, among which MAP and DPI are inviolable due to its cross-linguistic universality. Once LFC is violated, there must be compensation on the part of DPI, otherwise, the verb of creation in question would be unacceptable to double-object construction.
文摘Through classifying modal verbs from the semantic aspect and the pragmatic aspect, this paper discusses difficulties that students may encounter in modal verb learning. It indicates that modal verbs have complicacy, and a deductive approach and inductive approach should intermingle as an appropriate method to improve students' accuracy in use of modal verbs.
文摘Adopting corpus-based approach, the use of copular verbs by Chinese college English learners is studied through a comparison between the COLEC and the LOCNESS. The main findings are: 1)Chinese college English learners under-use copular verbs; 2) Chinese college English learners select a limited variety of copular verbs; 3) Types of complement after most copular verbs used by Chinese college English learners lack variety; 4) Chinese college English learners use less various and more simpler complements than native speakers.
文摘This study attempts to examine the colligational use of the high-frequency verbs DO, HAVE and BE in Chinese EFL learners'written production in the CIA (Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis) approach. Findings of the study indicate that: Chinese learners use a much smaller variety of colligational patterns, they tend to underuse the inflected forms of these verbs in their colligations and they tend to use pronouns as the subject of these verbs. Though at advanced level, they still have difficulty with grammar in terms of tense, aspect and voice. The influence of L1 transfer, the learners'spoken style in writing, the classroom teaching and the learners'use of the avoidance strategy are thought to be the major reasons. The findings in this study may have some light to shed on the EFL teaching and research in China.
文摘The appraisal theory of the Systemic Functional Linguistic consists of three main systems:Attitude,Graduation and Engagement.This research is mainly about applying the Attitude system to analyze the translation of Appraisal verbs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60435020, 60575042 and 60503072).
文摘This paper proposes a new way to improve the performance of dependency parser: subdividing verbs according to their grammatical functions and integrating the information of verb subclasses into lexicalized parsing model. Firstly,the scheme of verb subdivision is described. Secondly,a maximum entropy model is presented to distinguish verb subclasses. Finally,a statistical parser is developed to evaluate the verb subdivision. Experimental results indicate that the use of verb subclasses has a good influence on parsing performance.
文摘The synthetic defining style, a predominant way used to define verbs in many dictionaries, is the main factor that makes dictionary definitions vague and incomplete. The present paper argues that instead of the synthetic defining mode, an analytical meaning-explaining way should be used in dictionaries designed for SLA learners. The analytical meanings of verbs are viewed as mini-narratives and form event schemata comprised of three sub-schemata, namely, participant schema, action schema and scenario schema. The three sub-schemata should be clearly fore-grounded in verbs＇ definitions in learners＇ dictionaries.
文摘This paper is a generic study of schematic structures and the use of modal verbs of 50 English Research Article （RA） abstracts. With Bhatia＇s （1990） model as the framework, three other move patterns were obtained besides the normal move order. The density of modal verbs varies greatly from move to move with significant differences in the frequency of occurrence in different moves. The use of modal verbs is much more move-determined than discipline-determined.
文摘Through English and Chinese Modals with adverbs, Continuous modal verbs such as a comparative analysis between the two languages inspection Modals different grammatical function comparison.
文摘In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explores the motivations of this language phenomenon,and points out that verbs converted from animal nouns can help enrich the vocabulary,make the expression vivid and concise,and achieve certain pragmatic effects as well.Second,it studies the mechanisms of the conversion by analyzing the mapping process and similarities between two domains.Last it points out the importance of the context and the geographic factor in understanding verbs converted from animal nouns.
文摘The article gives a brief review on Hinkel's study "The Use of Modal Verbs as a Reflection of Cultural Values",aiming at improving language teacher's awareness that culture can influence language learners' use of modals.At the same time,by pointing out the weakness of Hinkel's study,the author suggests that the mere acquisition of linguistic competence is insufficient and teachers should integrate current research findings into their transmission of knowledge to learners.
文摘In Georgian the verbal form comprises the names expressing the subjective-objective references of certain quantity,which shows the representing signs to express the category of the subjective and objective person.However,sometimes the subjective person is expressed by the sign of the objective person or vice versa,which is called inversion in Georgian language.There are many options about the reason of inversion.Bipersonal static verbs are considered as the oldest verbs as believed by many scientists.These are the verbs of feeling and owning;they are inverse,bipersonal and hold the dative construction.We think that inversion cannot be only explained with the static character.There are the verbs,which are not static but are inverse.We believe that it must be one and the same aspect in every case:perfect semantics.In Indo-European languages,the verbs of the perfect semantics have been converted from the class of the lexical words into the grammar perfect.When the Georgian language encountered the need to express the perfect forms respective to Indo-European languages,thus,the third series has been generated and it used the form as the model,belonging to the verbs of bipersonal non-transitional“perfect semantics”in present.This form has been supplemented by preverb and has become dynamic and gradually acquired various semantic nuances characterizing the perfect tense:resultativity,will,evidentiality,interrogative and negative,etc.In our opinion such verbs are not the continuation of the I and II series;they are the standalone link of the verb system,namely the perfect group characterized with the dative construction,which is inverse and always bipersonal.
文摘The study of modal auxiliary verbs has been done by comparing modal auxiliary verbs in English with the ones in Chinese qualitatively and quantitatively. The modals in English and in Chinese are statistically analyzed through their forms and meanings. The data consists of 50 pieces of Chinese prose with their 50 English translation versions called corpus A and 50 pieces of English prose with their Chinese translation versions called corpus B, altogether 200 articles, which represent a type of discourse that is rich in modal auxiliary verbs both in English and in Chinese The major findings are as follows： （1） The three criteria： inversion, negation, and the use of pro-forms can be used to define both English and Chinese auxiliaries; （2） the modals of both languages can be analyzed within the same semantic categories： volition, probability, and necessity; （3） Chinese epistemic modals can have inversion patterns; （4） the negative forms of Chinese modals are more complex than those of English modals; and （5） the statistic analysis shows that the modals in probability category both in English and in Chinese are used much more often compared to the other two categories： volition and necessity and that deontic modals are used much fewer in both languages to express necessity
文摘The Berne Convention plays a very important role in the protection of the copyright in its member states. Good Chinese translation for the Berne Convention will undoubtedly improve the implementation of it in China. One of the key factors that affect the translation of the Berne Convention is the translation for the modal verbs, because they are concerning the rights conferred to or obligations imposed on authors or countries of the Union. Based on the statistics of the modal verbs used in the Berne Convention, this paper discovers that ＂shall＂ and ＂may＂ are the most frequently used modal verbs among the ones in English language and they are translated into many types of phrases in Chinese, but not all of them are accurate or appropriate, because the expressions used in the Copyright Law of the People＇s Republic of China to indicate rights, obligations or prohibitions are not all those that ＂shall＂ or ＂may＂ are translated into. Some suggestions can be put forward to improve the current Chinese translation for ＂shall＂ or ＂may＂ in the Berne Convention.
文摘This research analyses compound verbs in Igbo,using construction morphology theory.It seeks to identify compound verbs,analyse them using schemata structures,ascertain the structures and behaviours of tones,and examine some inflected forms of compound verbs in Igbo language.The study adopts a descriptive method of data analysis to examine data collected through oral interviews,introspections(which are confirmed by two native speakers)and those obtained from journals and textbooks.The research discovers that some compound verbs do not obey the vowel harmony rule,and through the aid of the schema,it is observed that some transformational processes have occurred before a surface compound verb is formed.According to the findings,tones also play a distinctive role in Igbo compound verbs.The research recommends further research in this area,to account for other aspects of compound verbs in Igbo that the current study could not cover.
文摘The large number of expressions like "break out, come across", etc. forms an important characteristic in the modern English vocabulary. Such combinations of a common verb plus one or more than one particle are called "phrasal verbs". They are used casually and colloquially in everyday speech. Because of their simplicity and effectiveness, phrasal verbs are more and more used in modern English,especially in the last thirty years. So,a mastery of phrasal verbs will
文摘In English,especially in oral English,there are a large number of verb+particle combinations for us to account for.Among these combinations,many are idiomatic ones,of which the meanings cannot be easily figured out by simply adding the literal meaning of the verb to that of the particle.Therefore,even quite advanced EFL(English as a Foreign Language)learners get confused from time to time when trying to catch what such combinations are intended to mean.Studied from either the semantic or the syntactic point of view,such combinations show certain linguistic features which are quite different from the assumptions of the EFL learners and therefore worth our efforts to analyze.This paper is supposed to offer a tentative analysis of such combinations,in hope of enhancing EFL learners’mastery of them,practically as well as theoretically.
文摘Phrasal verbs are a specific structural feature in English.The study on phrasal verbs has attracted many researchers because such a common structure always triggers a lot of problems.In China,college students always avoid to use phrasal verbs when they convey a parallel meaning.In recent years,phrasal verbs have attracted a lot of studies in linguistics and language teaching and learning. With different circumstances in which phrasal verbs are applied,categories with examples are separated(Biber et al.,2002;Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman,1999).Phrasal verbs are also studied in association with language teaching and learning(Darwin and Gray,1999;Peter,1998). Moreover phrasal verbs are also studied semantically(Quirk,1985;Palmer,1987) and coguitively (Morgan,1997;Gries,1997;Hampe,2000).This paper is going to introduce four correlational studies on the use of phrasal verbs which has remained unpopular.
文摘Phrasal verbs, accounting for a large proportion in modem language, pose numerous challenges to foreign language learners of English, who usually view verb ＋ particle combinations random. The issue of unpredictability is obviously a problem for English learners. Making things worse, many phrasal verbs are polysemous. For one thing, one phrasal verb may have multiple meanings; for another, several phrasal verbs may have the same or similar meanings. While the fast development of cognitive linguistics theory provides a new perspective for the study of English polysemous phrasal verbs. Researchers apply cognitive linguistic theory into second language acquisition and find that the multiple senses of phrasal verbs are actually systematic and motivated. The present study summarizes studies of polysemous phrasal verbs from the perspective of traditional approaches and cognitive approaches as well as the empirical studies based on it and analyzes the shortage of traditional approaches on phrasal verbs. Lastly, this paper illustrates some drawbacks of empirical study based on the assessment of Boers （2011） and points out some suggestions on further studies.
