Definitions of the mechanical parameters entering the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom allowed us to calculate the time intervals connected with the electron transitions between the nearest-neighbouring energy levels i...Definitions of the mechanical parameters entering the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom allowed us to calculate the time intervals connected with the electron transitions between the nearest-neighbouring energy levels in the atom. This is done in a strictly non-probabilistic way. The time results are compared with those derived earlier on the basis of the classical Joule-Lenz law for the energy emission adapted to the case of the electron transfer in the quantum systems. A similar formalism has been next applied to the harmonic oscillator and a particle moving in the one-dimensional potential box.展开更多
The paper examines the energy of electron transitions in an emission process and the time intervals necessary for that process. For simple quantum systems, the both parameters—that of energy and time—depend on the d...The paper examines the energy of electron transitions in an emission process and the time intervals necessary for that process. For simple quantum systems, the both parameters—that of energy and time—depend on the difference Δn of the quantum numbers n labelling the beginning and end state of emission. It is shown that the phase-space areas formed by products of energy and time involved in the emission can be represented as a quadratic function of Δn multiplied by the Planck constant h.展开更多
The motion of electron wave packets of a metal is examined classically in the presence of the magnetic field with the aim to calculate the time intervals between two states lying on the same Fermi surface. A lower lim...The motion of electron wave packets of a metal is examined classically in the presence of the magnetic field with the aim to calculate the time intervals between two states lying on the same Fermi surface. A lower limiting value of the transition time equal to about 10–18 sec is estimated as an average for the case when the states are lying on the Fermi surface having a spherical shape. Simultaneously, an upper limit for the electron circular frequency in a metal has been also derived. A formal reference of the classical transition time to the time interval entering the energy-time uncertainty relations known in quantum mechanics is obtained.展开更多
The aim of the paper is to get an insight into the time interval of electron emission done between two neighbouring energy levels of the hydrogen atom. To this purpose, in the first step, the formulae of the special r...The aim of the paper is to get an insight into the time interval of electron emission done between two neighbouring energy levels of the hydrogen atom. To this purpose, in the first step, the formulae of the special relativity are applied to demonstrate the conditions which can annihilate the electrostatic force acting between the nucleus and electron in the atom. This result is obtained when a suitable electron speed entering the Lorentz transformation is combined with the strength of the magnetic field acting normally to the electron orbit in the atom. In the next step, the Maxwell equation characterizing the electromotive force is applied to calculate the time interval connected with the change of the magnetic field necessary to produce the force. It is shown that the time interval obtained from the Maxwell equation, multiplied by the energy change of two neighbouring energy levels considered in the atom, does satisfy the Joule-Lenz formula associated with the quantum electron energy emission rate between the levels.展开更多
Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the transmission of energy allowed us to calculate the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the hydrogen atom in a fully non-probabilistic way. The ca...Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the transmission of energy allowed us to calculate the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the hydrogen atom in a fully non-probabilistic way. The calculation has been extended to all transitions between p and s states having main quantum numbers not exceeding 6. An evident similarity between the intensity pattern obtained from the Joule-Lenz law and the corresponding quantum-mechanical transition pro-babilities has been shown.展开更多
BACKGROUND Obscure small bowel bleeding is defined as gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)that is unidentifiable with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and a colonoscopy with video capsule endoscopy(VCE)being the next gold standar...BACKGROUND Obscure small bowel bleeding is defined as gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)that is unidentifiable with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and a colonoscopy with video capsule endoscopy(VCE)being the next gold standard step for evaluation.Small bowel transit time(SBTT)is a metric of a VCE study that is defined as the time the capsule takes to travel through the small intestine.AIM To determine if SBTT within the VCE study,correlates to overall detection of obscure small bowel bleeds.Furthermore,we attempted to identify any existing correlation between SBTT and re-bleeding after a negative VCE study.METHODS This is a single center retrospective analysis of VCE studies performed for overt and occult GIB at Einstein Medical Center,Philadelphia,between 2015 and 2019.Inclusion criteria primarily consisted of patients 18 years or older who had a VCE study done as part of the workup for a GIB.Patients with incomplete VCEs,poor preparation,or with less than 6 mo of follow up were excluded.A re-bleeding event was defined either as overt or occult within a 6-mo timeframe.Overt rebleeding was defined as Visible melena or hematochezia with>2 gm/dL drop in hemoglobin defined an overt re-bleeding event;whereas an unexplained>2 gm/dL drop in hemoglobin with no visible bleeding defined an occult re-bleed.RESULTS Results indicated that there was a significant and positive point biserial correlation between SBTT of 220 min and detection of a bleeding focus with a statistically significant p value of 0.008.However,the area under the curve was negligible when trying to identify a threshold time for SBTT to discriminate between risk of re-bleeding events after a negative VCE.CONCLUSION In terms of SBTT and association with accuracy of VCE finding a bleeding focus,220 min was found to be adequate transit time to accurately find a bleeding focus,when present.It was found that no threshold SBTT could be identified to help predict re-bleeding after a negative VCE.展开更多
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a bowel disorder involving abdominal pain or discomfort along with irregularity of stool form and passage frequency.The pathophysiology is poorly understood and seems to be m...BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a bowel disorder involving abdominal pain or discomfort along with irregularity of stool form and passage frequency.The pathophysiology is poorly understood and seems to be multifactorial.Investigations of possible causes of IBS have included only a few colonic transit studies and no simultaneous determination of the colonic faecal content.AIM To compare colon transit time and faecal load between IBS-patients and healthy control subjects.METHODS The study included 140 patients with IBS,with a mean age of 50.0 years.The control group comprised 44 healthy persons with a mean age of 43.4 years,who were selected at random from the National Civil Register.Both the patient group and the control group underwent a marker study to measure colon transit time(CTT)and to calculate a faecal loading score.The patient group underwent treatment with a combined prokinetic regime,after which their CTT and faecal loading were reassessed.Analyses were performed to compare measurements between the control group and the patient group before and after treatment.RESULTS Compared to healthy controls,IBS-patients exhibited a significantly prolonged mean CTT(45.48 h vs 24.75 h,P=0.0002)and significantly greater mean faecal loading scores in all colonic segments(P<0.001).Among IBS patients,we found no significant differences between the 48 h and 96 h radiographs.Among patients exhibiting increased CTT and faecal loading,approximately half exhibited a palpable mass in the right iliac fossa.After intervention with a prokinetic treatment,the mean CTT among IBS patients was reduced from 45.48 h to 34.50 h(P=0.091),with the post-treatment CTT not significantly differing from the CTT among control subjects(P=0.095).The faecal loading score among IBS patients did not significantly differ before and after treatment(P=0.442).The posttreatment faecal loading score in IBS patients remained significantly higher compared to that in controls(5.3 vs 4.3,P=0.014).After treatment,half of the IBSpatients were relieved of bloating,while the majority no longer experienced abdominal pain and achieved a daily consistent stool.CONCLUSION IBS-patients exhibited prolonged CTT and heavier faecal loading.These assessments may aid in diagnosis.Faecal retention may contribute to IBS symptoms,which can be treated using a prokinetic regime.展开更多
The paper presents a non-probabilistic approach to the time interval associated with the energy emission produced by the electron transition in a quantum system. The calculations were performed for the hydrogen atom a...The paper presents a non-probabilistic approach to the time interval associated with the energy emission produced by the electron transition in a quantum system. The calculations were performed for the hydrogen atom and the electron particle in a one-dimensional potential box. In both cases, the rule of conservation of the electron momentum has been applied. The results, limited to the time intervals of transitions between two neighbouring quantum energy levels, occur to be much similar to those obtained earlier with the aid of the Joule-Lenz energy emission theory.展开更多
The time of the energy emission between two neighbouring electron levels in the hydrogen atom has been calculated first on the basis of the quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law, next this time is approached with the ...The time of the energy emission between two neighbouring electron levels in the hydrogen atom has been calculated first on the basis of the quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law, next this time is approached with the aid of the electrodynamical parameters characteristic for the electron motion in the atom. Both methods indicate a similar result, namely that the time of emission is close to the time period of the electromagnetic wave produced in course of the emission. As a by-product of calculations, the formula representing the radius of the electron microparticle is obtained from a simple combination of the expressions for the Bohr magnetic moment and a quantum of the magnetic flux.展开更多
The energy emitted by an electron in course of its transition between two quantum levels can be considered as a dissipated energy. This energy is obtained within a definite interval of time. The problem of the size of...The energy emitted by an electron in course of its transition between two quantum levels can be considered as a dissipated energy. This energy is obtained within a definite interval of time. The problem of the size of the time interval necessary for transitions is examined both on the ground of the quantum approach as well as classical electrodynamics. It is found that in fact the emission time approaches the time interval connected with acceleration of a classical velocity of the electron particle from one of its quantum levels to a neighbouring one.展开更多
Adequate oxygen in red blood cells carrying through the body to the heart and brain is important to maintain life.For those patients requiring blood,blood transfusion is a common procedure in which donated blood or bl...Adequate oxygen in red blood cells carrying through the body to the heart and brain is important to maintain life.For those patients requiring blood,blood transfusion is a common procedure in which donated blood or blood components are given through an intravenous line.However,detecting the need for blood transfusion is time-consuming and sometimes not easily diagnosed,such as internal bleeding.This study considered physiological signals such as electrocardiogram(ECG),photoplethysmogram(PPG),blood pressure,oxygen saturation(SpO2),and respiration,and proposed the machine learning model to detect the need for blood transfusion accurately.For the model,this study extracted 14 features from the physiological signals and used an ensemble approach combining extreme gradient boosting and random forest.The model was evaluated by a stratified five-fold crossvalidation:the detection accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristics were 92.7%and 0.977,respectively.展开更多
Some in vitro experiments have shown that erythropoietin(EPO) increases resistance to apoptosis and facilitates neuronal survival following cerebral ischemia.However,results from in vivo studies are rarely reported.Pe...Some in vitro experiments have shown that erythropoietin(EPO) increases resistance to apoptosis and facilitates neuronal survival following cerebral ischemia.However,results from in vivo studies are rarely reported.Perfusion-weighted imaging(PWI) and diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) have been applied successfully to distinguish acute cerebral ischemic necrosis and penumbra in living animals; therefore,we hypothesized that PWI and DWI could be used to provide imaging evidence in vivo for the conclusion that EPO could reduce apoptosis in brain areas injured by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.To validate this hypothesis,we established a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,and treated with intra-cerebroventricular injection of EPO(5,000 U/kg) 20 minutes before injury.Brain tissue in the ischemic injury zone was sampled using MRI-guided localization.The relative area of abnormal tissue,changes in PWI and DWI in the ischemic injury zone,and the number of apoptotic cells based on Td T-mediated d UTP-biotin nick end-labeling(TUNEL) were assessed.Our findings demonstrate that EPO reduces the relative area of abnormally high signal in PWI and DWI,increases cerebral blood volume,and decreases the number of apoptotic cells positive for TUNEL in the area injured by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.The experiment provides imaging evidence in vivo for EPO treating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.展开更多
BACKGROUND Slow transit constipation(STC)has traditionally been considered as a functional disorder.However,evidence is accumulating that suggests that most of the motility alterations in STC might be of a neuropathic...BACKGROUND Slow transit constipation(STC)has traditionally been considered as a functional disorder.However,evidence is accumulating that suggests that most of the motility alterations in STC might be of a neuropathic etiology.If the patient does not meet the diagnosis of pelvic outlet obstruction and poorly response to conservative treatment,surgical intervention with subtotal colectomy may be effective.The most unwanted complication of the procedure is anastomotic leakage,however,preservation of the superior rectal artery(SRA)may reduce its incidence.AIM To evaluate the preservation of the SRA in laparoscopically assisted subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis in STC patients.METHODS This was a single-center retrospective observational study.STC was diagnosed after a series of examinations which included a colonic transit test,anal manometry,a balloon expulsion test,and a barium enema.Eligible patients underwent laparoscopically assisted total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis and were examined between January 2016 and January 2018.The operation time,blood loss,time to first flatus,length of hospital days,and incidence of minor or major complications were recorded.RESULTS A total of 32 patients(mean age,42.6 years)who had received laparoscopic assisted subtotal colectomy with ileorectal artery anastomosis and preservation of the SRA.All patients were diagnosed with STC after a series of examinations.The mean operative time was 151 min and the mean blood loss was 119 mL.The mean day of first time to flatus was 3.0 d,and the mean hospital stay was 10.6 d.There were no any patients conversions to laparotomy.Post-operative minor complications including 1 wound infection and 1 case of ileus.There was no surgical mortality.No anastomosis leakage was noted in any of the patients.CONCLUSION Laparoscopically assisted subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis and preservation of the SRA can significantly improve bowel function with careful patient selection.Sparing the SRA may protect against anastomosis leakage.展开更多
BACKGROUND Constipation is one of the most important nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease(PD)patients,and constipation of different severities is closely related to the pathogenesis of PD.PD with constipation(...BACKGROUND Constipation is one of the most important nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease(PD)patients,and constipation of different severities is closely related to the pathogenesis of PD.PD with constipation(PDC)is considered a unique type of constipation,but its mechanism of formation and factors affecting its severity have been less reported.Understanding the gastrointestinal motility characteristics and constipation classification of PDC patients is essential to guide the treatment of PDC.In this study,the colonic transit test and high-resolution anorectal manometry were used to identify the intestinal motility of PDC to provide a basis for the treatment of PDC.AIM To investigate the clinical classification of PDC,to clarify its characteristics of colonic motility and rectal anal canal pressure,and to provide a basis for further research on the pathogenesis of PDC.METHODS Twenty PDC patients and 20 patients with functional constipation(FC)who were treated at Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from August 6,2018 to December 2,2019 were included.A colonic transit test and high-resolution anorectal manometry were performed to compare the differences in colonic transit time,rectal anal canal pressure,and constipation classification between the two groups.RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in sex,age,body mass index,or duration of constipation between the two groups.It was found that more patients in the PDC group exhibited difficulty in defecating than in the FC group,and the difference was statistically significant.The rectal resting pressure,anal sphincter resting pressure,intrarectal pressure,and anal relaxation rate in the PDC group were significantly lower than those in the FC group.The proportion of paradoxical contractions in the PDC group was significantly higher than that in the FC group.There was a statistically significant difference in the type composition ratio of defecatory disorders between the two groups(P<0.05).The left colonic transit time,rectosigmoid colonic transit time(RSCTT),and total colonic transit time were prolonged in PDC and FC patients compared to normal values.The patients with FC had a significantly longer right colonic transit time and a significantly shorter RSCTT than patients with PDC(P<0.05).Mixed constipation predominated in PDC patients and FC patients,and no significant difference was observed.CONCLUSION Patients with PDC and FC have severe functional dysmotility of the colon and rectum,but there are certain differences in segmental colonic transit time and rectal anal canal pressure between the two groups.展开更多
The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been applied in calculating the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the atom. The formal basis of the approach has been provided by the quantum pr...The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been applied in calculating the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the atom. The formal basis of the approach has been provided by the quantum properties of energy and time deduced from the Joule-Lenz law. The rates of the energy transitions obtained in this way were compared with the quantum-mechanical probabilities of transitions calculated earlier by Bethe and Condon and Shortley for the same pairs of the quantum states.展开更多
Continuous non-invasive blood pressure (BP) measurement can be realized by using pulse transit time (PTT) based on electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse wave signal. Modulated magnetic signature of blood (MMSB) is a promi...Continuous non-invasive blood pressure (BP) measurement can be realized by using pulse transit time (PTT) based on electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse wave signal. Modulated magnetic signature of blood (MMSB) is a promising approach to obtain PTT. The origin of MMSB is critical to establish the relationship between MMSB and BP. In this paper, two possible origins of MMSB, blood disturbance mechanism and angular variation mechanism, are analyzed and verified through three control experi-ments under different conditions. The influence of blood velocity alteration and blood volume alteration on magnetic field is investigated though blood flow simulation sys-tem. It is found that MMSB comes mainly from the periodic blood flow while the per-turbation caused by angular variation between sensitive axis of the magnetic sensor and geomagnetic field can be neglected. As to blood disturbance mechanism, the change of blood volume plays a decisive role while the effect of blood velocity altera-tion is negligible.展开更多
A new system’s geo-referencing from space is entirely free from any GNSS (GPS or equivalent) systems. The system addresses to various strategic and economic applications such as in remote clock synchronism, aircraft ...A new system’s geo-referencing from space is entirely free from any GNSS (GPS or equivalent) systems. The system addresses to various strategic and economic applications such as in remote clock synchronism, aircraft and balloon navigation, missile and smart bombs tracking, satellite orbital determination and remote target geo-positioning. The new geometry concept corresponds to an “inverted GPS” configuration, utilizing four ground-based reference stations, synchronized in time, installed at well known geodesic coordinates and a repeater in space, carried by an aircraft, balloon, satellite, etc. Signal transmitted by one of the reference bases is retransmitted by the transponder, received back by the four bases, producing four ranging measurements which are corrected for the time delays undergone in every retransmission. A minimization function was derived to compare the repeater’s positions referred to at least two groups of three reference bases, to correct for the signal transit time at the repeater and propagation delays, and consequently to provide the accurate repeater position for each time interaction. Once the repeater’s coordinates are known, the other determinations and applications become straightforward. The system solving algorithm and process performance has been demonstrated by simulations adopting a practical example with the transponder carried by an aircraft moving over bases and a target on the ground. Effects produced by reference clock synchronism uncertainties at the four bases on the measurements are reviewed.展开更多
It is pointed out that the property of a constant energy characteristic for the circular motions of macroscopic bodies in classical mechanics does not hold when the quantum conditions for the motion are applied. This ...It is pointed out that the property of a constant energy characteristic for the circular motions of macroscopic bodies in classical mechanics does not hold when the quantum conditions for the motion are applied. This is so because any macroscopic body—lo-cated in a high-energy quantum state—is in practice forced to change this state to a state having a lower energy. The rate of the energy decrease is usually extremely small which makes its effect uneasy to detect in course of the observations, or experiments. The energy of the harmonic oscillator is thoroughly examined as an example. Here our point is that not only the energy, but also the oscillator amplitude which depends on energy, are changing with time. In result, no constant positions of the turning points of the oscillator can be specified;consequently the well-known variational procedure concerning the calculation of the action function and its properties cannot be applied.展开更多
文摘Definitions of the mechanical parameters entering the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom allowed us to calculate the time intervals connected with the electron transitions between the nearest-neighbouring energy levels in the atom. This is done in a strictly non-probabilistic way. The time results are compared with those derived earlier on the basis of the classical Joule-Lenz law for the energy emission adapted to the case of the electron transfer in the quantum systems. A similar formalism has been next applied to the harmonic oscillator and a particle moving in the one-dimensional potential box.
文摘The paper examines the energy of electron transitions in an emission process and the time intervals necessary for that process. For simple quantum systems, the both parameters—that of energy and time—depend on the difference Δn of the quantum numbers n labelling the beginning and end state of emission. It is shown that the phase-space areas formed by products of energy and time involved in the emission can be represented as a quadratic function of Δn multiplied by the Planck constant h.
文摘The motion of electron wave packets of a metal is examined classically in the presence of the magnetic field with the aim to calculate the time intervals between two states lying on the same Fermi surface. A lower limiting value of the transition time equal to about 10–18 sec is estimated as an average for the case when the states are lying on the Fermi surface having a spherical shape. Simultaneously, an upper limit for the electron circular frequency in a metal has been also derived. A formal reference of the classical transition time to the time interval entering the energy-time uncertainty relations known in quantum mechanics is obtained.
文摘The aim of the paper is to get an insight into the time interval of electron emission done between two neighbouring energy levels of the hydrogen atom. To this purpose, in the first step, the formulae of the special relativity are applied to demonstrate the conditions which can annihilate the electrostatic force acting between the nucleus and electron in the atom. This result is obtained when a suitable electron speed entering the Lorentz transformation is combined with the strength of the magnetic field acting normally to the electron orbit in the atom. In the next step, the Maxwell equation characterizing the electromotive force is applied to calculate the time interval connected with the change of the magnetic field necessary to produce the force. It is shown that the time interval obtained from the Maxwell equation, multiplied by the energy change of two neighbouring energy levels considered in the atom, does satisfy the Joule-Lenz formula associated with the quantum electron energy emission rate between the levels.
文摘Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the transmission of energy allowed us to calculate the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the hydrogen atom in a fully non-probabilistic way. The calculation has been extended to all transitions between p and s states having main quantum numbers not exceeding 6. An evident similarity between the intensity pattern obtained from the Joule-Lenz law and the corresponding quantum-mechanical transition pro-babilities has been shown.
文摘BACKGROUND Obscure small bowel bleeding is defined as gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)that is unidentifiable with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and a colonoscopy with video capsule endoscopy(VCE)being the next gold standard step for evaluation.Small bowel transit time(SBTT)is a metric of a VCE study that is defined as the time the capsule takes to travel through the small intestine.AIM To determine if SBTT within the VCE study,correlates to overall detection of obscure small bowel bleeds.Furthermore,we attempted to identify any existing correlation between SBTT and re-bleeding after a negative VCE study.METHODS This is a single center retrospective analysis of VCE studies performed for overt and occult GIB at Einstein Medical Center,Philadelphia,between 2015 and 2019.Inclusion criteria primarily consisted of patients 18 years or older who had a VCE study done as part of the workup for a GIB.Patients with incomplete VCEs,poor preparation,or with less than 6 mo of follow up were excluded.A re-bleeding event was defined either as overt or occult within a 6-mo timeframe.Overt rebleeding was defined as Visible melena or hematochezia with>2 gm/dL drop in hemoglobin defined an overt re-bleeding event;whereas an unexplained>2 gm/dL drop in hemoglobin with no visible bleeding defined an occult re-bleed.RESULTS Results indicated that there was a significant and positive point biserial correlation between SBTT of 220 min and detection of a bleeding focus with a statistically significant p value of 0.008.However,the area under the curve was negligible when trying to identify a threshold time for SBTT to discriminate between risk of re-bleeding events after a negative VCE.CONCLUSION In terms of SBTT and association with accuracy of VCE finding a bleeding focus,220 min was found to be adequate transit time to accurately find a bleeding focus,when present.It was found that no threshold SBTT could be identified to help predict re-bleeding after a negative VCE.
文摘BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a bowel disorder involving abdominal pain or discomfort along with irregularity of stool form and passage frequency.The pathophysiology is poorly understood and seems to be multifactorial.Investigations of possible causes of IBS have included only a few colonic transit studies and no simultaneous determination of the colonic faecal content.AIM To compare colon transit time and faecal load between IBS-patients and healthy control subjects.METHODS The study included 140 patients with IBS,with a mean age of 50.0 years.The control group comprised 44 healthy persons with a mean age of 43.4 years,who were selected at random from the National Civil Register.Both the patient group and the control group underwent a marker study to measure colon transit time(CTT)and to calculate a faecal loading score.The patient group underwent treatment with a combined prokinetic regime,after which their CTT and faecal loading were reassessed.Analyses were performed to compare measurements between the control group and the patient group before and after treatment.RESULTS Compared to healthy controls,IBS-patients exhibited a significantly prolonged mean CTT(45.48 h vs 24.75 h,P=0.0002)and significantly greater mean faecal loading scores in all colonic segments(P<0.001).Among IBS patients,we found no significant differences between the 48 h and 96 h radiographs.Among patients exhibiting increased CTT and faecal loading,approximately half exhibited a palpable mass in the right iliac fossa.After intervention with a prokinetic treatment,the mean CTT among IBS patients was reduced from 45.48 h to 34.50 h(P=0.091),with the post-treatment CTT not significantly differing from the CTT among control subjects(P=0.095).The faecal loading score among IBS patients did not significantly differ before and after treatment(P=0.442).The posttreatment faecal loading score in IBS patients remained significantly higher compared to that in controls(5.3 vs 4.3,P=0.014).After treatment,half of the IBSpatients were relieved of bloating,while the majority no longer experienced abdominal pain and achieved a daily consistent stool.CONCLUSION IBS-patients exhibited prolonged CTT and heavier faecal loading.These assessments may aid in diagnosis.Faecal retention may contribute to IBS symptoms,which can be treated using a prokinetic regime.
文摘The paper presents a non-probabilistic approach to the time interval associated with the energy emission produced by the electron transition in a quantum system. The calculations were performed for the hydrogen atom and the electron particle in a one-dimensional potential box. In both cases, the rule of conservation of the electron momentum has been applied. The results, limited to the time intervals of transitions between two neighbouring quantum energy levels, occur to be much similar to those obtained earlier with the aid of the Joule-Lenz energy emission theory.
文摘The time of the energy emission between two neighbouring electron levels in the hydrogen atom has been calculated first on the basis of the quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law, next this time is approached with the aid of the electrodynamical parameters characteristic for the electron motion in the atom. Both methods indicate a similar result, namely that the time of emission is close to the time period of the electromagnetic wave produced in course of the emission. As a by-product of calculations, the formula representing the radius of the electron microparticle is obtained from a simple combination of the expressions for the Bohr magnetic moment and a quantum of the magnetic flux.
文摘The energy emitted by an electron in course of its transition between two quantum levels can be considered as a dissipated energy. This energy is obtained within a definite interval of time. The problem of the size of the time interval necessary for transitions is examined both on the ground of the quantum approach as well as classical electrodynamics. It is found that in fact the emission time approaches the time interval connected with acceleration of a classical velocity of the electron particle from one of its quantum levels to a neighbouring one.
基金This work was supported by the Korea Medical Device Development Fund from the Korean government(the Ministry of Science and ICTMinistry of Trade,Indus-try and Energy+2 种基金Ministry of Health and Welfareand Ministry of Food and Drug Safety)(KMDF_PR_20200901_0095)the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
文摘Adequate oxygen in red blood cells carrying through the body to the heart and brain is important to maintain life.For those patients requiring blood,blood transfusion is a common procedure in which donated blood or blood components are given through an intravenous line.However,detecting the need for blood transfusion is time-consuming and sometimes not easily diagnosed,such as internal bleeding.This study considered physiological signals such as electrocardiogram(ECG),photoplethysmogram(PPG),blood pressure,oxygen saturation(SpO2),and respiration,and proposed the machine learning model to detect the need for blood transfusion accurately.For the model,this study extracted 14 features from the physiological signals and used an ensemble approach combining extreme gradient boosting and random forest.The model was evaluated by a stratified five-fold crossvalidation:the detection accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristics were 92.7%and 0.977,respectively.
文摘Some in vitro experiments have shown that erythropoietin(EPO) increases resistance to apoptosis and facilitates neuronal survival following cerebral ischemia.However,results from in vivo studies are rarely reported.Perfusion-weighted imaging(PWI) and diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) have been applied successfully to distinguish acute cerebral ischemic necrosis and penumbra in living animals; therefore,we hypothesized that PWI and DWI could be used to provide imaging evidence in vivo for the conclusion that EPO could reduce apoptosis in brain areas injured by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.To validate this hypothesis,we established a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,and treated with intra-cerebroventricular injection of EPO(5,000 U/kg) 20 minutes before injury.Brain tissue in the ischemic injury zone was sampled using MRI-guided localization.The relative area of abnormal tissue,changes in PWI and DWI in the ischemic injury zone,and the number of apoptotic cells based on Td T-mediated d UTP-biotin nick end-labeling(TUNEL) were assessed.Our findings demonstrate that EPO reduces the relative area of abnormally high signal in PWI and DWI,increases cerebral blood volume,and decreases the number of apoptotic cells positive for TUNEL in the area injured by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.The experiment provides imaging evidence in vivo for EPO treating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
基金This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Taiwan Adventist Hospital(TAHIRB No.:105-E-10).
文摘BACKGROUND Slow transit constipation(STC)has traditionally been considered as a functional disorder.However,evidence is accumulating that suggests that most of the motility alterations in STC might be of a neuropathic etiology.If the patient does not meet the diagnosis of pelvic outlet obstruction and poorly response to conservative treatment,surgical intervention with subtotal colectomy may be effective.The most unwanted complication of the procedure is anastomotic leakage,however,preservation of the superior rectal artery(SRA)may reduce its incidence.AIM To evaluate the preservation of the SRA in laparoscopically assisted subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis in STC patients.METHODS This was a single-center retrospective observational study.STC was diagnosed after a series of examinations which included a colonic transit test,anal manometry,a balloon expulsion test,and a barium enema.Eligible patients underwent laparoscopically assisted total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis and were examined between January 2016 and January 2018.The operation time,blood loss,time to first flatus,length of hospital days,and incidence of minor or major complications were recorded.RESULTS A total of 32 patients(mean age,42.6 years)who had received laparoscopic assisted subtotal colectomy with ileorectal artery anastomosis and preservation of the SRA.All patients were diagnosed with STC after a series of examinations.The mean operative time was 151 min and the mean blood loss was 119 mL.The mean day of first time to flatus was 3.0 d,and the mean hospital stay was 10.6 d.There were no any patients conversions to laparotomy.Post-operative minor complications including 1 wound infection and 1 case of ileus.There was no surgical mortality.No anastomosis leakage was noted in any of the patients.CONCLUSION Laparoscopically assisted subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis and preservation of the SRA can significantly improve bowel function with careful patient selection.Sparing the SRA may protect against anastomosis leakage.
文摘BACKGROUND Constipation is one of the most important nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease(PD)patients,and constipation of different severities is closely related to the pathogenesis of PD.PD with constipation(PDC)is considered a unique type of constipation,but its mechanism of formation and factors affecting its severity have been less reported.Understanding the gastrointestinal motility characteristics and constipation classification of PDC patients is essential to guide the treatment of PDC.In this study,the colonic transit test and high-resolution anorectal manometry were used to identify the intestinal motility of PDC to provide a basis for the treatment of PDC.AIM To investigate the clinical classification of PDC,to clarify its characteristics of colonic motility and rectal anal canal pressure,and to provide a basis for further research on the pathogenesis of PDC.METHODS Twenty PDC patients and 20 patients with functional constipation(FC)who were treated at Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from August 6,2018 to December 2,2019 were included.A colonic transit test and high-resolution anorectal manometry were performed to compare the differences in colonic transit time,rectal anal canal pressure,and constipation classification between the two groups.RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in sex,age,body mass index,or duration of constipation between the two groups.It was found that more patients in the PDC group exhibited difficulty in defecating than in the FC group,and the difference was statistically significant.The rectal resting pressure,anal sphincter resting pressure,intrarectal pressure,and anal relaxation rate in the PDC group were significantly lower than those in the FC group.The proportion of paradoxical contractions in the PDC group was significantly higher than that in the FC group.There was a statistically significant difference in the type composition ratio of defecatory disorders between the two groups(P<0.05).The left colonic transit time,rectosigmoid colonic transit time(RSCTT),and total colonic transit time were prolonged in PDC and FC patients compared to normal values.The patients with FC had a significantly longer right colonic transit time and a significantly shorter RSCTT than patients with PDC(P<0.05).Mixed constipation predominated in PDC patients and FC patients,and no significant difference was observed.CONCLUSION Patients with PDC and FC have severe functional dysmotility of the colon and rectum,but there are certain differences in segmental colonic transit time and rectal anal canal pressure between the two groups.
文摘The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been applied in calculating the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the atom. The formal basis of the approach has been provided by the quantum properties of energy and time deduced from the Joule-Lenz law. The rates of the energy transitions obtained in this way were compared with the quantum-mechanical probabilities of transitions calculated earlier by Bethe and Condon and Shortley for the same pairs of the quantum states.
文摘Continuous non-invasive blood pressure (BP) measurement can be realized by using pulse transit time (PTT) based on electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse wave signal. Modulated magnetic signature of blood (MMSB) is a promising approach to obtain PTT. The origin of MMSB is critical to establish the relationship between MMSB and BP. In this paper, two possible origins of MMSB, blood disturbance mechanism and angular variation mechanism, are analyzed and verified through three control experi-ments under different conditions. The influence of blood velocity alteration and blood volume alteration on magnetic field is investigated though blood flow simulation sys-tem. It is found that MMSB comes mainly from the periodic blood flow while the per-turbation caused by angular variation between sensitive axis of the magnetic sensor and geomagnetic field can be neglected. As to blood disturbance mechanism, the change of blood volume plays a decisive role while the effect of blood velocity altera-tion is negligible.
文摘A new system’s geo-referencing from space is entirely free from any GNSS (GPS or equivalent) systems. The system addresses to various strategic and economic applications such as in remote clock synchronism, aircraft and balloon navigation, missile and smart bombs tracking, satellite orbital determination and remote target geo-positioning. The new geometry concept corresponds to an “inverted GPS” configuration, utilizing four ground-based reference stations, synchronized in time, installed at well known geodesic coordinates and a repeater in space, carried by an aircraft, balloon, satellite, etc. Signal transmitted by one of the reference bases is retransmitted by the transponder, received back by the four bases, producing four ranging measurements which are corrected for the time delays undergone in every retransmission. A minimization function was derived to compare the repeater’s positions referred to at least two groups of three reference bases, to correct for the signal transit time at the repeater and propagation delays, and consequently to provide the accurate repeater position for each time interaction. Once the repeater’s coordinates are known, the other determinations and applications become straightforward. The system solving algorithm and process performance has been demonstrated by simulations adopting a practical example with the transponder carried by an aircraft moving over bases and a target on the ground. Effects produced by reference clock synchronism uncertainties at the four bases on the measurements are reviewed.
文摘It is pointed out that the property of a constant energy characteristic for the circular motions of macroscopic bodies in classical mechanics does not hold when the quantum conditions for the motion are applied. This is so because any macroscopic body—lo-cated in a high-energy quantum state—is in practice forced to change this state to a state having a lower energy. The rate of the energy decrease is usually extremely small which makes its effect uneasy to detect in course of the observations, or experiments. The energy of the harmonic oscillator is thoroughly examined as an example. Here our point is that not only the energy, but also the oscillator amplitude which depends on energy, are changing with time. In result, no constant positions of the turning points of the oscillator can be specified;consequently the well-known variational procedure concerning the calculation of the action function and its properties cannot be applied.
