The Buyeo Royal Tomb No. 1 is an ancient tomb built in the late 6<sup>th</sup> and early 7<sup>th</sup> century. The four walls of the main room have murals of four guardian deities, and the ce...The Buyeo Royal Tomb No. 1 is an ancient tomb built in the late 6<sup>th</sup> and early 7<sup>th</sup> century. The four walls of the main room have murals of four guardian deities, and the ceiling has murals of lotus and cloud patterns. This study assessed the optimal growth conditions of two fungal (Fusarium oxysporum, Mortierella sp.) and four bacterial (Bacillus cereus, Cupriavidus campinensis, Streptomyces avidinii, Streptomyces cirratus) strains isolated from the Tomb No. 1, along with their effects on the painting layer. The two fungi showed optimal growth at 20°C - 30°C under both nutrient and non-nutrient conditions. These strains did not decompose or discolor the three pigments (cinnabar, hematite, oyster shell white);however, M. sp. showed slight decomposition of the media (starch paste, sea weed). The four bacterial strains showed the most active growth at 20°C - 25°C under nutrient conditions and did not grow under non-nutrient conditions. These bacteria commonly degraded animal glue and sea weed components. In addition, S. cirratus degraded starch. The genus Streptomyces discolored the pigment medium to brown and black, suggesting a possible risk of discoloration of the murals. The current environment in Tomb No. 1 was sufficient for microorganism growth, and the presence of strains such as soil bacteria and actinomycetes on the mural surface may damage the murals. The findings of this study could be helpful for preserving mural tombs against biological damage caused by microorganisms that are already present or may be present in the tombs in the future. These findings also provide guidelines for comprehensive conservation management.展开更多
A song tomb was discovered in Panle village(盘乐村)of Hancheng city(韩城),Shaanxi Province(陕西省)in 2009.Although it was not of high standard,the tomb contained extremely exquisite frescoes with striking contents.The...A song tomb was discovered in Panle village(盘乐村)of Hancheng city(韩城),Shaanxi Province(陕西省)in 2009.Although it was not of high standard,the tomb contained extremely exquisite frescoes with striking contents.The relation between the identity of the tomb owner and the frescoes had been discussed by scholars,while this paper focused on the social status of doctors in the Song dynasty(宋朝)and the medical scenes reflected in the frescoes,to form different perspectives toward the profession of the tomb owner and the properties of the frescoes.展开更多
Geotechnical research on historical remains can provide new data and distinctive viewpoint for research on soil mechanics. Two Jiangnan Tu-Dun tombs historical remains were investigated by means of in situ and laborat...Geotechnical research on historical remains can provide new data and distinctive viewpoint for research on soil mechanics. Two Jiangnan Tu-Dun tombs historical remains were investigated by means of in situ and laboratory geotech-nical tests. In the present paper the geotechnical properties of these man-made earthworks, especially ageing effect on consolidation and direct shear, and compaction properties of earth fill are discussed.展开更多
This paper discusses the distribution pattern and geological significance of the carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) in the depositional sequences of Gaoyuzhuangian, Yangzhuangian and Wumishanian ages of the ...This paper discusses the distribution pattern and geological significance of the carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) in the depositional sequences of Gaoyuzhuangian, Yangzhuangian and Wumishanian ages of the established Middle and Upper Proterozoic sequence stratigraphic framework in the Ming Tombs area lying in western Yanshan Mountain of Beijing. Besides, sketchy determination of δ13C and δ18O was also performed for other formations and members. The analytical results show the following: under the condition of clear-water carbonate sediments, δ13C and δ18O, featuring smaller variation of δ13C but larger variation of δ18O, can well delineate the relative change of sea level, which reflects the difference of primary sedimentary settings; in the presence of terrigenous substances, δ13C values vary greatly while δ18O slightly; the carbon and oxygen isotopes show marked changes at sequence boundaries. Besides, particular patterns can be found in regard to the distribution of carbon and展开更多
This paper discusses the most recent case of the lost-wax process,namely,a bronze appendage with hollow snake patterns excavated in 2002 at the tomb of Duke Ning of Xu(許公寧)(a state in the Spring and Autumn period)i...This paper discusses the most recent case of the lost-wax process,namely,a bronze appendage with hollow snake patterns excavated in 2002 at the tomb of Duke Ning of Xu(許公寧)(a state in the Spring and Autumn period)in Ye County,Henan Province.Various physical and chemical analyses indicate that this artifact was cast as a whole in 547 BCE or slightly later in a high tin bronze alloy using the lost-wax process.No traces of cast joints or soldering were found.This research provides further proof that the lost-wax process was a significant technical development achieved by casters in the Pre-Qin period.展开更多
Zhu Yuelian’s tomb has been exposed to groundwater for many years,and this exposure has caused many defects,including erosion,encrustation,patina,and spot marks related to groundwater,seriously affecting the artistic...Zhu Yuelian’s tomb has been exposed to groundwater for many years,and this exposure has caused many defects,including erosion,encrustation,patina,and spot marks related to groundwater,seriously affecting the artistic and ornamental value of cultural relics.In this study,high-density microelectrode spacing resistivity and ultrasonic transverse wave reflection were used to detect hidden damage in the burial chamber,and the results revealed hidden damage,corrosion,cracks,and pores in the surrounding geological body,concealed cracks in the sidewalls,and internal defects in the columns.An outdoor high-density resistivity test and hydrological observation experiment indicated that the tomb is located in a weakly permeable aquifer,and the groundwater head has been higher than the bottom of the tomb for many years.Natural groundwater flows from northeast to southwest in the aquifer,and the tomb forms an artificial concave cone,causing groundwater around the area to continually flow into the tomb.A chemical composition analysis of the groundwater and scale revealed that the groundwater within the tomb area is slightly corrosive,and the groundwater seepage along the fissures of the compacted layer induces damage.The threedimensional(3D)seepage numerical simulation results indicated that the combined use of drainage and impervious curtains can cause the water head in the curtain to drop significantly and control the water head to be lower than 8 m from the bottom floor of the tomb,meeting the requirements for seepage prevention and protection of the tomb without long-term maintenance.展开更多
Many abnormal sedimentary structures in the Precambrian carbonate strata of the Ming Tombs District,Beijing, are recognized by the author as a probable earth- quake-tsunami sequence. These structures include a series ...Many abnormal sedimentary structures in the Precambrian carbonate strata of the Ming Tombs District,Beijing, are recognized by the author as a probable earth- quake-tsunami sequence. These structures include a series of soft sedimentary de- formation and elasticoplastic folding and are implicated not only in geological cat- astrophic events but also more or less in the prediction of recent earthquakes.展开更多
文摘The Buyeo Royal Tomb No. 1 is an ancient tomb built in the late 6<sup>th</sup> and early 7<sup>th</sup> century. The four walls of the main room have murals of four guardian deities, and the ceiling has murals of lotus and cloud patterns. This study assessed the optimal growth conditions of two fungal (Fusarium oxysporum, Mortierella sp.) and four bacterial (Bacillus cereus, Cupriavidus campinensis, Streptomyces avidinii, Streptomyces cirratus) strains isolated from the Tomb No. 1, along with their effects on the painting layer. The two fungi showed optimal growth at 20°C - 30°C under both nutrient and non-nutrient conditions. These strains did not decompose or discolor the three pigments (cinnabar, hematite, oyster shell white);however, M. sp. showed slight decomposition of the media (starch paste, sea weed). The four bacterial strains showed the most active growth at 20°C - 25°C under nutrient conditions and did not grow under non-nutrient conditions. These bacteria commonly degraded animal glue and sea weed components. In addition, S. cirratus degraded starch. The genus Streptomyces discolored the pigment medium to brown and black, suggesting a possible risk of discoloration of the murals. The current environment in Tomb No. 1 was sufficient for microorganism growth, and the presence of strains such as soil bacteria and actinomycetes on the mural surface may damage the murals. The findings of this study could be helpful for preserving mural tombs against biological damage caused by microorganisms that are already present or may be present in the tombs in the future. These findings also provide guidelines for comprehensive conservation management.
文摘A song tomb was discovered in Panle village(盘乐村)of Hancheng city(韩城),Shaanxi Province(陕西省)in 2009.Although it was not of high standard,the tomb contained extremely exquisite frescoes with striking contents.The relation between the identity of the tomb owner and the frescoes had been discussed by scholars,while this paper focused on the social status of doctors in the Song dynasty(宋朝)and the medical scenes reflected in the frescoes,to form different perspectives toward the profession of the tomb owner and the properties of the frescoes.
文摘Geotechnical research on historical remains can provide new data and distinctive viewpoint for research on soil mechanics. Two Jiangnan Tu-Dun tombs historical remains were investigated by means of in situ and laboratory geotech-nical tests. In the present paper the geotechnical properties of these man-made earthworks, especially ageing effect on consolidation and direct shear, and compaction properties of earth fill are discussed.
文摘This paper discusses the distribution pattern and geological significance of the carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) in the depositional sequences of Gaoyuzhuangian, Yangzhuangian and Wumishanian ages of the established Middle and Upper Proterozoic sequence stratigraphic framework in the Ming Tombs area lying in western Yanshan Mountain of Beijing. Besides, sketchy determination of δ13C and δ18O was also performed for other formations and members. The analytical results show the following: under the condition of clear-water carbonate sediments, δ13C and δ18O, featuring smaller variation of δ13C but larger variation of δ18O, can well delineate the relative change of sea level, which reflects the difference of primary sedimentary settings; in the presence of terrigenous substances, δ13C values vary greatly while δ18O slightly; the carbon and oxygen isotopes show marked changes at sequence boundaries. Besides, particular patterns can be found in regard to the distribution of carbon and
文摘This paper discusses the most recent case of the lost-wax process,namely,a bronze appendage with hollow snake patterns excavated in 2002 at the tomb of Duke Ning of Xu(許公寧)(a state in the Spring and Autumn period)in Ye County,Henan Province.Various physical and chemical analyses indicate that this artifact was cast as a whole in 547 BCE or slightly later in a high tin bronze alloy using the lost-wax process.No traces of cast joints or soldering were found.This research provides further proof that the lost-wax process was a significant technical development achieved by casters in the Pre-Qin period.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant Nos.2016YFC0801603 and 2017YFC1503105)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.N2123030)the Key Projects for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing(Grand No.CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0095)。
文摘Zhu Yuelian’s tomb has been exposed to groundwater for many years,and this exposure has caused many defects,including erosion,encrustation,patina,and spot marks related to groundwater,seriously affecting the artistic and ornamental value of cultural relics.In this study,high-density microelectrode spacing resistivity and ultrasonic transverse wave reflection were used to detect hidden damage in the burial chamber,and the results revealed hidden damage,corrosion,cracks,and pores in the surrounding geological body,concealed cracks in the sidewalls,and internal defects in the columns.An outdoor high-density resistivity test and hydrological observation experiment indicated that the tomb is located in a weakly permeable aquifer,and the groundwater head has been higher than the bottom of the tomb for many years.Natural groundwater flows from northeast to southwest in the aquifer,and the tomb forms an artificial concave cone,causing groundwater around the area to continually flow into the tomb.A chemical composition analysis of the groundwater and scale revealed that the groundwater within the tomb area is slightly corrosive,and the groundwater seepage along the fissures of the compacted layer induces damage.The threedimensional(3D)seepage numerical simulation results indicated that the combined use of drainage and impervious curtains can cause the water head in the curtain to drop significantly and control the water head to be lower than 8 m from the bottom floor of the tomb,meeting the requirements for seepage prevention and protection of the tomb without long-term maintenance.
文摘Many abnormal sedimentary structures in the Precambrian carbonate strata of the Ming Tombs District,Beijing, are recognized by the author as a probable earth- quake-tsunami sequence. These structures include a series of soft sedimentary de- formation and elasticoplastic folding and are implicated not only in geological cat- astrophic events but also more or less in the prediction of recent earthquakes.
