Purpose: To optimize the extraction process of vitamin C from durian endocarp, and to determine the content of vitamin C in durian endocarp with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Method: Optimize ultrason...Purpose: To optimize the extraction process of vitamin C from durian endocarp, and to determine the content of vitamin C in durian endocarp with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Method: Optimize ultrasonic extraction conditions by L9 (4<sup>3</sup>) orthogonal experiment by using octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica as the stationary phase, using methanol (A): 0.1% oxalic acid (B) = 5:95 (V/V) as the mobile phase, setting the flow rate as 1.0 mL/min, and setting the wavelength as 254 nm for assay. Result: The optimal extraction process is as follows: the material-liquid ratio is 1:12, the extraction solvent is 2% oxalic acid aqueous solution, and the extraction time is 30 min;Vitamin C has a good linearity within the concentration range of 5.4 - 108.0 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup>, and the regression equation is y = 37698x - 61035 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9996);the average recovery rate is 99.03%, the instruments are of high precision with good stability. Conclusion: This extraction process performs well in simplicity, costs and extraction efficiency, which may accelerate the development and utilization of vitamin C extraction from durian endocarp, and provide references to relevant studies and practices.展开更多
China,recognized as the world’s largest developing nation,displays considerably lower per capita consumption of dietary supplements in comparison to Asian nations such as Japan and South Korea.However,in recent years...China,recognized as the world’s largest developing nation,displays considerably lower per capita consumption of dietary supplements in comparison to Asian nations such as Japan and South Korea.However,in recent years,there has been a substantial surge in health consciousness among the Chinese populace.This trend is not confined to the middle-aged and elderly;even younger consumer demographics are exhibiting increased health awareness.Consequently,the target demographic for dietary supplements is transitioning towards a younger demographic.Within the Chinese dietary supplement industry,vitamin C has consistently held the largest market share,commanding a broad consumer base.This underscores the substantial role of vitamin C in the dietary supplement sector.In response to the trend towards a younger target demographic in the dietary supplement industry,adjustments are required to accommodate the preferences of this younger consumer group.This research,guided by Norman’s emotional design framework,executed a survey of over 200 respondents to investigate the preferences of Generation Z consumers in China.The research encompassed packaging,product forms,and brand imagery,corresponding to the emotional design’s visceral,behavioral,and reflective layers,with a primary focus on optimally meeting the emotional needs of Generation Z.The findings indicated that consumers favor products in capsule form,packaged in zip-lock.The predominant color scheme is clean white,accented by vibrant orange elements,while emphasizing the product’s health and scientific attributes.This study offers valuable insights for the continued evolution of the vitamin C dietary supplement market in China.展开更多
Objective:The frequent consumption of deep-fried foods has been linked to high risk of certain non-communicable diseases.As a consequence,the safety of deep-fried oil(DFO)ingested with fried foods has been called into...Objective:The frequent consumption of deep-fried foods has been linked to high risk of certain non-communicable diseases.As a consequence,the safety of deep-fried oil(DFO)ingested with fried foods has been called into question.This study therefore evaluated the effects of DFO from palm kernel on serum 4-hydroxynonenal protein adduct formation,De Ritis ratio(DRR),liver histology and atherogenicity in Wistar rats and the role of vitamin C intervention.Methods:Deep-fried oil samples were characterized for total antioxidant capacity(TAC),degradation and metal contamination levels and compared against counterpart unused frying oil(UFO).In the animal experiment,both oil samples,sourced from commercial cooks,were orally administered,for 13 weeks,to sixty-two rats randomly divided into six test groups of two exposure levels alongside vitamin C control.After exposure,serum liver enzyme activities and lipoproteins levels were determined using colorimetric methods,while protein adducts levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Histopathological examinations of liver tissues were also performed.Results:DFO had significantly lower(P=0.021)TAC,significantly higher(P=0.024)volatile acid and Pb concentrations compared to UFO.Exposure to DFO significantly increased(P<0.01)serum protein adduct formation,the De Ritis ratio and caused cytoplasmic vacuolation and pigment deposit on liver tissues compared to the control.Additionally,DFO exposures had an initial negative body weight gain rate that increased at the end of the study.Conclusion:However,co-administration of vitamin C significantly reduced(P<0.05)the De Ritis ratio and reduced the serum protein adducts levels by at least 15%.Concomitant intake of vitamin C and DFO can mitigate probable adverse effects.展开更多
Background:The effectiveness of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of pediatric upper respiratory tract infections was evaluated in a meta-analysis.Methods:A total 2,573 children with upper respiratory tract in...Background:The effectiveness of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of pediatric upper respiratory tract infections was evaluated in a meta-analysis.Methods:A total 2,573 children with upper respiratory tract infections were included in the meta-analysis,1,280 of whom received vitamin C and 1,293 who received control medication.The analysis of findings related to the studies included was done through random or fixed effects model to determine whether vitamin C supplementation could stop and control upper respiratory tract infections in children using mean difference(MD)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs).Results:On average,vitamin C-treated children had fewer upper respiratory tract infection bouts,their illness lasted shorter(MD-0.84;95%CI-1.47 to-0.20,P=0.009),and they were less contagious than the control.Conclusions:The number of episodes and illness duration of upper respiratory tract-infected pediatric subjects were considerably reduced in the intervention group(vitamin C)compared to the control.Due to the small sample size in four of 11 studies and the limited number of studies included for comparison,the outcomes should be carefully examined.展开更多
Background:Many researches about in ovo feeding(IOF)of vitamin C(VC)are gradually carried out to explore physiological development in chicken,but little studies focus on VC synthesis capacity of the embryo itself,the ...Background:Many researches about in ovo feeding(IOF)of vitamin C(VC)are gradually carried out to explore physiological development in chicken,but little studies focus on VC synthesis capacity of the embryo itself,the selection of injection site and the effectiveness of IOF of VC.This study aims to explore the above problems.Results:Kidney and yolk sac were the main organs for VC synthesis and L-gulonolactone oxidase(GLO)expression was lower during pre-hatch development than that during post-hatch development.Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1(SVCT1)expression was increased continuously in yolk sac from embryonic age 19(E19)to post-hatch day 1(D1)and in intestine(duodenum,jejunum and ileum)from E17 to D1.Plasma VC content was higher at D1 than that at D21 and D42.IOF of VC significantly reduced GLO expression in liver,kidney and yolk sac as well as SVCT1 expression in duodenum,jejunum and ileum,but increased the VC content in plasma,brain,kidney and liver.In addition,IOF of VC obviously reduced the embryonic morality and increased the hatchability under heat stress.Conclusions:This study suggested that IOF of VC at E11 in yolk was effective for embryonic VC supplementation.These findings provide a theoretical reference about the method of embryonic VC supplementation and effective methodology on embryonic VC nutrition in broiler chickens.展开更多
Methylprednisolone(MP) is currently the only drug confirmed to exhibit a neuroprotective effect on acute spinal cord injury(SCI). Vitamin C(VC) is a natural water-soluble antioxidant that exerts neuroprotective effect...Methylprednisolone(MP) is currently the only drug confirmed to exhibit a neuroprotective effect on acute spinal cord injury(SCI). Vitamin C(VC) is a natural water-soluble antioxidant that exerts neuroprotective effects through eliminating free radical damage to nerve cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMMSCs), as multipotent stem cells, are promising candidates in SCI repair. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of MP, VC and BMMSCs on traumatic SCI, 80 adult male rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control, SCI(SCI induction by weight-drop method), MP(SCI induction, followed by administration of 30 mg/kg MP via the tail vein, once every other 6 hours, for five times), VC(SCI induction, followed by intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg/kg VC once a day, for 28 days), MP + VC(SCI induction, followed by administration of MP and VC as the former), BMMSCs(SCI induction, followed by injection of 3 × 10~6 BMMSCs at the injury site), and BMMSCs + VC(SCI induction, followed by BMMSCs injection and VC administration as the former). Locomotor recovery was assessed using the Basso Mouse Scale. Injured spinal cord tissue was evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 genes was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. BMMSCs intervention better promoted recovery of nerve function of rats with SCI, mitigated nerve cell damage, and decreased expression of transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 genes than MP and/or VC. More importantly, BMMSCs in combination with VC induced more obvious improvements. These results suggest that VC can enhance the neuroprotective effects of BMMSCs against SCI.展开更多
BACKGROUND Vitamin C(VC)is a common antioxidant with cell protection potentials.However,its possible protective effect on cardiac autonomic nerves from diabetic induced insults is yet to be explored.AIM To investigate...BACKGROUND Vitamin C(VC)is a common antioxidant with cell protection potentials.However,its possible protective effect on cardiac autonomic nerves from diabetic induced insults is yet to be explored.AIM To investigate the effects of VC on diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy.METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were equally grouped into control,diabetic and diabetic+VC.Type 2 diabetes was induced with fructose diet and alloxan.VC(1 g/kg)was administered for 4 wk via oral canula.Blood pressure and heart rate were measured non-invasively using tail flick blood pressure monitor.Spectral analysis of heart rate variability(HRV)was used to assess cardiac autonomic neuropathy.Blood was collected from the ocular sinus for biochemical analysis.Urethane(1 g/kg-ip)was used for anaesthesia prior to HRV and cervical dislocation to harvest hearts.Intracardiac autonomic nerve was assessed using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry on fixed heart sections.RESULTS Results were analysed using ANOVA atα0.05.Unlike VC and control groups,diabetic rats showed significantly(P<0.0001)reduced HRV,increased heart-rate and blood pressure,initial increase in cardiac tyrosine hydroxylase activities at week-2 and sparse activity at week-4 of diabetes.Furthermore,apolipoprotein B,Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were significantly(P<0.01)reduced in VC treated rats.CONCLUSION VC possesses cardio-autonomic nerve protective potential and ameliorates the symptoms of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.The possible mechanisms via which VC exert these effects may be via downregulation of oxidative stress,inflammation and apolipoprotein B.展开更多
Sepsis and septic shock are common diagnoses for patients requiring intensive care unit admission and associated with high morbidity and mortality.In addition to aggressive fluid resuscitation and antibiotic therapy,s...Sepsis and septic shock are common diagnoses for patients requiring intensive care unit admission and associated with high morbidity and mortality.In addition to aggressive fluid resuscitation and antibiotic therapy,several other drugs have been tried as adjuvant therapies to reduce the inflammatory response and improve outcomes.Vitamin C has been shown to have several biological actions,including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects,which may prove beneficial in sepsis management.Initial trials showed improved patient outcomes when high dose vitamin C was used in combination with thiamine and hydrocortisone.These results,along with relative safety of high-dose(supra-physiological)vitamin C,encouraged physicians across the globe to add vitamin C as an adjuvant therapy in the management of sepsis.However,subsequent largescale randomised control trials could not replicate these results,leaving the world divided regarding the role of vitamin C in sepsis management.Here,we discuss the rationale,safety profile,and the current clinical evidence for the use of highdose vitamin C in the management of sepsis and septic shock.展开更多
An extended-gate field effect transistor (EGFET)of SnO_2/ITO glass was applied to manufacture the vitamin C sensor.Therefore,we immobilized the ascorbate oxidase with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS)method to ...An extended-gate field effect transistor (EGFET)of SnO_2/ITO glass was applied to manufacture the vitamin C sensor.Therefore,we immobilized the ascorbate oxidase with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS)method to measure the different concentrations of the vitamin C solution in an optimum measurement environment.In order to find the best measurement conditions of the biosensor,we studied the vitamin C sensor in different pH values of the phosphate buffer solution (PBS).Additionally,we used experimental results to discuss the response time and response voltage to compare vitamin C with orange juice for the vitamin C sensor.展开更多
Juvenile three-keeled pond turtles(Chinemys reevesii) were fed diets supplemented with vitamin C(Vc) at doses of 0(basal diet, Vc0), 100(Vc100), 200(Vc200), 500(Vc500) and 2500(Vc2500) mg/kg diets at 28°C for 4 w...Juvenile three-keeled pond turtles(Chinemys reevesii) were fed diets supplemented with vitamin C(Vc) at doses of 0(basal diet, Vc0), 100(Vc100), 200(Vc200), 500(Vc500) and 2500(Vc2500) mg/kg diets at 28°C for 4 weeks, respectively. Then, the water temperature was gradually reduced to 10°C, and the turtles were induced into hibernation. Liver tissue samples were collected at three time points: start of hibernation(T1), 4 and 6 weeks' hibernation(T2 and T3). A control group fed with the basal diet was set to parallel the whole treatment process, but reared at 28°C constantly. The results showed that hibernation mildly affected the antioxidant system and the influence varied with hibernating time. Hepatic malondialdehyde content of the Vc100 group was significantly lower than that of the other groups at T1. At T2, hepatic MDA in the groups of Vc500 and Vc2500 decreased significantly, while no clear differences were found among all groups at T3. The activities of antioxidant enzymes showed a positive correlation with dietary Vc dose before hibernation. After hibernation, total antioxidant capability was not affected by Vc. Superoxide dismutase activity became similar in different groups at T2, but decreased in higher Vc groups(≥ 200 mg/kg) at T3. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities decreased significantly with dietary Vc supplementation(≥ 100 mg/kg) at T2, but recovered at T3. The result indicates that under normal rearing condition, low dietary Vc supplementation(< 100 mg/kg) might be beneficial to the antioxidant defense system. The effect of dietary Vc on the antioxidant defense system differed during hibernation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) are prone to several nutritional deficiencies. However, data are lacking on vitamin C deficiency in Crohn’s disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC) patients, as...BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) are prone to several nutritional deficiencies. However, data are lacking on vitamin C deficiency in Crohn’s disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC) patients, as well as the impact of clinical, biomarker and endoscopic disease severity on the development of vitamin C deficiency.AIM To determine proportions and factors associated with vitamin C deficiency in CD and UC patients.METHODS In this retrospective study, we obtained clinical, laboratory and endoscopic data from CD and UC patients presenting to the IBD clinic at a single tertiary care center from 2014 to 2019. All patients had an available plasma vitamin C level. Of 353 subjects who met initial search criteria using a cohort discovery tool, 301ultimately met criteria for inclusion in the study. The primary aim described vitamin C deficiency(≤ 11.4 μmol/L) rates in IBD. Secondary analyses compared proportions with deficiency between active and inactive IBD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis evaluated factors associated with deficiency.RESULTS Of 301 IBD patients, 21.6% had deficiency, including 24.4% of CD patients and 16.0% of UC patients. Patients with elevated C-reactive protein(CRP)(39.1% vs 16.9%, P < 0.001) and fecal calprotectin(50.0% vs 20.0%, P = 0.009) had significantly higher proportions of deficiency compared to those without. Penetrating disease(P = 0.03),obesity(P = 0.02) and current biologic use(P = 0.006) were also associated with deficiency on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, the objective inflammatory marker utilized for analysis(elevated CRP) was the only factor associated with deficiency(odds ratio = 3.1, 95%confidence interval: 1.5-6.6, P = 0.003). There was no difference in the presence of clinical symptoms of scurvy in those with vitamin C deficiency and those without.CONCLUSION Vitamin C deficiency was common in IBD. Patients with elevated inflammatory markers and penetrating disease had higher rates of vitamin C deficiency.展开更多
Background:Epidemiological data indicate an association between cadmium exposure and risk of bone fracture;however,clinical treatment of cadmium-induced fracture is limited.Although vitamin C(VC)reportedly reduces cad...Background:Epidemiological data indicate an association between cadmium exposure and risk of bone fracture;however,clinical treatment of cadmium-induced fracture is limited.Although vitamin C(VC)reportedly reduces cadmium-induced fracture,its pharmacological mechanism remains unexplored.Methods:Thus,we used a network pharmacology approach and molecular docking analysis to identify core targets,functional processes,and biological pathways involved in the anti-fracture action of VC.Results:Bioinformatics identified 17 intersection targets of VC and cadmium-induced fracture,Nine core targets were characterized,including tumor protein p53,epidermal growth factor receptor,proto-oncogene c,mitogen-activated protein kinase-1(MAPK1),MAPK3,signal transducer and activator of transcription-3,MAPK14,prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2,and estrogen receptor alpha.Interestingly,findings of molecular docking analysis indicated that VC exerted effective binding capacity in cadmium-induced fracture.Furthermore,biological processes,cell components,molecular functions,and pharmacological pathways involved in the action of VC against cadmium-induced fracture were identified and visualized.Conclusions:Based on these findings,we conclude that VC exhibits its anti-cadmium-induced fracture effects by promoting osteoblastic regeneration and proliferation,and inhibiting inflammatory stress.The core targets may serve as biomarkers for diagnosing cadmium-induced fractures.展开更多
The skin is a major protective organ of the body. It is constantly exposed to the environment and is very resilient. But exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun results in the production of reactive oxygen spec...The skin is a major protective organ of the body. It is constantly exposed to the environment and is very resilient. But exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent inflammatory responses that can overwhelm the innate protective mechanisms of the skin. This results in damage and premature aging. Strategies to mitigate this premature photoaging might include avoidance of sunlight. However, some sunlight exposure is beneficial to health. One notable example of this is the production of vitamin D. A more practical approach to preventing adverse effects of UV light in the skin is antioxidant supplementation. Dietary antioxidants may help control ROS propagation following UV light exposure. To further evaluate the utility of antioxidants in protecting the skin, in vitro, in vivo and human studies of three well known dietary antioxidants are reviewed and discussed. The data clearly demonstrate that vitamin C, grape seed extract and citrus bioflavonoids have the potential to reduce the damaging effects of excess sun exposure via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating mechanisms. As such, regular ingestion of dietary antioxidants appears to be a useful strategy for protecting the skin against photoaging.展开更多
Iron and zinc deficiencies is common in malaria endemic areas and contributes to morbidity.Vitamin C and zinc combined supplements have been hypothesized as a remedy.This study evaluated the effect of different combin...Iron and zinc deficiencies is common in malaria endemic areas and contributes to morbidity.Vitamin C and zinc combined supplements have been hypothesized as a remedy.This study evaluated the effect of different combinations of vitamin C and zinc on haematological parameters and mortality of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice(Mus musculus).A three-week trial was carried out to assess haematological changes and mortality of mice after 3-day artemether treatment co-administered with vitamin C-zinc supplements.Grouping was based on combinations of vitamin C and zinc.Weight,packed cell volume(PCV),white blood cell count(WBC),red blood cell count(RBC),haemoglobin concentration(HB),and mortality were assayed weekly.The supplement improved PCV,HB,mean cell volume(MCV)and mean cell haemoglobin(MCH).Mice mortality was higher in the absence of the supplement,though the difference was not significant(x^2=5.214,P=0.5167).Parasitaemia was not reduced by the supplement.A 30:70 vitamin C-zinc supplement performed better than other combinations used.Therefore,vitamin C-zinc supplement play roles in the management of malaria,since they improved PCV and HB,and lowered mortality rate,complementing the therapeutic effect of artemether.展开更多
Vitamin C(VC)can greatly enhance the quality properties of dough and steamed bread in the food field.However,there are few studies on the interaction between VC and gluten,and the mechanism of VC influencing the foami...Vitamin C(VC)can greatly enhance the quality properties of dough and steamed bread in the food field.However,there are few studies on the interaction between VC and gluten,and the mechanism of VC influencing the foaming capacity,emulsifiablity,and dynamic viscosity of gluten is not clear.In this study,different content of VC(0,1%,2%,3%,4%and 5%)was added to gluten to obtain VC-gluten dough samples(CK,GV1,GV2,GV3,GV4 and GV5),and the properties of the VC-gluten dough were determined.Results showed that the increasing VC content lead to increase in the content of high-,medium-and low-molecular weight gluten,suggesting that VC improved the protein solubility of gluten.The G'and G"values of dough containing VC were higher than those of the control with the increase of scanning frequency.The foaming ability of gluten increased with the increase of VC content.Emulsibility of the dough of GV1 to GV 5 were significantly lower than that of the CK.Furthermore,VC could reduce the number of bubbles in gluten protein,when the VC content was less than 3%.In conclusion,VC might reduce the emulsifying characteristic and emulsifying stability of gluten,increase the solubility of gluten,and improve the dynamic viscosity of gluten dough by changing the content of disulfide bond in gluten.This study hopes to not only improve the functional characteristics of gluten protein,but also provide the basis for future development and improvement of VC-enriched health foods.展开更多
Herein, the iodometric titration and HPLC-RP methods were compared for the determination of vitamin C in vitamin and mineral supplements. The methods were validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection (LOD), li...Herein, the iodometric titration and HPLC-RP methods were compared for the determination of vitamin C in vitamin and mineral supplements. The methods were validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), precision, and recovery by using vitamin standards and a reference material SRM 3280 (multivitamin/multimineral tablets) obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). A total of 22 samples of vitamin supplements, randomly acquired in local markets of Sao Paulo (Brazil) were evaluated for content of vitamin C by these two methodologies. The precision expressed as RSD was lower than 5% for both methods. LOD was 3.6 μg/mL for HPLC and 1.0 mg for titration, while LOQ were 12.0 μg/mL and 3.0 mg for HPLC and titration, respectively. Percent recoveries (%) of spiked samples ranged from 98.7 to 100.5 for HPLC and from 98 to 104 for titration. The contents of vitamin C in SRM 3280 (Certified value = 42.2 ± 3.7 mg/g) were 40.2 and 42.1 mg/g when determined by HPLC and titration respectively. Statistically, there was no difference in the analysed vitamin C content for half of the samples, irrespective of the method applied. HPLC was more sensitive, but the titrimetric method was faster and consumed less reagent. Although both methods were accurate in determining the vitamin C content in SRM 3280, the matrix constituents of some vitamin supplements may have interfered with the analysis.展开更多
To determine the amount of Vitamin C in the lenses of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients with Operable Cataract and ascertain association between Vitamin C levels and Blood Glucose, Glycated Haemoglobin and Intraocula...To determine the amount of Vitamin C in the lenses of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients with Operable Cataract and ascertain association between Vitamin C levels and Blood Glucose, Glycated Haemoglobin and Intraocular pressure. Thirty Diabetic and Thirty Non-Diabetic Patients cataract surgical patients were matched for age and sex and selected for the study. Plasma fasting blood glucose and whole blood glycated Haemoglobin levels were determined by glucose oxidase enzymatic assay and immunodetection methods respectively. Cataractous lens samples obtained during surgery were weighed and homogenized in 10 volumes of phosphate buffer pH 7 and the resulting homogenate centrifuged at 18,000 g for 5 minutes at 4<span style="color:#000000;font-family:Roboto, " white-space:normal;background-color:#d46399;"=""><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Roboto, "white-space:normal;background-color:#D46399;">˚</span></span>C, separated and supernatant stored at -80<span style="font-family:Roboto, " white-space:normal;background-color:#d46399;"=""><span style="font-family:Roboto, "white-space:normal;background-color:#D46399;">˚</span></span>C. Vitamin C assay was carried out using commercial assay kits. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Age range of participants was 55 - 83 years, with a mean of 66.7 ± 1.8 years. Mean Vitamin C levels in the Diabetic and Non-Diabetic groups were 49.5 μg/g ± 6.47 and 57.02 μg/g ± 8.0 respectively. Although the Non-diabetic group had higher levels of Vitamin C, the difference was not significant. Levels of Vitamin C found in both groups are much lower than what has previously been reported in Literature for clear lenses. There was negative association between Vitamin C and Glucose, Glycated Haemoglobin and Intraocular Pressure. Vitamin C supplementation may be useful in prolonging incidence of cataract in both aging and diabetic Nigerian populations. Larger study involving estimation of Vitamin C in both lens and Plasma samples is desirable.展开更多
Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti...Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti-fatigue activities of vitamin C and TR in an animal test for fatigue and to compare the activities between vitamin C and TR. Materials and Methods: Vitamin C, TR or their combination were orally administrated to mice once daily for 15 days, and then metabolic activities such as blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as antioxidant activities such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined (evaluated) after forced swimming test (FST). Results: Compared with the control group, C100, C200, and T50 showed a tendency to decrease mobility in FST. Moreover, TG (C100, C200, T200), LDH (C200), lactic acid (C100) and MDA (C50, C100, C200) levels were inhibited by vitamin C and TR. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin C and TR have anti-fatigue activities in mice, with vitamin C providing a stronger effect.展开更多
文摘Purpose: To optimize the extraction process of vitamin C from durian endocarp, and to determine the content of vitamin C in durian endocarp with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Method: Optimize ultrasonic extraction conditions by L9 (4<sup>3</sup>) orthogonal experiment by using octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica as the stationary phase, using methanol (A): 0.1% oxalic acid (B) = 5:95 (V/V) as the mobile phase, setting the flow rate as 1.0 mL/min, and setting the wavelength as 254 nm for assay. Result: The optimal extraction process is as follows: the material-liquid ratio is 1:12, the extraction solvent is 2% oxalic acid aqueous solution, and the extraction time is 30 min;Vitamin C has a good linearity within the concentration range of 5.4 - 108.0 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup>, and the regression equation is y = 37698x - 61035 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9996);the average recovery rate is 99.03%, the instruments are of high precision with good stability. Conclusion: This extraction process performs well in simplicity, costs and extraction efficiency, which may accelerate the development and utilization of vitamin C extraction from durian endocarp, and provide references to relevant studies and practices.
文摘China,recognized as the world’s largest developing nation,displays considerably lower per capita consumption of dietary supplements in comparison to Asian nations such as Japan and South Korea.However,in recent years,there has been a substantial surge in health consciousness among the Chinese populace.This trend is not confined to the middle-aged and elderly;even younger consumer demographics are exhibiting increased health awareness.Consequently,the target demographic for dietary supplements is transitioning towards a younger demographic.Within the Chinese dietary supplement industry,vitamin C has consistently held the largest market share,commanding a broad consumer base.This underscores the substantial role of vitamin C in the dietary supplement sector.In response to the trend towards a younger target demographic in the dietary supplement industry,adjustments are required to accommodate the preferences of this younger consumer group.This research,guided by Norman’s emotional design framework,executed a survey of over 200 respondents to investigate the preferences of Generation Z consumers in China.The research encompassed packaging,product forms,and brand imagery,corresponding to the emotional design’s visceral,behavioral,and reflective layers,with a primary focus on optimally meeting the emotional needs of Generation Z.The findings indicated that consumers favor products in capsule form,packaged in zip-lock.The predominant color scheme is clean white,accented by vibrant orange elements,while emphasizing the product’s health and scientific attributes.This study offers valuable insights for the continued evolution of the vitamin C dietary supplement market in China.
文摘Objective:The frequent consumption of deep-fried foods has been linked to high risk of certain non-communicable diseases.As a consequence,the safety of deep-fried oil(DFO)ingested with fried foods has been called into question.This study therefore evaluated the effects of DFO from palm kernel on serum 4-hydroxynonenal protein adduct formation,De Ritis ratio(DRR),liver histology and atherogenicity in Wistar rats and the role of vitamin C intervention.Methods:Deep-fried oil samples were characterized for total antioxidant capacity(TAC),degradation and metal contamination levels and compared against counterpart unused frying oil(UFO).In the animal experiment,both oil samples,sourced from commercial cooks,were orally administered,for 13 weeks,to sixty-two rats randomly divided into six test groups of two exposure levels alongside vitamin C control.After exposure,serum liver enzyme activities and lipoproteins levels were determined using colorimetric methods,while protein adducts levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Histopathological examinations of liver tissues were also performed.Results:DFO had significantly lower(P=0.021)TAC,significantly higher(P=0.024)volatile acid and Pb concentrations compared to UFO.Exposure to DFO significantly increased(P<0.01)serum protein adduct formation,the De Ritis ratio and caused cytoplasmic vacuolation and pigment deposit on liver tissues compared to the control.Additionally,DFO exposures had an initial negative body weight gain rate that increased at the end of the study.Conclusion:However,co-administration of vitamin C significantly reduced(P<0.05)the De Ritis ratio and reduced the serum protein adducts levels by at least 15%.Concomitant intake of vitamin C and DFO can mitigate probable adverse effects.
文摘Background:The effectiveness of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of pediatric upper respiratory tract infections was evaluated in a meta-analysis.Methods:A total 2,573 children with upper respiratory tract infections were included in the meta-analysis,1,280 of whom received vitamin C and 1,293 who received control medication.The analysis of findings related to the studies included was done through random or fixed effects model to determine whether vitamin C supplementation could stop and control upper respiratory tract infections in children using mean difference(MD)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs).Results:On average,vitamin C-treated children had fewer upper respiratory tract infection bouts,their illness lasted shorter(MD-0.84;95%CI-1.47 to-0.20,P=0.009),and they were less contagious than the control.Conclusions:The number of episodes and illness duration of upper respiratory tract-infected pediatric subjects were considerably reduced in the intervention group(vitamin C)compared to the control.Due to the small sample size in four of 11 studies and the limited number of studies included for comparison,the outcomes should be carefully examined.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0500500,20170502200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972529)+1 种基金the Innovative Transforming Project of Shaanxi Agricultural Achievements in Science&Technology(NYKJ-2018-YL15)the Program for Shaanxi Science&Technology from Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department(2021TD-30).
文摘Background:Many researches about in ovo feeding(IOF)of vitamin C(VC)are gradually carried out to explore physiological development in chicken,but little studies focus on VC synthesis capacity of the embryo itself,the selection of injection site and the effectiveness of IOF of VC.This study aims to explore the above problems.Results:Kidney and yolk sac were the main organs for VC synthesis and L-gulonolactone oxidase(GLO)expression was lower during pre-hatch development than that during post-hatch development.Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1(SVCT1)expression was increased continuously in yolk sac from embryonic age 19(E19)to post-hatch day 1(D1)and in intestine(duodenum,jejunum and ileum)from E17 to D1.Plasma VC content was higher at D1 than that at D21 and D42.IOF of VC significantly reduced GLO expression in liver,kidney and yolk sac as well as SVCT1 expression in duodenum,jejunum and ileum,but increased the VC content in plasma,brain,kidney and liver.In addition,IOF of VC obviously reduced the embryonic morality and increased the hatchability under heat stress.Conclusions:This study suggested that IOF of VC at E11 in yolk was effective for embryonic VC supplementation.These findings provide a theoretical reference about the method of embryonic VC supplementation and effective methodology on embryonic VC nutrition in broiler chickens.
基金funded by Project Management Unit,Banha University,Banha,Egypt
文摘Methylprednisolone(MP) is currently the only drug confirmed to exhibit a neuroprotective effect on acute spinal cord injury(SCI). Vitamin C(VC) is a natural water-soluble antioxidant that exerts neuroprotective effects through eliminating free radical damage to nerve cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMMSCs), as multipotent stem cells, are promising candidates in SCI repair. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of MP, VC and BMMSCs on traumatic SCI, 80 adult male rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control, SCI(SCI induction by weight-drop method), MP(SCI induction, followed by administration of 30 mg/kg MP via the tail vein, once every other 6 hours, for five times), VC(SCI induction, followed by intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg/kg VC once a day, for 28 days), MP + VC(SCI induction, followed by administration of MP and VC as the former), BMMSCs(SCI induction, followed by injection of 3 × 10~6 BMMSCs at the injury site), and BMMSCs + VC(SCI induction, followed by BMMSCs injection and VC administration as the former). Locomotor recovery was assessed using the Basso Mouse Scale. Injured spinal cord tissue was evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 genes was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. BMMSCs intervention better promoted recovery of nerve function of rats with SCI, mitigated nerve cell damage, and decreased expression of transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 genes than MP and/or VC. More importantly, BMMSCs in combination with VC induced more obvious improvements. These results suggest that VC can enhance the neuroprotective effects of BMMSCs against SCI.
基金Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti for granting funds to support this research
文摘BACKGROUND Vitamin C(VC)is a common antioxidant with cell protection potentials.However,its possible protective effect on cardiac autonomic nerves from diabetic induced insults is yet to be explored.AIM To investigate the effects of VC on diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy.METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were equally grouped into control,diabetic and diabetic+VC.Type 2 diabetes was induced with fructose diet and alloxan.VC(1 g/kg)was administered for 4 wk via oral canula.Blood pressure and heart rate were measured non-invasively using tail flick blood pressure monitor.Spectral analysis of heart rate variability(HRV)was used to assess cardiac autonomic neuropathy.Blood was collected from the ocular sinus for biochemical analysis.Urethane(1 g/kg-ip)was used for anaesthesia prior to HRV and cervical dislocation to harvest hearts.Intracardiac autonomic nerve was assessed using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry on fixed heart sections.RESULTS Results were analysed using ANOVA atα0.05.Unlike VC and control groups,diabetic rats showed significantly(P<0.0001)reduced HRV,increased heart-rate and blood pressure,initial increase in cardiac tyrosine hydroxylase activities at week-2 and sparse activity at week-4 of diabetes.Furthermore,apolipoprotein B,Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were significantly(P<0.01)reduced in VC treated rats.CONCLUSION VC possesses cardio-autonomic nerve protective potential and ameliorates the symptoms of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.The possible mechanisms via which VC exert these effects may be via downregulation of oxidative stress,inflammation and apolipoprotein B.
文摘Sepsis and septic shock are common diagnoses for patients requiring intensive care unit admission and associated with high morbidity and mortality.In addition to aggressive fluid resuscitation and antibiotic therapy,several other drugs have been tried as adjuvant therapies to reduce the inflammatory response and improve outcomes.Vitamin C has been shown to have several biological actions,including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects,which may prove beneficial in sepsis management.Initial trials showed improved patient outcomes when high dose vitamin C was used in combination with thiamine and hydrocortisone.These results,along with relative safety of high-dose(supra-physiological)vitamin C,encouraged physicians across the globe to add vitamin C as an adjuvant therapy in the management of sepsis.However,subsequent largescale randomised control trials could not replicate these results,leaving the world divided regarding the role of vitamin C in sepsis management.Here,we discuss the rationale,safety profile,and the current clinical evidence for the use of highdose vitamin C in the management of sepsis and septic shock.
文摘An extended-gate field effect transistor (EGFET)of SnO_2/ITO glass was applied to manufacture the vitamin C sensor.Therefore,we immobilized the ascorbate oxidase with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS)method to measure the different concentrations of the vitamin C solution in an optimum measurement environment.In order to find the best measurement conditions of the biosensor,we studied the vitamin C sensor in different pH values of the phosphate buffer solution (PBS).Additionally,we used experimental results to discuss the response time and response voltage to compare vitamin C with orange juice for the vitamin C sensor.
文摘Juvenile three-keeled pond turtles(Chinemys reevesii) were fed diets supplemented with vitamin C(Vc) at doses of 0(basal diet, Vc0), 100(Vc100), 200(Vc200), 500(Vc500) and 2500(Vc2500) mg/kg diets at 28°C for 4 weeks, respectively. Then, the water temperature was gradually reduced to 10°C, and the turtles were induced into hibernation. Liver tissue samples were collected at three time points: start of hibernation(T1), 4 and 6 weeks' hibernation(T2 and T3). A control group fed with the basal diet was set to parallel the whole treatment process, but reared at 28°C constantly. The results showed that hibernation mildly affected the antioxidant system and the influence varied with hibernating time. Hepatic malondialdehyde content of the Vc100 group was significantly lower than that of the other groups at T1. At T2, hepatic MDA in the groups of Vc500 and Vc2500 decreased significantly, while no clear differences were found among all groups at T3. The activities of antioxidant enzymes showed a positive correlation with dietary Vc dose before hibernation. After hibernation, total antioxidant capability was not affected by Vc. Superoxide dismutase activity became similar in different groups at T2, but decreased in higher Vc groups(≥ 200 mg/kg) at T3. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities decreased significantly with dietary Vc supplementation(≥ 100 mg/kg) at T2, but recovered at T3. The result indicates that under normal rearing condition, low dietary Vc supplementation(< 100 mg/kg) might be beneficial to the antioxidant defense system. The effect of dietary Vc on the antioxidant defense system differed during hibernation.
文摘BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) are prone to several nutritional deficiencies. However, data are lacking on vitamin C deficiency in Crohn’s disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC) patients, as well as the impact of clinical, biomarker and endoscopic disease severity on the development of vitamin C deficiency.AIM To determine proportions and factors associated with vitamin C deficiency in CD and UC patients.METHODS In this retrospective study, we obtained clinical, laboratory and endoscopic data from CD and UC patients presenting to the IBD clinic at a single tertiary care center from 2014 to 2019. All patients had an available plasma vitamin C level. Of 353 subjects who met initial search criteria using a cohort discovery tool, 301ultimately met criteria for inclusion in the study. The primary aim described vitamin C deficiency(≤ 11.4 μmol/L) rates in IBD. Secondary analyses compared proportions with deficiency between active and inactive IBD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis evaluated factors associated with deficiency.RESULTS Of 301 IBD patients, 21.6% had deficiency, including 24.4% of CD patients and 16.0% of UC patients. Patients with elevated C-reactive protein(CRP)(39.1% vs 16.9%, P < 0.001) and fecal calprotectin(50.0% vs 20.0%, P = 0.009) had significantly higher proportions of deficiency compared to those without. Penetrating disease(P = 0.03),obesity(P = 0.02) and current biologic use(P = 0.006) were also associated with deficiency on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, the objective inflammatory marker utilized for analysis(elevated CRP) was the only factor associated with deficiency(odds ratio = 3.1, 95%confidence interval: 1.5-6.6, P = 0.003). There was no difference in the presence of clinical symptoms of scurvy in those with vitamin C deficiency and those without.CONCLUSION Vitamin C deficiency was common in IBD. Patients with elevated inflammatory markers and penetrating disease had higher rates of vitamin C deficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81560134)National Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2019GXNSFBA185015)+3 种基金Science and Technology Plan Project of Guigang City(1903007,S2019066)supported by Hon Kong SARMacao SARTaiwan Province Talent Young Scientist Program of Guangxi。
文摘Background:Epidemiological data indicate an association between cadmium exposure and risk of bone fracture;however,clinical treatment of cadmium-induced fracture is limited.Although vitamin C(VC)reportedly reduces cadmium-induced fracture,its pharmacological mechanism remains unexplored.Methods:Thus,we used a network pharmacology approach and molecular docking analysis to identify core targets,functional processes,and biological pathways involved in the anti-fracture action of VC.Results:Bioinformatics identified 17 intersection targets of VC and cadmium-induced fracture,Nine core targets were characterized,including tumor protein p53,epidermal growth factor receptor,proto-oncogene c,mitogen-activated protein kinase-1(MAPK1),MAPK3,signal transducer and activator of transcription-3,MAPK14,prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2,and estrogen receptor alpha.Interestingly,findings of molecular docking analysis indicated that VC exerted effective binding capacity in cadmium-induced fracture.Furthermore,biological processes,cell components,molecular functions,and pharmacological pathways involved in the action of VC against cadmium-induced fracture were identified and visualized.Conclusions:Based on these findings,we conclude that VC exhibits its anti-cadmium-induced fracture effects by promoting osteoblastic regeneration and proliferation,and inhibiting inflammatory stress.The core targets may serve as biomarkers for diagnosing cadmium-induced fractures.
文摘The skin is a major protective organ of the body. It is constantly exposed to the environment and is very resilient. But exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent inflammatory responses that can overwhelm the innate protective mechanisms of the skin. This results in damage and premature aging. Strategies to mitigate this premature photoaging might include avoidance of sunlight. However, some sunlight exposure is beneficial to health. One notable example of this is the production of vitamin D. A more practical approach to preventing adverse effects of UV light in the skin is antioxidant supplementation. Dietary antioxidants may help control ROS propagation following UV light exposure. To further evaluate the utility of antioxidants in protecting the skin, in vitro, in vivo and human studies of three well known dietary antioxidants are reviewed and discussed. The data clearly demonstrate that vitamin C, grape seed extract and citrus bioflavonoids have the potential to reduce the damaging effects of excess sun exposure via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating mechanisms. As such, regular ingestion of dietary antioxidants appears to be a useful strategy for protecting the skin against photoaging.
文摘Iron and zinc deficiencies is common in malaria endemic areas and contributes to morbidity.Vitamin C and zinc combined supplements have been hypothesized as a remedy.This study evaluated the effect of different combinations of vitamin C and zinc on haematological parameters and mortality of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice(Mus musculus).A three-week trial was carried out to assess haematological changes and mortality of mice after 3-day artemether treatment co-administered with vitamin C-zinc supplements.Grouping was based on combinations of vitamin C and zinc.Weight,packed cell volume(PCV),white blood cell count(WBC),red blood cell count(RBC),haemoglobin concentration(HB),and mortality were assayed weekly.The supplement improved PCV,HB,mean cell volume(MCV)and mean cell haemoglobin(MCH).Mice mortality was higher in the absence of the supplement,though the difference was not significant(x^2=5.214,P=0.5167).Parasitaemia was not reduced by the supplement.A 30:70 vitamin C-zinc supplement performed better than other combinations used.Therefore,vitamin C-zinc supplement play roles in the management of malaria,since they improved PCV and HB,and lowered mortality rate,complementing the therapeutic effect of artemether.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.31771897,31871852,and 31772023).
文摘Vitamin C(VC)can greatly enhance the quality properties of dough and steamed bread in the food field.However,there are few studies on the interaction between VC and gluten,and the mechanism of VC influencing the foaming capacity,emulsifiablity,and dynamic viscosity of gluten is not clear.In this study,different content of VC(0,1%,2%,3%,4%and 5%)was added to gluten to obtain VC-gluten dough samples(CK,GV1,GV2,GV3,GV4 and GV5),and the properties of the VC-gluten dough were determined.Results showed that the increasing VC content lead to increase in the content of high-,medium-and low-molecular weight gluten,suggesting that VC improved the protein solubility of gluten.The G'and G"values of dough containing VC were higher than those of the control with the increase of scanning frequency.The foaming ability of gluten increased with the increase of VC content.Emulsibility of the dough of GV1 to GV 5 were significantly lower than that of the CK.Furthermore,VC could reduce the number of bubbles in gluten protein,when the VC content was less than 3%.In conclusion,VC might reduce the emulsifying characteristic and emulsifying stability of gluten,increase the solubility of gluten,and improve the dynamic viscosity of gluten dough by changing the content of disulfide bond in gluten.This study hopes to not only improve the functional characteristics of gluten protein,but also provide the basis for future development and improvement of VC-enriched health foods.
文摘Herein, the iodometric titration and HPLC-RP methods were compared for the determination of vitamin C in vitamin and mineral supplements. The methods were validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), precision, and recovery by using vitamin standards and a reference material SRM 3280 (multivitamin/multimineral tablets) obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). A total of 22 samples of vitamin supplements, randomly acquired in local markets of Sao Paulo (Brazil) were evaluated for content of vitamin C by these two methodologies. The precision expressed as RSD was lower than 5% for both methods. LOD was 3.6 μg/mL for HPLC and 1.0 mg for titration, while LOQ were 12.0 μg/mL and 3.0 mg for HPLC and titration, respectively. Percent recoveries (%) of spiked samples ranged from 98.7 to 100.5 for HPLC and from 98 to 104 for titration. The contents of vitamin C in SRM 3280 (Certified value = 42.2 ± 3.7 mg/g) were 40.2 and 42.1 mg/g when determined by HPLC and titration respectively. Statistically, there was no difference in the analysed vitamin C content for half of the samples, irrespective of the method applied. HPLC was more sensitive, but the titrimetric method was faster and consumed less reagent. Although both methods were accurate in determining the vitamin C content in SRM 3280, the matrix constituents of some vitamin supplements may have interfered with the analysis.
文摘To determine the amount of Vitamin C in the lenses of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients with Operable Cataract and ascertain association between Vitamin C levels and Blood Glucose, Glycated Haemoglobin and Intraocular pressure. Thirty Diabetic and Thirty Non-Diabetic Patients cataract surgical patients were matched for age and sex and selected for the study. Plasma fasting blood glucose and whole blood glycated Haemoglobin levels were determined by glucose oxidase enzymatic assay and immunodetection methods respectively. Cataractous lens samples obtained during surgery were weighed and homogenized in 10 volumes of phosphate buffer pH 7 and the resulting homogenate centrifuged at 18,000 g for 5 minutes at 4<span style="color:#000000;font-family:Roboto, " white-space:normal;background-color:#d46399;"=""><span style="color:#000000;font-family:Roboto, "white-space:normal;background-color:#D46399;">˚</span></span>C, separated and supernatant stored at -80<span style="font-family:Roboto, " white-space:normal;background-color:#d46399;"=""><span style="font-family:Roboto, "white-space:normal;background-color:#D46399;">˚</span></span>C. Vitamin C assay was carried out using commercial assay kits. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Age range of participants was 55 - 83 years, with a mean of 66.7 ± 1.8 years. Mean Vitamin C levels in the Diabetic and Non-Diabetic groups were 49.5 μg/g ± 6.47 and 57.02 μg/g ± 8.0 respectively. Although the Non-diabetic group had higher levels of Vitamin C, the difference was not significant. Levels of Vitamin C found in both groups are much lower than what has previously been reported in Literature for clear lenses. There was negative association between Vitamin C and Glucose, Glycated Haemoglobin and Intraocular Pressure. Vitamin C supplementation may be useful in prolonging incidence of cataract in both aging and diabetic Nigerian populations. Larger study involving estimation of Vitamin C in both lens and Plasma samples is desirable.
文摘Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti-fatigue activities of vitamin C and TR in an animal test for fatigue and to compare the activities between vitamin C and TR. Materials and Methods: Vitamin C, TR or their combination were orally administrated to mice once daily for 15 days, and then metabolic activities such as blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as antioxidant activities such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined (evaluated) after forced swimming test (FST). Results: Compared with the control group, C100, C200, and T50 showed a tendency to decrease mobility in FST. Moreover, TG (C100, C200, T200), LDH (C200), lactic acid (C100) and MDA (C50, C100, C200) levels were inhibited by vitamin C and TR. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin C and TR have anti-fatigue activities in mice, with vitamin C providing a stronger effect.
