Researchers have extensively explored the impact of wages on individuals’ decisions to engage in property crimes. While most of these studies in the past have relied on macro-level data to investigate the relationshi...Researchers have extensively explored the impact of wages on individuals’ decisions to engage in property crimes. While most of these studies in the past have relied on macro-level data to investigate the relationship between crime rates and hourly wages, this paper takes a novel approach by utilizing micro-level data to examine the influence of hourly wages on the likelihood of stealing an item valued at least $50. The results obtained from the estimations reveal that an increase in hourly wage leads to a decrease in the probability of theft, all other factors being held constant. Further estimation by gender revealed that hourly wages given to both male and female have no bearing on the decision to steal. Additionally, the analysis of the differences in theft probabilities across gender and race demonstrates that males consistently exhibit a higher likelihood of engaging in theft when compared to females across various racial groups.展开更多
Under the planned economy,China’s distribution relations were relations among the state,state-run enterprises,employees and the collective economy;relations between heavy industry and light industry;and relations bet...Under the planned economy,China’s distribution relations were relations among the state,state-run enterprises,employees and the collective economy;relations between heavy industry and light industry;and relations between cities and the countryside.After China’s transition to a market-oriented economy,the distribution relations among the state,state-run enterprises and employees evolved into distribution relations between the government,enterprises and households;the distribution relations between heavy industry and light industry evolved into distribution relations between the state sector and the private sector;and the distribution relations between cities and the countryside evolved into distribution relations between original urban dwellers and migrant populations.Wage system reform was carried out throughout the transition of these three types of distribution relations.Income distribution contradictions in China,which are a problem left over from history and intrinsic to the market-based economy,eased over the years.Some people and regions achieved prosperity,and urban-rural and interregional income gaps narrowed.However,widening household income gaps pose barriers to China’s economic sustainability and vision of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Mechanisms to promote common prosperity are incomplete and inadequate.The disequilibrium of functional distribution is an important cause of these income inequalities.The overall wage level of ordinary workers is low.In the future,China'should give full play to the decisive role of the market in primary distribution to ensure proper return to all types of factors,and enhance redistribution to achieve common prosperity for all its people.展开更多
Income inequality in urban China has attracted growing attention from China’s urban researchers and policy makers. Whereas many studies have interrogated the pattern and process of the income gap in Chinese cities un...Income inequality in urban China has attracted growing attention from China’s urban researchers and policy makers. Whereas many studies have interrogated the pattern and process of the income gap in Chinese cities undergoing the institutional transformation from plan to market, relatively little is known about how such unequal distribution of income is related to China’s ongoing structural transformation toward a post-industrial economy. Drawing on a decomposition methodology based on the Theil index, this study aimed to address this lacuna through an empirical investigation of China’s urban wage inequality from a sectoral perspective. Our empirical study identified the low-wage manufacturing sector and the high-wage producer services sector as the two biggest contributors to urban wage inequality in China. Urban wage inequality within the producer services was found to be caused by the spatial concentration of a disproportionate number of high-paying jobs in a few developed, high-tier city-regions on the eastern coast. Our empirical findings have important implications for the formulation of policies to address the income inequality that plagues China’s continuing urbanization.展开更多
Under the background of accelerated integrated urban-rural development, this paper offers an analysis on the short-term employment of rural migrants in China and resulting wage gap between long-term and short-term rur...Under the background of accelerated integrated urban-rural development, this paper offers an analysis on the short-term employment of rural migrants in China and resulting wage gap between long-term and short-term rural migrants. On the basis of correcting for sample selection problems arising from labor market participation and short-term employment, rural migrants＇ wage function is estimated using quantile regression method, and wage gap between long-term and short-term rural migrants is decomposed using MM method. Our empirical results suggest that those with a higher level of education, training experience and local employment recommended by family relations or in formal labor market are more likely to secure long-term labor contract,＂ region and education have significant contributions to the wage of rural migrants,＂ rural migrants of both long- and short-term contract types have great gaps at the bottom of salary distribution; and there exists a sticky floor effect in wage difference of rural migrants. These results have important policy implications in enhancing employment stability of rural migrants, improving income distribution equity, speeding up the process of urbanization, and balancing regional development.展开更多
Using CHIP （Chinese Household Income Project Survey） data and the sample selection bias corrected wage function model, this paper estimated changes in wage structure in China by ownership types （SOEs, COEs, FEs, an...Using CHIP （Chinese Household Income Project Survey） data and the sample selection bias corrected wage function model, this paper estimated changes in wage structure in China by ownership types （SOEs, COEs, FEs, and PEs） in 1995 and 2007. The major conclusions are as follows. First, effects of education on wage levels in SOEs and FEs become greater, while education effects decrease in SOEs and PEs under economic transition periods; firm-specific human capital becomes more important in the wage determination mechanism along with market-oriented reforms in SOEs, PEs, and FEs; age effect decreases in SOEs and COEs, but it becomes greater in PEs and FEs. Second, there exist wage structure differences between sectors by wage distributions. For example, in 2007, in SOEs, education return rates are higher for the low-wage and middle-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 40th percentile. However in COEs and FEs, education return rates are higher for the high-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 70th percentile in COEs and at the 70th percentile in FEs. Tenure effects are greater in the middle-wage groups （40th-80th） in SOEs, COEs, and FEs, and age effects are greater in the low-wage groups （5th-30th） in SOEs, FEs, and PEs.展开更多
Commonly used statistical procedure to describe the observed statistical sets is to use their conventional moments or cumulants. When choosing an appropriate parametric distribution for the data set is typically that ...Commonly used statistical procedure to describe the observed statistical sets is to use their conventional moments or cumulants. When choosing an appropriate parametric distribution for the data set is typically that parameters of a parametric distribution are estimated using the moment method of creating a system of equations in which the sample conventional moments lay in the equality of the corresponding moments of the theoretical distribution. However, the moment method of parameter estimation is not always convenient, especially for small samples. An alternative approach is based on the use of other characteristics, which the author calls L-moments. L-moments are analogous to conventional moments, but they are based on linear combinations of order statistics, i.e., L-statistics. Using L-moments is theoretically preferable to the conventional moments and consists in the fact that L-moments characterize a wider range of distribution. When estimating from sample L-moments, L-moments are more robust to the presence of outliers in the data. Experience also shows that, compared to conventional moments, L-moments are less prone to bias of estimation. Parameter estimates obtained using L-moments are mainly in the case of small samples often even more accurate than estimates of parameters made by maximum likelihood method. Using the method of L-moments in the case of small data sets from the meteorology is primarily known in statistical literature. This paper deals with the use of L-moments in the case for large data sets of income distribution （individual data） and wage distribution （data are ordered to form of interval frequency distribution of extreme open intervals）. This paper also presents a comparison of the accuracy of the method of L-moments with an accuracy of other methods of point estimation of parameters of parametric probability distribution in the case of large data sets of individual data and data ordered to form of interval frequency distribution.展开更多
Combining the development status of information industry in China and based on theoretical discussions on labor demand and supply as well as the comprehensive analysis on endogenous technological progress and exogenou...Combining the development status of information industry in China and based on theoretical discussions on labor demand and supply as well as the comprehensive analysis on endogenous technological progress and exogenous educational quality, this paper concludes that the technological progress of information industry in China is skill- biased, i.e. technological progress of information industry increases the demand for skilled labor while decreases the demand for unskilled labor, and aggravates the wage difference between these two types of labor. Due to the effect of educational quality, the ratio of skilled labor employment to unskilled labor employment will reach a dynamic equilibrium and the wage difference between skilled labor and unskilled labor will not increase continuously. This paper then proves the foregoing conclusion with data of information industry in 26 provinces （autonomous region, municipality）. Focusing on typical skill-intensive information industry, this paper mainly studies the influence of educational quality, which not only complements the theoretical analysis on dual effects of technological progress on employment, but also provides feasible and practical basis to policies promoting the development of technological progress and full employment in China.展开更多
This paper deals with the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic since 2003, according to gender. It is a development of descriptive characteristics of location, differentiation and shape of wage d...This paper deals with the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic since 2003, according to gender. It is a development of descriptive characteristics of location, differentiation and shape of wage distribution, but also the development of concentration characteristic of wage distribution. Gross monthly wage of Czech employees represents the variable under research. Emphasis is placed on changes in the development of wage distribution since 2009 in connection with the onset of economic recession. The economic crisis has greatly influenced the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic, wage growth virtually stopped at this time. Differences in the development of wage distribution between men and women in the Czech Republic are also under this research. Development of wage distribution has been studied by modelling the distribution. Three-parametric lognormal curves are served as a theoretical probability distribution whose parameters were estimated using the L-moment method of point estimate of parameters. Dependence of gross monthly wage on gender has been the subject of research as well. This dependence was researched using one-way analysis of variance. Forecast of wage distribution of men and women in the Czech Republic for the years 2012 and 2013 is included in this research.展开更多
We explore characteristics of the UK labour market with special emphasis on explanation of the existing wage inequalities, determinants of participation, and variation in the magnitude of hours of labour supplied am...We explore characteristics of the UK labour market with special emphasis on explanation of the existing wage inequalities, determinants of participation, and variation in the magnitude of hours of labour supplied among individuals. We explain up to 92 percent of variance in the wage rates from the supply side. Accuracy of the model is accounted by a variety of factors relevant to the labour market such as gender gaps, marital status, on and off the job training, fluency in English, and regional characteristics. The study is quite distinct, since it not only incorporates variables pertinent from the economic point of view, but also some quantified qualitative regressors relating to individuals’ opinions and political preferences. Interestingly, we find that the psychological profile of an individual has a very big influence over his decision on whether to participate, but once he joined the labour force his personal beliefs and opinions have no further impact on the probability of finding a job. The chance of being employed once participating depends mainly on the local labour market conditions. We also report unbiased and reliable estimate of labour supply elasticity based on British Household Panel Survey （BHPS） sample.展开更多
Based on the investigation data of social position of national women in the third phase by National Women's Federation and National Bureau of Statistics in 2010,regression analysis on sex wage difference is conduc...Based on the investigation data of social position of national women in the third phase by National Women's Federation and National Bureau of Statistics in 2010,regression analysis on sex wage difference is conducted. It is divided into two parts. The first part is the impact on wage by sex,and it is divided into whole country,eastern,central and western regions. The second part is the impact on wage by different education backgrounds. It tries to explore sex wage difference situation at different positions of wage distribution,study if there exists " ceiling effect" or " floor effect" in population's wage distribution situation,sex wage difference situation in eastern,central and western regions and the education's impact on future income situations of men and women.展开更多
Inter-industry wage differentials in China, measured in terms of average employment earnings by industry, are significant and have been increasing since 1988. The coefficient of variables measuring inter-industry aver...Inter-industry wage differentials in China, measured in terms of average employment earnings by industry, are significant and have been increasing since 1988. The coefficient of variables measuring inter-industry average earning differentials is apparently on the rise along with the subdivision of industry. A theoretical analysis of the labour market indicates that inter-industry wage differentials are mainly due to human capital variation among the employees of different industries and the likelihood of monopoly rent sharing. An empirical study finds that employee characteristics such as sex, age and education can only explain 60 percent of CVs in the period 2003 to 2005 and the rest may be due to the effect of monopoly rent sharing in certain industries. A residual analysis of wage equation proves that the monopoly industries of technology or knowledge share a small proportion of rents with employment, whereas non-competitive monopoly industries generally garner an abnormal share of rents, as much as half of their above-average earnings for their industries. Such abnormal rents and benefits are mainly the result of low cost natural resources, the use of state-owned assets, the misappropriation of consumer welfare and the seeking of fiscal or social subsidy for cost inflation. So, China should deal with the non-competitive monopoly industries by reforming their monopoly power and primary social distribution mechanism to structure a fair income distribution order.展开更多
It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and ave...It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and average wages. In order to ensure comparability, this paper has adjusted the statistical scope for minimum and average wages respectively. If employees of urban private and self-employed businesses are included in calculating the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by about 0.06; if the minimum wage standards of various localities include personal contributions to social insurance and the housing fund, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by 0.008; if overtime pay is deducted from the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will further increase by around O. 06.In addition, if the median wage is used in place of the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by at least 0.08. After these adjustments, China＇s minimum-to-average wage ratio for 2013 will increase from 0.28 to 0.49, which is within the range of between 0.40 and 0.60 that is recognized internationally as reasonable. Our analysis suggests that as far as the immediate interests of workers are concerned, it is more imperative to unify the statistical approaches for minimum and average wages in China than to raise the minimum wage standard. In order to achieve the expected effect, simply raising the minimum wage alone is not enough. What is also necessary is to enhance supervision and inspection on compliance by firms with the minimum wage policy, particularly the overtime pay regulations. An alternative is to replace monthly minimum wage with hourly minimum wage.展开更多
This paper deals with the use of Pareto distribution in models of wage distribution. Pareto distribution cannot generally be used as a model of the whole wage distribution, but only as a model for the distribution of ...This paper deals with the use of Pareto distribution in models of wage distribution. Pareto distribution cannot generally be used as a model of the whole wage distribution, but only as a model for the distribution of higher or of the highest wages. It is usually about wages higher than the median. The parameter b is called the Pareto coefficient and it is often used as a characteristic of differentiation of fifty percent of the highest wages. Pareto distribution is so much the more applicable model of a specific wage distribution, the more specific differentiation of fifty percent of the highest wages will resemble to differentiation that is expected by Pareto distribution. Pareto distribution assumes a differentiation of wages, in which the following ratios are the same： ratio of the upper quartile to the median; ratio of the eighth decile to the sixth decile; ratio of the ninth decile to the eighth decile. This finding may serve as one of the empirical criterions for assessing, whether Pareto distribution is a suitable or less suitable model of a particular wage distribution. If we find only small differences between the ratios of these quantiles in a specific wage distribution, Pareto distribution is a good model of a specific wage distribution. Approximation of a specific wage distribution by Pareto distribution will be less suitable or even unsuitable when more expressive differences of mentioned ratios. If we choose Pareto distribution as a model of a specific wage distribution, we must reckon with the fact that the model is always only an approximation. It will describe only approximately the actual wage distribution and the relationships in the model will only partially reflect the relationships in a specific wage distribution.展开更多
Despite the intention of minimum wage policy to maintain the living standards of low-income groups in the formal sector, this paper has found that the actual result of this policy produces the ＂big push＂ impact on C...Despite the intention of minimum wage policy to maintain the living standards of low-income groups in the formal sector, this paper has found that the actual result of this policy produces the ＂big push＂ impact on China＇s economy under certain conditions, i.e. it is conducive to achieving the equilibrium of high wage, high consumption and formalization. The result shows that the elasticity of income growth from raising the minimum wage standard is greater for formal sector employees than for informal sector employees and is characterized by a U-shaped pattern in terms of quantiles. Thus, minimum wage hikes have widened wage gaps between and within sectors. Rising minimum wage standards greatly stimulate consumption with each 10% increase expected to bring about an additional urban household consumption of about 1.167 billion yuan in the surveyed four provinces. With local minimum wage hikes, the formal sector of wholesale and retail, hotel and catering services expands and the informal sector contracts, while the real estate sector experiences a ＂reverse formalization＂ trend. Based on the ＂big push theory＂, this paper concludes that against the backdrop of extensive, frequent and substantial minimum wage hikes, demand and sector TFP growth are the major causes of sector heterogeneity.展开更多
文摘Researchers have extensively explored the impact of wages on individuals’ decisions to engage in property crimes. While most of these studies in the past have relied on macro-level data to investigate the relationship between crime rates and hourly wages, this paper takes a novel approach by utilizing micro-level data to examine the influence of hourly wages on the likelihood of stealing an item valued at least $50. The results obtained from the estimations reveal that an increase in hourly wage leads to a decrease in the probability of theft, all other factors being held constant. Further estimation by gender revealed that hourly wages given to both male and female have no bearing on the decision to steal. Additionally, the analysis of the differences in theft probabilities across gender and race demonstrates that males consistently exhibit a higher likelihood of engaging in theft when compared to females across various racial groups.
文摘Under the planned economy,China’s distribution relations were relations among the state,state-run enterprises,employees and the collective economy;relations between heavy industry and light industry;and relations between cities and the countryside.After China’s transition to a market-oriented economy,the distribution relations among the state,state-run enterprises and employees evolved into distribution relations between the government,enterprises and households;the distribution relations between heavy industry and light industry evolved into distribution relations between the state sector and the private sector;and the distribution relations between cities and the countryside evolved into distribution relations between original urban dwellers and migrant populations.Wage system reform was carried out throughout the transition of these three types of distribution relations.Income distribution contradictions in China,which are a problem left over from history and intrinsic to the market-based economy,eased over the years.Some people and regions achieved prosperity,and urban-rural and interregional income gaps narrowed.However,widening household income gaps pose barriers to China’s economic sustainability and vision of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Mechanisms to promote common prosperity are incomplete and inadequate.The disequilibrium of functional distribution is an important cause of these income inequalities.The overall wage level of ordinary workers is low.In the future,China'should give full play to the decisive role of the market in primary distribution to ensure proper return to all types of factors,and enhance redistribution to achieve common prosperity for all its people.
基金Under the auspices of the Early Career Scheme of the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(No.28200615)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2018A030313276)。
文摘Income inequality in urban China has attracted growing attention from China’s urban researchers and policy makers. Whereas many studies have interrogated the pattern and process of the income gap in Chinese cities undergoing the institutional transformation from plan to market, relatively little is known about how such unequal distribution of income is related to China’s ongoing structural transformation toward a post-industrial economy. Drawing on a decomposition methodology based on the Theil index, this study aimed to address this lacuna through an empirical investigation of China’s urban wage inequality from a sectoral perspective. Our empirical study identified the low-wage manufacturing sector and the high-wage producer services sector as the two biggest contributors to urban wage inequality in China. Urban wage inequality within the producer services was found to be caused by the spatial concentration of a disproportionate number of high-paying jobs in a few developed, high-tier city-regions on the eastern coast. Our empirical findings have important implications for the formulation of policies to address the income inequality that plagues China’s continuing urbanization.
文摘Under the background of accelerated integrated urban-rural development, this paper offers an analysis on the short-term employment of rural migrants in China and resulting wage gap between long-term and short-term rural migrants. On the basis of correcting for sample selection problems arising from labor market participation and short-term employment, rural migrants＇ wage function is estimated using quantile regression method, and wage gap between long-term and short-term rural migrants is decomposed using MM method. Our empirical results suggest that those with a higher level of education, training experience and local employment recommended by family relations or in formal labor market are more likely to secure long-term labor contract,＂ region and education have significant contributions to the wage of rural migrants,＂ rural migrants of both long- and short-term contract types have great gaps at the bottom of salary distribution; and there exists a sticky floor effect in wage difference of rural migrants. These results have important policy implications in enhancing employment stability of rural migrants, improving income distribution equity, speeding up the process of urbanization, and balancing regional development.
文摘Using CHIP （Chinese Household Income Project Survey） data and the sample selection bias corrected wage function model, this paper estimated changes in wage structure in China by ownership types （SOEs, COEs, FEs, and PEs） in 1995 and 2007. The major conclusions are as follows. First, effects of education on wage levels in SOEs and FEs become greater, while education effects decrease in SOEs and PEs under economic transition periods; firm-specific human capital becomes more important in the wage determination mechanism along with market-oriented reforms in SOEs, PEs, and FEs; age effect decreases in SOEs and COEs, but it becomes greater in PEs and FEs. Second, there exist wage structure differences between sectors by wage distributions. For example, in 2007, in SOEs, education return rates are higher for the low-wage and middle-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 40th percentile. However in COEs and FEs, education return rates are higher for the high-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 70th percentile in COEs and at the 70th percentile in FEs. Tenure effects are greater in the middle-wage groups （40th-80th） in SOEs, COEs, and FEs, and age effects are greater in the low-wage groups （5th-30th） in SOEs, FEs, and PEs.
文摘Commonly used statistical procedure to describe the observed statistical sets is to use their conventional moments or cumulants. When choosing an appropriate parametric distribution for the data set is typically that parameters of a parametric distribution are estimated using the moment method of creating a system of equations in which the sample conventional moments lay in the equality of the corresponding moments of the theoretical distribution. However, the moment method of parameter estimation is not always convenient, especially for small samples. An alternative approach is based on the use of other characteristics, which the author calls L-moments. L-moments are analogous to conventional moments, but they are based on linear combinations of order statistics, i.e., L-statistics. Using L-moments is theoretically preferable to the conventional moments and consists in the fact that L-moments characterize a wider range of distribution. When estimating from sample L-moments, L-moments are more robust to the presence of outliers in the data. Experience also shows that, compared to conventional moments, L-moments are less prone to bias of estimation. Parameter estimates obtained using L-moments are mainly in the case of small samples often even more accurate than estimates of parameters made by maximum likelihood method. Using the method of L-moments in the case of small data sets from the meteorology is primarily known in statistical literature. This paper deals with the use of L-moments in the case for large data sets of income distribution （individual data） and wage distribution （data are ordered to form of interval frequency distribution of extreme open intervals）. This paper also presents a comparison of the accuracy of the method of L-moments with an accuracy of other methods of point estimation of parameters of parametric probability distribution in the case of large data sets of individual data and data ordered to form of interval frequency distribution.
基金This research is funded by the key project of National Social Science Foundation of China ＂Study on Major Issues and Countermeasures of Industrial Organization in China after the International Financial Crisis＂ （Approval No. 12AJY004） Major Research Projects on Humanities and Social Sciences of Shandong University ＂Study on Industrial Concentration, Enterprise Size and International Competitiveness of China＇s Manufacturing Industry against Economic Globalization＂ （Approval No.12RWZD15） Fund Project for Postgraduate＇s Independent Innovation of Shandong University ＂Study on the Impact Mechanism of IT Technical Progress on Employment.＂
文摘Combining the development status of information industry in China and based on theoretical discussions on labor demand and supply as well as the comprehensive analysis on endogenous technological progress and exogenous educational quality, this paper concludes that the technological progress of information industry in China is skill- biased, i.e. technological progress of information industry increases the demand for skilled labor while decreases the demand for unskilled labor, and aggravates the wage difference between these two types of labor. Due to the effect of educational quality, the ratio of skilled labor employment to unskilled labor employment will reach a dynamic equilibrium and the wage difference between skilled labor and unskilled labor will not increase continuously. This paper then proves the foregoing conclusion with data of information industry in 26 provinces （autonomous region, municipality）. Focusing on typical skill-intensive information industry, this paper mainly studies the influence of educational quality, which not only complements the theoretical analysis on dual effects of technological progress on employment, but also provides feasible and practical basis to policies promoting the development of technological progress and full employment in China.
文摘This paper deals with the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic since 2003, according to gender. It is a development of descriptive characteristics of location, differentiation and shape of wage distribution, but also the development of concentration characteristic of wage distribution. Gross monthly wage of Czech employees represents the variable under research. Emphasis is placed on changes in the development of wage distribution since 2009 in connection with the onset of economic recession. The economic crisis has greatly influenced the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic, wage growth virtually stopped at this time. Differences in the development of wage distribution between men and women in the Czech Republic are also under this research. Development of wage distribution has been studied by modelling the distribution. Three-parametric lognormal curves are served as a theoretical probability distribution whose parameters were estimated using the L-moment method of point estimate of parameters. Dependence of gross monthly wage on gender has been the subject of research as well. This dependence was researched using one-way analysis of variance. Forecast of wage distribution of men and women in the Czech Republic for the years 2012 and 2013 is included in this research.
文摘We explore characteristics of the UK labour market with special emphasis on explanation of the existing wage inequalities, determinants of participation, and variation in the magnitude of hours of labour supplied among individuals. We explain up to 92 percent of variance in the wage rates from the supply side. Accuracy of the model is accounted by a variety of factors relevant to the labour market such as gender gaps, marital status, on and off the job training, fluency in English, and regional characteristics. The study is quite distinct, since it not only incorporates variables pertinent from the economic point of view, but also some quantified qualitative regressors relating to individuals’ opinions and political preferences. Interestingly, we find that the psychological profile of an individual has a very big influence over his decision on whether to participate, but once he joined the labour force his personal beliefs and opinions have no further impact on the probability of finding a job. The chance of being employed once participating depends mainly on the local labour market conditions. We also report unbiased and reliable estimate of labour supply elasticity based on British Household Panel Survey （BHPS） sample.
文摘Based on the investigation data of social position of national women in the third phase by National Women's Federation and National Bureau of Statistics in 2010,regression analysis on sex wage difference is conducted. It is divided into two parts. The first part is the impact on wage by sex,and it is divided into whole country,eastern,central and western regions. The second part is the impact on wage by different education backgrounds. It tries to explore sex wage difference situation at different positions of wage distribution,study if there exists " ceiling effect" or " floor effect" in population's wage distribution situation,sex wage difference situation in eastern,central and western regions and the education's impact on future income situations of men and women.
基金funded by the National Philosophy and Social Science Innovation Centre of Economic ransition and Development of Nanjing University sponsored by the Ministry of Education of China
文摘Inter-industry wage differentials in China, measured in terms of average employment earnings by industry, are significant and have been increasing since 1988. The coefficient of variables measuring inter-industry average earning differentials is apparently on the rise along with the subdivision of industry. A theoretical analysis of the labour market indicates that inter-industry wage differentials are mainly due to human capital variation among the employees of different industries and the likelihood of monopoly rent sharing. An empirical study finds that employee characteristics such as sex, age and education can only explain 60 percent of CVs in the period 2003 to 2005 and the rest may be due to the effect of monopoly rent sharing in certain industries. A residual analysis of wage equation proves that the monopoly industries of technology or knowledge share a small proportion of rents with employment, whereas non-competitive monopoly industries generally garner an abnormal share of rents, as much as half of their above-average earnings for their industries. Such abnormal rents and benefits are mainly the result of low cost natural resources, the use of state-owned assets, the misappropriation of consumer welfare and the seeking of fiscal or social subsidy for cost inflation. So, China should deal with the non-competitive monopoly industries by reforming their monopoly power and primary social distribution mechanism to structure a fair income distribution order.
基金the Youth Program of the National Philosophical and Social Sciences Foundation "An Empirical Study on the Employment Effect and Income Distribution Effect of Minimum Wage Regulations"(Grant No.12CJY018)sponsored by the major programs of philosophical and social sciences research under the Ministry of Education "A Study on Raising the Ratio of Household Income to National Income"+1 种基金the International Development Research Center(IDRC)of Canadathe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and average wages. In order to ensure comparability, this paper has adjusted the statistical scope for minimum and average wages respectively. If employees of urban private and self-employed businesses are included in calculating the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by about 0.06; if the minimum wage standards of various localities include personal contributions to social insurance and the housing fund, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by 0.008; if overtime pay is deducted from the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will further increase by around O. 06.In addition, if the median wage is used in place of the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by at least 0.08. After these adjustments, China＇s minimum-to-average wage ratio for 2013 will increase from 0.28 to 0.49, which is within the range of between 0.40 and 0.60 that is recognized internationally as reasonable. Our analysis suggests that as far as the immediate interests of workers are concerned, it is more imperative to unify the statistical approaches for minimum and average wages in China than to raise the minimum wage standard. In order to achieve the expected effect, simply raising the minimum wage alone is not enough. What is also necessary is to enhance supervision and inspection on compliance by firms with the minimum wage policy, particularly the overtime pay regulations. An alternative is to replace monthly minimum wage with hourly minimum wage.
文摘This paper deals with the use of Pareto distribution in models of wage distribution. Pareto distribution cannot generally be used as a model of the whole wage distribution, but only as a model for the distribution of higher or of the highest wages. It is usually about wages higher than the median. The parameter b is called the Pareto coefficient and it is often used as a characteristic of differentiation of fifty percent of the highest wages. Pareto distribution is so much the more applicable model of a specific wage distribution, the more specific differentiation of fifty percent of the highest wages will resemble to differentiation that is expected by Pareto distribution. Pareto distribution assumes a differentiation of wages, in which the following ratios are the same： ratio of the upper quartile to the median; ratio of the eighth decile to the sixth decile; ratio of the ninth decile to the eighth decile. This finding may serve as one of the empirical criterions for assessing, whether Pareto distribution is a suitable or less suitable model of a particular wage distribution. If we find only small differences between the ratios of these quantiles in a specific wage distribution, Pareto distribution is a good model of a specific wage distribution. Approximation of a specific wage distribution by Pareto distribution will be less suitable or even unsuitable when more expressive differences of mentioned ratios. If we choose Pareto distribution as a model of a specific wage distribution, we must reckon with the fact that the model is always only an approximation. It will describe only approximately the actual wage distribution and the relationships in the model will only partially reflect the relationships in a specific wage distribution.
基金Major project of National Social Sciences Foundation"Characteristics and Policy Orientation Research on the New Normal of China's Economic Growth"(Grant No.15ZDA008)Major project of National Natural Sciences Foundation"Research on the Mechanism and Policy of Promoting Industrial Upgrade in Economic Developed Regions"(Grant No.71333002)
文摘Despite the intention of minimum wage policy to maintain the living standards of low-income groups in the formal sector, this paper has found that the actual result of this policy produces the ＂big push＂ impact on China＇s economy under certain conditions, i.e. it is conducive to achieving the equilibrium of high wage, high consumption and formalization. The result shows that the elasticity of income growth from raising the minimum wage standard is greater for formal sector employees than for informal sector employees and is characterized by a U-shaped pattern in terms of quantiles. Thus, minimum wage hikes have widened wage gaps between and within sectors. Rising minimum wage standards greatly stimulate consumption with each 10% increase expected to bring about an additional urban household consumption of about 1.167 billion yuan in the surveyed four provinces. With local minimum wage hikes, the formal sector of wholesale and retail, hotel and catering services expands and the informal sector contracts, while the real estate sector experiences a ＂reverse formalization＂ trend. Based on the ＂big push theory＂, this paper concludes that against the backdrop of extensive, frequent and substantial minimum wage hikes, demand and sector TFP growth are the major causes of sector heterogeneity.
