<div style="text-align:justify;"> Water is the key factor to ensure plant survival in the process of ecological restoration in the coal base of China northwest deserts. On the premise of meeting the mi...<div style="text-align:justify;"> Water is the key factor to ensure plant survival in the process of ecological restoration in the coal base of China northwest deserts. On the premise of meeting the mine production and living water demands, we should take measures such as dirt wastewater treatment and water-saving irrigation to increase income and reduce expenditure and allocate limited water re-sources rationally, to provide mining area ecological restoration maximum usable water resources. The mining dump has large slope and thin soil layer and it is easy to produce surface runoff. So it is particularly important to study the irrigation technology needed to satisfy vegetation restoration, on the premise of guaranteeing not to produce surface runoff and the slope stability. In this paper, through field plot test, the suitable irrigation method for mine slope, slope surface soil moisture migration characteristics and slope stability analysis were studied. Results show that three slope ir-rigation technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages. On the whole, the effect of drip irrigation is the best, micro spray irrigation is the second, infiltrating irrigation is not ideal. The permeability of mine soil slope is very strong, the infiltration rate of the slope direction is the high-est, inverse slope infiltration rate is lowest. In the process of irrigation, with the increase of soil moisture content, slope safety factor is the decreased obviously, the whole slope surface soil moisture content is 14% for the slope stability safety threshold. </div>展开更多
Xinjiang's agriculture is a typical irrigated agriculture for its agriculture water consumption accounts for 96%of the total water use.As a typical resource-deficient area,the key to Xinjiang's agricultural de...Xinjiang's agriculture is a typical irrigated agriculture for its agriculture water consumption accounts for 96%of the total water use.As a typical resource-deficient area,the key to Xinjiang's agricultural development is saving water.This paper takes the high-efficient water-saving irrigation technology of 41 regions along the Tarim River from 2002 to 2013 as the research object,adopts spatial stochastic frontier model to measure the space efficiency of high-efficient water-saving irrigation technology,and analyzes the effect of water-saving irrigation technology on agricultural development.Results show that the water-saving irrigation technology has a spatial effect,if neglecting it,the error of missing variables will occur,and the average loss will be 6.98 percentage points.The spatial correlation effect promotes the improvement of the efficiency of water-saving irrigation technology.The spatial heterogeneity leads to the spatial imbalance of the efficiency of water-saving irrigation technology.The promotion of agricultural water-saving irrigation technology can increase production and the efficiency of agricultural development.Due to the technical heterogeneity of different types of water-saving irrigation technology,the contribution to the development of agriculture is also different.The study finds that water-saving irrigation technology of drip irrigation in the Tarim River contributes more to agricultural development.展开更多
A water-saving cultivation technique of supplementary irrigation based on soil moisture levels has been adopted for winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China,due to the enhanced water-use efficiency...A water-saving cultivation technique of supplementary irrigation based on soil moisture levels has been adopted for winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China,due to the enhanced water-use efficiency.However,appropriate split nitrogen management may further improve crop growth and grain yield.Here,we conducted a 2-year field experiment to determine if split nitrogen management might improve wheat productivity by enhancing ^(13)C photosynthate mobilization and the antioxidant defense system under water-saving conditions.Split nitrogen management involved a constant total nitrogen rate(240 kg ha^(−1))split in four different proportions between sowing and jointing stage,i.e.,10:0(N1),7:3(N2),5:5(N3),and 3:7(N4).The N3 treatment significantly enhanced“soil-plant analysis development”values,superoxide dismutase antioxidant activity,soluble protein content,sucrose content,and sucrose phosphate synthetase activity,although it reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA).The N3 treatment ultimately increased the amount of dry matter assimilation after anthesis significantly.In addition,the ^(13)C isotope tracer experiment revealed that the N3 treatment promoted the assimilation of carbohydrates after anthesis and their partitioning to the developing grains.Compared to the unequal ratio treatments(N1,N2,and N4),the equal ratio treatment(N3)increased grain yield by 5.70–16.72%via increasing 1000-grain weight and number of grains per spike in both growing seasons.Therefore,we recommend the use of a 5:5 basal-topdressing split nitrogen fertilizer application under water-saving irrigation conditions to promote antioxidant enzyme activity and the remobilization of photosynthate after anthesis for improving wheat grain yield.展开更多
Droplet shear stress is considered as an important indicator that reflects soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation more accurately than kinetic energy,and the effect of droplet impact angle on the shear stress cannot be ...Droplet shear stress is considered as an important indicator that reflects soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation more accurately than kinetic energy,and the effect of droplet impact angle on the shear stress cannot be ignored.In this study,radial distribution of droplet impact angles,velocities,and shear stresses were investigated using a two-dimensional video disdrometer with three types of low-pressure sprinkler(Nelson D3000,R3000,and Komet KPT)under two operating pressures(103 and 138 kPa)and three nozzle diameters(3.97,5.95,and 7.94 mm).Furthermore,the relationships among these characteristical parameters of droplet were analyzed,and their influencing factors were comprehensively evaluated.For various types of sprinkler,operating pressures,and nozzle diameters,the smaller impact angles and larger velocities of droplets were found to occur closer to the sprinkler,resulting in relatively low droplet shear stresses.The increase in distance from the sprinkler caused the droplet impact angle to decrease and velocity to increase,which contributed to a significant increase in the shear stress that reached the peak value at the end of the jet.Therefore,the end of the jet was the most prone to soil erosion in the radial direction,and the soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation could not only be attributed to the droplet kinetic energy,but also needed to be combined with the analysis of its shear stress.Through comparing the radial distributions of average droplet shear stresses among the three types of sprinklers,D3000 exhibited the largest value(26.94-3313.51 N/m^(2)),followed by R3000(33.34-2650.80 N/m^(2)),and KPT(16.15-2485.69 N/m^(2)).From the perspective of minimizing the risk of soil erosion,KPT sprinkler was more suitable for low-pressure sprinkler irrigation than D3000 and R3000 sprinklers.In addition to selecting the appropriate sprinkler type to reduce the droplet shear stress,a suitable sprinkler spacing could also provide acceptable results,because the distance from the sprinkler exhibited a highly significant(P<0.01)effect on the shear stress.This study results provide a new reference for the design of low-pressure sprinkler irrigation system.展开更多
Alternate moistube-irrigation is a new type of water-saving irrigation,and research on water infiltration with alternate moistube-irrigation is important for the design of irrigation schemes and helpful to understand ...Alternate moistube-irrigation is a new type of water-saving irrigation,and research on water infiltration with alternate moistube-irrigation is important for the design of irrigation schemes and helpful to understand and apply this technology.The effects of the pressure head(1.0 m and 1.5 m)and tube spacing(10 cm,20 cm,and 30 cm between two moistubes respectively)on soil water infiltration in alternate moistube-irrigation were studied in laboratory experiments,and the cumulative infiltration,discharge of the moistube,and shape and water distribution of the cross-section of the wetting front were determined.The cumulative infiltration increased quickly and linearly with the infiltration time at 0-96 h(R^(2)>0.99),and changed smoothly at 96-192 h with a basically steady infiltration rate.The discharge of the moistube increased rapidly at the beginning of irrigation,then decreased before stabilizing.The cumulative infiltrations and discharges of moistube under the 1.5 m pressure head were more than those under the 1.0 m pressure head.The shape of the cross-section of the wetting front for a single moistube was similar to a concentric circle.With the increase of tube spacing,the interaction between water infiltrations of two moistubes decreased.The soil water distributions around two moistubes were similar to each other under the 1.0 m pressure head and large tube spacing.When the tube spacing was 20 cm,the soil water distribution was more uniform around two moistubes.展开更多
In arid and semi-arid areas,the profitability of irrigated agriculture mainly depends on the availability of water resources and optimal cropping patterns of irrigation districts.In this study,an integrated agricultur...In arid and semi-arid areas,the profitability of irrigated agriculture mainly depends on the availability of water resources and optimal cropping patterns of irrigation districts.In this study,an integrated agricultural cropping pattern optimization model was developed with considering the uncertainty of water availability and water saving potential in the future,aiming to maximize agricultural net benefit per unit of irrigation water.The available water which was based on the uncertainty of runoff was divided into five scenarios.The irrigation water-saving potential in the future was quantified by assuming an increase in the rate irrigation water-saving of 10% and 20%.The model was applied to the middle reaches of Heihe River basin,in Gansu Province,China.Results showed that if the irrigation water-saving rate was assumed to increase by 10%,then the net water-saving quantity would increase by 21.5-22.5 million m3 and the gross water-saving quantity would increase by 275.7-303.0 million m3.Similarly,if the irrigation water-saving rate increased by 20%,then the net water-saving quantity would increase by 43.0-45.1 million m3 and the gross water-saving quantity would increase by 331.7-383.2 million m3.If the agricultural cropping pattern was optimized,the optimal water and cultivated area allocation for maize would be greater than those for other crops.Under the premise that similar volume of irrigation water quantity was available in different scenarios,results showed differences in system benefit and net benefit per unit of irrigation water,for the distribution of available irrigation water was diverse in different irrigation districts.展开更多
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> Water is the key factor to ensure plant survival in the process of ecological restoration in the coal base of China northwest deserts. On the premise of meeting the mine production and living water demands, we should take measures such as dirt wastewater treatment and water-saving irrigation to increase income and reduce expenditure and allocate limited water re-sources rationally, to provide mining area ecological restoration maximum usable water resources. The mining dump has large slope and thin soil layer and it is easy to produce surface runoff. So it is particularly important to study the irrigation technology needed to satisfy vegetation restoration, on the premise of guaranteeing not to produce surface runoff and the slope stability. In this paper, through field plot test, the suitable irrigation method for mine slope, slope surface soil moisture migration characteristics and slope stability analysis were studied. Results show that three slope ir-rigation technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages. On the whole, the effect of drip irrigation is the best, micro spray irrigation is the second, infiltrating irrigation is not ideal. The permeability of mine soil slope is very strong, the infiltration rate of the slope direction is the high-est, inverse slope infiltration rate is lowest. In the process of irrigation, with the increase of soil moisture content, slope safety factor is the decreased obviously, the whole slope surface soil moisture content is 14% for the slope stability safety threshold. </div>
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund under Grant No.18BTJ010Fundamental Research Projects of Central Universities Fund under Grant Nos.31512211201,31423211202,31513111217 and 31712211202。
文摘Xinjiang's agriculture is a typical irrigated agriculture for its agriculture water consumption accounts for 96%of the total water use.As a typical resource-deficient area,the key to Xinjiang's agricultural development is saving water.This paper takes the high-efficient water-saving irrigation technology of 41 regions along the Tarim River from 2002 to 2013 as the research object,adopts spatial stochastic frontier model to measure the space efficiency of high-efficient water-saving irrigation technology,and analyzes the effect of water-saving irrigation technology on agricultural development.Results show that the water-saving irrigation technology has a spatial effect,if neglecting it,the error of missing variables will occur,and the average loss will be 6.98 percentage points.The spatial correlation effect promotes the improvement of the efficiency of water-saving irrigation technology.The spatial heterogeneity leads to the spatial imbalance of the efficiency of water-saving irrigation technology.The promotion of agricultural water-saving irrigation technology can increase production and the efficiency of agricultural development.Due to the technical heterogeneity of different types of water-saving irrigation technology,the contribution to the development of agriculture is also different.The study finds that water-saving irrigation technology of drip irrigation in the Tarim River contributes more to agricultural development.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771715,31771717)Project of Technology System in Modern Wheat Industry,Ministry of Agriculture,China(CARS-3-1-19)Field Station Union Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-SW-YW035).
文摘A water-saving cultivation technique of supplementary irrigation based on soil moisture levels has been adopted for winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China,due to the enhanced water-use efficiency.However,appropriate split nitrogen management may further improve crop growth and grain yield.Here,we conducted a 2-year field experiment to determine if split nitrogen management might improve wheat productivity by enhancing ^(13)C photosynthate mobilization and the antioxidant defense system under water-saving conditions.Split nitrogen management involved a constant total nitrogen rate(240 kg ha^(−1))split in four different proportions between sowing and jointing stage,i.e.,10:0(N1),7:3(N2),5:5(N3),and 3:7(N4).The N3 treatment significantly enhanced“soil-plant analysis development”values,superoxide dismutase antioxidant activity,soluble protein content,sucrose content,and sucrose phosphate synthetase activity,although it reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA).The N3 treatment ultimately increased the amount of dry matter assimilation after anthesis significantly.In addition,the ^(13)C isotope tracer experiment revealed that the N3 treatment promoted the assimilation of carbohydrates after anthesis and their partitioning to the developing grains.Compared to the unequal ratio treatments(N1,N2,and N4),the equal ratio treatment(N3)increased grain yield by 5.70–16.72%via increasing 1000-grain weight and number of grains per spike in both growing seasons.Therefore,we recommend the use of a 5:5 basal-topdressing split nitrogen fertilizer application under water-saving irrigation conditions to promote antioxidant enzyme activity and the remobilization of photosynthate after anthesis for improving wheat grain yield.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51939005)the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province,China(21327002D)+2 种基金the Hebei Forage Industry Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China(HBCT2018160202)the Regional Collaborative Innovation Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China(2021E02056)the China Agriculture Research System of Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(CARS-34).
文摘Droplet shear stress is considered as an important indicator that reflects soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation more accurately than kinetic energy,and the effect of droplet impact angle on the shear stress cannot be ignored.In this study,radial distribution of droplet impact angles,velocities,and shear stresses were investigated using a two-dimensional video disdrometer with three types of low-pressure sprinkler(Nelson D3000,R3000,and Komet KPT)under two operating pressures(103 and 138 kPa)and three nozzle diameters(3.97,5.95,and 7.94 mm).Furthermore,the relationships among these characteristical parameters of droplet were analyzed,and their influencing factors were comprehensively evaluated.For various types of sprinkler,operating pressures,and nozzle diameters,the smaller impact angles and larger velocities of droplets were found to occur closer to the sprinkler,resulting in relatively low droplet shear stresses.The increase in distance from the sprinkler caused the droplet impact angle to decrease and velocity to increase,which contributed to a significant increase in the shear stress that reached the peak value at the end of the jet.Therefore,the end of the jet was the most prone to soil erosion in the radial direction,and the soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation could not only be attributed to the droplet kinetic energy,but also needed to be combined with the analysis of its shear stress.Through comparing the radial distributions of average droplet shear stresses among the three types of sprinklers,D3000 exhibited the largest value(26.94-3313.51 N/m^(2)),followed by R3000(33.34-2650.80 N/m^(2)),and KPT(16.15-2485.69 N/m^(2)).From the perspective of minimizing the risk of soil erosion,KPT sprinkler was more suitable for low-pressure sprinkler irrigation than D3000 and R3000 sprinklers.In addition to selecting the appropriate sprinkler type to reduce the droplet shear stress,a suitable sprinkler spacing could also provide acceptable results,because the distance from the sprinkler exhibited a highly significant(P<0.01)effect on the shear stress.This study results provide a new reference for the design of low-pressure sprinkler irrigation system.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(51809189)the Natural Science Foundation(201701D121109,201801D121266)the Key Research and Development Plan(201703D211020-2)of Shanxi Province,China.
文摘Alternate moistube-irrigation is a new type of water-saving irrigation,and research on water infiltration with alternate moistube-irrigation is important for the design of irrigation schemes and helpful to understand and apply this technology.The effects of the pressure head(1.0 m and 1.5 m)and tube spacing(10 cm,20 cm,and 30 cm between two moistubes respectively)on soil water infiltration in alternate moistube-irrigation were studied in laboratory experiments,and the cumulative infiltration,discharge of the moistube,and shape and water distribution of the cross-section of the wetting front were determined.The cumulative infiltration increased quickly and linearly with the infiltration time at 0-96 h(R^(2)>0.99),and changed smoothly at 96-192 h with a basically steady infiltration rate.The discharge of the moistube increased rapidly at the beginning of irrigation,then decreased before stabilizing.The cumulative infiltrations and discharges of moistube under the 1.5 m pressure head were more than those under the 1.0 m pressure head.The shape of the cross-section of the wetting front for a single moistube was similar to a concentric circle.With the increase of tube spacing,the interaction between water infiltrations of two moistubes decreased.The soil water distributions around two moistubes were similar to each other under the 1.0 m pressure head and large tube spacing.When the tube spacing was 20 cm,the soil water distribution was more uniform around two moistubes.
基金We acknowledge that this work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Fund in China(Grant No.91425302,91325201)National Key Research and Development Program during the 13th Five-year Plan in China(Grant No.2016YFC0401306).
文摘In arid and semi-arid areas,the profitability of irrigated agriculture mainly depends on the availability of water resources and optimal cropping patterns of irrigation districts.In this study,an integrated agricultural cropping pattern optimization model was developed with considering the uncertainty of water availability and water saving potential in the future,aiming to maximize agricultural net benefit per unit of irrigation water.The available water which was based on the uncertainty of runoff was divided into five scenarios.The irrigation water-saving potential in the future was quantified by assuming an increase in the rate irrigation water-saving of 10% and 20%.The model was applied to the middle reaches of Heihe River basin,in Gansu Province,China.Results showed that if the irrigation water-saving rate was assumed to increase by 10%,then the net water-saving quantity would increase by 21.5-22.5 million m3 and the gross water-saving quantity would increase by 275.7-303.0 million m3.Similarly,if the irrigation water-saving rate increased by 20%,then the net water-saving quantity would increase by 43.0-45.1 million m3 and the gross water-saving quantity would increase by 331.7-383.2 million m3.If the agricultural cropping pattern was optimized,the optimal water and cultivated area allocation for maize would be greater than those for other crops.Under the premise that similar volume of irrigation water quantity was available in different scenarios,results showed differences in system benefit and net benefit per unit of irrigation water,for the distribution of available irrigation water was diverse in different irrigation districts.
