Biogasification of coal is important for clean utilization of coal. Experiments on the fermentation of single lignite, single straw and their mixture were performed to explore the variation characteristics of gas prod...Biogasification of coal is important for clean utilization of coal. Experiments on the fermentation of single lignite, single straw and their mixture were performed to explore the variation characteristics of gas production potential, microbial community and methanogenic metabolic pathways of mixture. Research has shown that mixed fermentation of lignite and straw significantly promoted biomethane production. The abundance of hydrolytic acidifying functional bacteria genera (Sphaerochaeta, Lentimicrobium) in mixed fermentation was higher than that in the fermentation of single lignite and single straw. The abundance of some key CAZy metabolic enzyme gene sequences in mixed fermentation group was increased, which was favorable to improve methane production. Aceticlastic methanogenesis was the most critical methanogenic pathway and acetic acid pathway was more competitive in methanogenic mode during peak fermentation. Macrogenomics provided theoretical support for the claim that mixed fermentation of coal and straw promoted biomethane metabolism, which was potentially valuable in expanding methanogenesis from mixed fermentation of lignite with different biomasses.展开更多
The treatment of wheat straw is very difficult,and its utilization rate is very low;accumulation causes air pollution and even fire.To make full use of wheat straw resources,we examined how using different physical an...The treatment of wheat straw is very difficult,and its utilization rate is very low;accumulation causes air pollution and even fire.To make full use of wheat straw resources,we examined how using different physical and chemical methods to treat the wheat straw which can improve its strength abilities,or enhance the activity of wheat straw ash.In terms of concrete additives,it can reduce the amount of cement used.In this paper,we found that alkali treatment can significantly improve the tensile strength of wheat straw fiber,but polyvinyl alcohol treatment has no obvious effect on the strength of wheat straw fiber after alkali treatment.At the same time,we analyzed the wheat straw fiber microstructure through scanning electron microscopy,and we also studied the wheat straw ash chemical composition after 600℃ high-temperature treatment.Through the compressive strength test,we found that the strength of concrete decreases with increasing of wheat straw fiber and wheat straw powder content,and the compressive strength of concrete with wheat straw ash instead of 5%cement decreases little,and the strength of the concrete also decreases with the increasing of wheat straw ash.Through the macroscopic observation of the failure form of concrete,we found that the failure form of concrete with wheat straw ash is similar to that of common concrete,while the failure degree of concrete with wheat straw fiber and wheat straw powder is weakened.Through the scanning electron microscope test of the concrete,it was found that wheat straw fiber has an effect on the cracking of concrete and the inner compactness of concrete can also be affected by adding wheat straw ash and wheat straw powder.展开更多
In this study,ultrasonic field was applied during potassium hydroxide(KOH) pretreatment of wheat straw(WS).Three concentrations of KOH(2%,4%,and 6%) were tested during pretreatment.The results showed that there was a ...In this study,ultrasonic field was applied during potassium hydroxide(KOH) pretreatment of wheat straw(WS).Three concentrations of KOH(2%,4%,and 6%) were tested during pretreatment.The results showed that there was a significant influence of the ultrasonic assisted KOH pretreatment(KOH(Upt)) on physiochemical characteristics of WS during pretreatment as well as on digester performance.The pretreatment time was optimized to 36 h for all KOH concentrations.The highest total volatile fatty acid(TVFA) productions(3189 mg·L^-1) from 6%KOHupt samples were observed.Similarly,the SEM analysis and FTIR observation revealed that KOH(Upt) effectively disrupted the physical morphology of WS and successful breaking of lignin and hemicellulose linkage between carboxyl groups.Moreover,the highest biogasification(555 ml·(g VS(loaded))^-1) and biomethane productions(282 ml·(g VS(loaded))^-1) from 4%KOH(Upt) digesters,with 69% of biodegradability,indicated significant availability of organic matter from KOH(Upt).The R^2 values(0.993-0.998) in Modified Gompertz Model indicated that the model was feasible to predict methane yield for this study.Similarly,the Bo values for 4%KOH(Upt)(283.30±2.74 ml·(gVS(loaded))^-1) were also in agreement to the experimental methane yield.These results suggested that ultrasonic addition during KOH pretreatment of WS can effectively increase the organic yield during pretreatment.Moreover,the increase in methane production from 4% KOH(Upt) suggested that digester performance can be improved with lower KOH concentrations using this pretreatment.展开更多
The aromatic nature of lignin makes it a potential renewable source of chemicals and other valuable products.Isolation of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass using organic solvents enables the production of high-purit...The aromatic nature of lignin makes it a potential renewable source of chemicals and other valuable products.Isolation of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass using organic solvents enables the production of high-purity lignin.The use of formic acid in the organosolv pulping and fractionation process has been widely studied.Characterization of lignin is necessary to achieve valueadded applications of lignin.To simplify the isolation of formic acid-treated lignin,herein,milled wheat straw lignin(MWSL) was employed as an archetype for characterization of the structural changes of lignin during formic acid treatment.The results showed that the MWSL was GSH-type(comprising p-hydroxyphenyl(H),guaiacyl(G),and syringyl(S) monolignols) and underwent structural changes during formic acid treatment.Lignin was esterified during the formic acid treatment.The content of alkyl hydroxyl groups in lignin decreased upon formic acid treatment,corresponding to an increase of the number of double bond equivalents(DBE).Lignin units with active reaction sites were liable to slight condensation,which resulted in a moderate increase of the molecular weight.The molecular weight distribution of formic acid-treated MWSL(FMWSL) was wider than that of the MWSL,although the molecular weight of both species did not differ significantly.The β-O-4 linkage in lignin was partially cleaved during formic acid treatment,resulting in the production of new phenolic structures.This improved the solubility of lignin in the cooking liquor and its reactivity for downstream applications.展开更多
The goal of this research was to improve the nutritive value of local wheat straw (WS) through treatment with fungi <i><i><span>Pleurotus</span></i><span></span></i><...The goal of this research was to improve the nutritive value of local wheat straw (WS) through treatment with fungi <i><i><span>Pleurotus</span></i><span></span></i><span> and to determine the nutrients digestibility using Daisy<sup>II</sup> technique. Results showed that fungal treated WS had more (P < 0.05) levels of dry matter (DM), ash and phosphorus (P) compared to the untreated WS. Moreover, fungal treatment had significant effect on reduction (P < 0.05) of crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and resulted in significant increase (P < 0.05) in crude protein (CP) content. Fungal treatment increased digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and gross energy (GE) by 12%, 27%, 28%, 2% and 12%, respectively. It can be concluded that fungal treatment has an advantage in upgrading raw WS.</span>展开更多
Efficient utilization of wheat straw residue(WSR) from pulp mills is an important priority for the sustainable development of the pulp and paper industry. In this study, the effects of ammonium sulfite(AS) pretreatmen...Efficient utilization of wheat straw residue(WSR) from pulp mills is an important priority for the sustainable development of the pulp and paper industry. In this study, the effects of ammonium sulfite(AS) pretreatment with different AS charges(wt%) and pretreatment temperatures on the chemical composition and enzymatic hydrolysis of WSR were studied. The results revealed that more lignin was removed with the increase of pretreatment temperature and AS charge. The degradation of hemicellulose became severe at high pretreatment temperature, while cellulose remained stable during the pretreatment process. The enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of pretreated WSR was increased and then decreased with the increase of the AS charge and pretreatment temperature. The AS charge exerts a stronger effect on enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency than the pretreatment temperature. Glucan and xylan conversion ratios up to 88.9% and 44.9%, respectively, were obtained. The highest total sugar conversion ratio was 67.0% when WSR pretreated with 16% AS at 165℃ was hydrolyzed with a cellulase loading of 40 FPU per gram of glucan.展开更多
In this study,wheat straw pulp was prepared by sulfiteformaldehyde(SF) pulping combined with oxygen delignification to develop a sustainable methodology for chemical pulping of straw materials.The bleachability of oxy...In this study,wheat straw pulp was prepared by sulfiteformaldehyde(SF) pulping combined with oxygen delignification to develop a sustainable methodology for chemical pulping of straw materials.The bleachability of oxygen-delignified SF pulp was also evaluated by hypochlorite bleaching.The results indicated that the Na_2SO_3 charge played an important role in lignin removal during SF pulping as well as oxygen delignification.The efficiency of oxygen delignification of wheat straw SF pulp was markedly high.After the oxygenation stage,the Kappa number decreased by over 50%(the original Kappa number of SF pulp was lower than 30) when the Na OH charge was in the range of 3%~5%.The optimal conditions for preparing bleached pulp via combined SF pulping and oxygen delignification involved the use of 12% of Na_2SO_3 and 3% of Na OH,respectively.Pulp with relatively high brightness,a low Kappa number,as well as an acceptable viscosity could be obtained when oxygen-delignified SF pulp was bleached with hypochlorite under a low active chlorine dosage.展开更多
Wheat straw burial has great potential to sustain rice production under alternate wetting and drying(AWD)irrigation.A field experiment was conducted with three wheat straw burial treatments,including without straw bur...Wheat straw burial has great potential to sustain rice production under alternate wetting and drying(AWD)irrigation.A field experiment was conducted with three wheat straw burial treatments,including without straw burial(NSB),with light straw burial of 300 kg/hm^(2)(LSB)and dense straw burial of 800 kg/hm^(2)(DSB),as well as three AWD regimes:alternate wetting/moderate drying(AWMD),alternate wetting/severe drying(AWSD)and alternate wetting/critical drying(AWCD).The rice growth and grain quality were higher in LSB and NSB than those in NSB under the same AWD regime.The AWMD×DSB treatment resulted in the highest yield,brown rice rate,milled rice rate,amylose content and protein content.Conversely,the AWCD×NSB treatment led to the lowest yield,brown rice rate,milled rice rate,amylose content and protein content.The active absorption area and nitrate reductase activity of roots were higher in the AWMD×DSB treatment than those in the AWCD×NSB treatment,as the former increased organic carbon and nitrogen contents in the rhizosphere,whereas the latter reduced their availability.Total soluble protein content and glutamine synthetase activity were greater in the AWMD×DSB treatment than those in the AWCD×NSB treatment.The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in the AWMD×DSB treatment compared with the AWCD×NSB treatment,leading to the amelioration of oxidative cell injury,as shown by a lower malonaldehyde level.This study suggested that farmers should implement AWMD irrigation after leaving the straw residues in the field,followed by deep tillage to improve soil quality and mitigate the drought stress cycles of AWD.This approach can improve rice growth and grain quality and alleviate the problems of disposal of straw residues and water scarcity for sustainable rice production.展开更多
Green solvents for cellulose dissolution is a key topic for green chemistry,especially natural cellulose with high molecular weight,and there are scarce solvents reported.Deep eutectic solvent(DES)is a typical kind of...Green solvents for cellulose dissolution is a key topic for green chemistry,especially natural cellulose with high molecular weight,and there are scarce solvents reported.Deep eutectic solvent(DES)is a typical kind of green solvent that has been attracted much attention recently.Here,high molecular weight natural cellulose(DP>3000)was first isolated from wheat straw and then be directly dissolved in the choline/L-lysine(Ch/Lys)DES.The solution owns excellent stability,and the solubility reaches^5%.Rheological studies revealed that the natural cellulose can be well dispersed in the DES solution and showed gelation at high concentrations.The dissolved cellulose can be regenerated when the dilute acid aqueous solution was added into the solution.It provides an energy conversation and an environmentally friendly route to prepare a cellulose solution,which makes it possible to convert cellulose to valuable chemicals and materials in its homogeneous solution.展开更多
The aims of this study were to achieve working stability and continuity of the straw fibre extruder(D200)to improve the transportation efficiency of pretreated straw materials mulch film.Based on a theoretical analysi...The aims of this study were to achieve working stability and continuity of the straw fibre extruder(D200)to improve the transportation efficiency of pretreated straw materials mulch film.Based on a theoretical analysis of wheat straw friction characteristics and the mechanics model of wheat straw transport,a tilting variable-diameter spiral feeding device matched the designed straw fibre extruder(D200-type).Experimental researches were performed by using the orthogonal test method of the L16(45)to obtain the optimal parameter combination.The spiral angle,the speed of the screw shaft and the moisture content of straw raw materials were selected as influencing factors,and feeding efficiency was selected as the objective indicator.The results showed that the spiral angle,the rotating speed of screw shaft and the moisture content of straw raw materials had very significant effects on the feeding efficiency(p<0.01).The order of the extent of the influence of parameters on the feeding efficiency of wheat straw raw materials from high to low was the moisture content,the spiral angle and the speed of screw shaft.When the maximum transfer efficiency per unit time of the inclined spiral feeding device was 1040.8 kg·h-1,the spiral angle was 40?,the speed of screw shaft was 200 r·min-1 and the moisture content was 65%.Verification experiment proved the feasibility of straw fibre extruder designed.展开更多
Soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions and C turnover related enzyme activities are essential for nutrient cycling.This is because they are regarded as important indicators of soil fertility and quality.We measured the eff...Soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions and C turnover related enzyme activities are essential for nutrient cycling.This is because they are regarded as important indicators of soil fertility and quality.We measured the effects of wheat straw incorporation on SOC fractions and C turnover related enzyme activities in a paddy field in subtropical China.Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths after rice harvesting.The total SOC concentrations were higher in the high rate of wheat straw incorporation treatment(NPKS2)than in the not fertilized control(CK)(P<0.05).The concentrations of labile C fractions[i.e.,water soluble organic C(WSOC),hot-water soluble organic C(HWSOC),microbial biomass C(MBC),and easily oxidizable C(EOC)],were higher in the moderate NPKS1 and NPKS2 treatments than in CK and the fertilized treatment without straw(NPK)(P<0.05).The geometric means of labile C(GMC)and C pool management index(CPMI)values were highest in NPKS2(P<0.05).The SOC concentrations correlated positively with the labile C fractions(P<0.05).Soil cellulase activity and the geometric mean of enzyme activities(GMea)were higher in NPKS2 than in CK in all soil layers(P<0.05),and the invertase activity was higher in NPKS2 than in CK in the 0-10 cm layer(P<0.05).Stepwise multiple linear regression indicated that the formation of the SOC,WSOC,HWSOC,MBC,and EOC was mostly enhanced by the cellulase and invertase activities(P<0.05).Therefore,the high rate of wheat straw incorporation may be recommended to increase soil C pool levels and soil fertility in subtropical paddy soils.展开更多
Pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of incorporation of wheat straw and/ or urea into soil on biomass nitrogen and mineral nitrogen and its relation to the growth and yield of rice.The combined applia...Pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of incorporation of wheat straw and/ or urea into soil on biomass nitrogen and mineral nitrogen and its relation to the growth and yield of rice.The combined appliation of wheat straw and urea increased much more biomass nitrogen in soil than the application of wheat straw or urea alone and consequently increased the immobilization of urea nitrogen added and reduced the loss of urea nitrogen.An adequate nitrogen-supplying process to rice plant could be obtained if C/ N ratio of the material added was about 20.The three yield components of rice were affected significantly by the status of nitrogen supplying.More than 30mg N/ kg soil of mineral nitrogen at effective tillering stage,panicle initiation stage and filling stage should be maintained in order to get high rice yield,though the criteria varied with the different experimental conditions.展开更多
Wheat straw biodegradability during anaerobic digestion was improved by treatment with potassium hydroxide(KOH)to decrease digestion time and enhance biomethane production and fertility value.KOH concentrations of1%(K...Wheat straw biodegradability during anaerobic digestion was improved by treatment with potassium hydroxide(KOH)to decrease digestion time and enhance biomethane production and fertility value.KOH concentrations of1%(K1),3%(K2),6%(K3)and 9%(K4)were tested for wheat straw pretreatment at ambient temperature with a C:N ratio of 25:1.86% of total solids(TS),89% of volatile solids(VS)and 22% of lignocellulose,cellulose and hemicellulose(LCH)(22%)were decomposed effectively with the wheat straw pretreated by 6% KOH.Enhanced biogas production and cumulative biomethane yield of 258 ml·(g VS)^(-1)were obtained increased by 45% and 41%respectively,compared with untreated wheat straw.Pretreated wheat straw digestion also yielded a digestate with higher fertilizer values potassium(138%),calcium(22%)and magnesium(16%).These results show that TS,VS and LCH can be effectively removed from wheat straw pretreated with KOH,improving biodegradability biomethane production and fertilizer value.展开更多
To accelerate the decomposition of wheat straw directly returned to soil, we constructed a microbial system (ADS-3) from agricultural soil containing rotting straw residues using a 40-wk limited cultivation. To assess...To accelerate the decomposition of wheat straw directly returned to soil, we constructed a microbial system (ADS-3) from agricultural soil containing rotting straw residues using a 40-wk limited cultivation. To assess its potential use for accelerating straw decomposing, the decomposing characteristics and the microbial composition of ADS-3 were analyzed. The results indicated that it could degrade wheat straw and filter paper by 63.8 and 80%, respectively, during 15 d of incubation. Straw hemicellulose degraded dramatically 51.2% during the first 3 d, decreasing up to 73.7% by the end of incubation. Cellulose showed sustained degradation reaching 53.3% in 15 d. Peak values of xylanase and cellulase activities appeared at 3 and 11 d, with 1.32 and 0.15 U mL-1, respectively. Estimated pH averaged 6.4-7.6 during the degradation process, which approximated acidity and alkalinity of normal soils. The microbial composition of ADS-3 was stable based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. By using bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal 26S rRNA gene clone library analysis, 20 bacterial clones and 7 fungal clones were detected. Closest identified relatives of bacteria represented by Bacillus fusiformis, Cytophaga sp., uncultured Clostridiales bacterium, Ruminobacillus xylanolyticum, Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum, and uncultured proteobacterium and the fungi were mainly identified as related to Pichia sp. and uncultured fungus.展开更多
A study was conducted to test wettability changes of the wheat straw treated with different methods for the preparation of wheat straw particle board. The wheat straws were separately sprayed with two chemicals (0.6% ...A study was conducted to test wettability changes of the wheat straw treated with different methods for the preparation of wheat straw particle board. The wheat straws were separately sprayed with two chemicals (0.6% NaOH, 0.3% H2O2) and three enzymes (lipase, xylanase, cellulase). The contact angle between water and the surface of wheat straw was measured and the spreading-penetration parameters (K-values) were also calculated with wetting model. The surfaces of treated wheat straw and control sample were scanned by means of Micro-FTIR, and their peaks arrangements were analyzed. The surface morphologies of treated wheat straw and control sample were also observed by SEM. Chemical etching was found on the exterior surfaces of the straws treated separately with 0.6% NaOH and 0.3% H2O2; furthermore, the spreading-penetration parameters (K-values) of the distilled water on the exterior surfaces of the treated wheat straw along the grain were higher than that of control. The wettability of exterior surfaces of the wheat straws treated separately with lipase, xylanase and cellulose were improved after treating for seven days, and among the three enzymes treatments, the lipase treatment showed best result. The lipase treatment and NaOH treatment were determined as better methods for improving the wettability of wheat straw surfaces. However, in the economic aspect, NaOH treatment was more practical and easier in the pretreatment for the manufacture of straw particle board.展开更多
Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertiliz...Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil in Hebei fluvo aquic soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China were begun in 1992. The results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve the yields of wheat and maize with the order of NPK + St > NPK > NP + St > NP, and treatment of K fertilizer made a significant difference to NP, and the efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. In contrast with Shanxi, the wastage of soil potassium was a more serious issue in the rotation system in Hebei, only treatment of NPK + St showed a surplus of potassium and the others showed a wane. K fertilizer and straw could improve the content of water-soluble K, nonspecifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K, and total K in contrast to NP; however, K fertilizer and straw reduce the proportion of mineral K and improve proportion of other forms of potassium in the two locating sites. Compared with the beginning of orientation, temporal variability character of soil K content and proportion showed a difference between the two soil types; furthermore, there was a decrease in the content of mineral K and total K simultaneously in the two locating sites. As a whole, the effect of K fertilizer applied to soil directly excelled to wheat straw to soil. Wheat straw to soil was an effective measure to complement potassium to increase crop yield and retard the decrease of soil K.展开更多
We investigated the hydration behavior and some physical/mechanical properties of cement-bonded particleboard (CBPB) containing particles of wheat straw and poplar wood at various usage ratios and bonded with Portland...We investigated the hydration behavior and some physical/mechanical properties of cement-bonded particleboard (CBPB) containing particles of wheat straw and poplar wood at various usage ratios and bonded with Portland cement mixed with different levels of inorganic additives. We determined the setting time and compression strength of cement pastes containing different additives and particles, and studied the effects of these additives and particles on thickness swelling, internal bond strength and modulus of rupture of CBPB by using RSM (Response Surface Methodology). The mathematical model equations (second-order response functions) were derived to optimize properties of CBPB by computer simulation programming. Predicted values were in agreement with experimental values (R2 values of 0.93, 0.96 and 0.96 for TS, IB and MOR, respectively). RSM can be efficiently applied to model panel properties. The variables can affect the properties of panels. The cement composites with bending strength > 12.5 MPa and internal bond strength > 0.28 MPa can be made by using wheat straw as a reinforcing material. Straw particle usage up to 11.5% in the mixture satisfies the minimum requirements of International Standard, EN 312 (2003) for IB and MOR. The dose of 4.95% calcium chloride, by weight of cement, can improve mechanical properties of the panels at the minimum requirement of EN 312. By increasing straw content from 0 to 30%, TS was reduced by increasing straw particle usage up to 1.5% and with 5.54% calcium chloride in the mixture, TS satisfied the EN 312 standard.展开更多
The incorporation of straw in cultivated fields can potentially improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the presence of recalcitrant carbon compounds in straw slow its decomposition rate. The objective of this s...The incorporation of straw in cultivated fields can potentially improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the presence of recalcitrant carbon compounds in straw slow its decomposition rate. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen sources, with and without the application of zinc, on straw decomposition and soil quality. Soils were treated with three different nitrogen sources, with and without zinc: urea(CO(NH2)2), ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4), and ammonium chloride(NH4Cl). The combined treatments were as follows: maize(M) and wheat(W) straw incorporated into urea-, ammonium sulfate-, or ammonium chloride-treated soil(U, S, and C, respectively) with and without zinc(Z)(MU, MUZ, WU, WUZ; MS, MSZ, WS, WSZ; MC, MCZ, WC, WCZ, respectively); straw with zinc only(MZ, WZ); straw with untreated soil(MS, WS); and soil-only or control conditions(NT). The experiment consisted of 17 treatments with four replications. Each pot contained 150 g soil and 1.125 g straw, had a moisture content of 80% of the field capacity, and was incubated for 53 days at 25°C. The rates of CO2-C emission, cumulative CO2-C evolution, total CO2 production in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer decomposition rates. The total organic carbon(TOC), labile organic carbon(LOC), and soil microbial biomass in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer soil quality. All results were significantly different(P<0.05) with the exception of the labile organic carbon(LOC). The maize and wheat straw showed different patterns in CO2 evolution rates. For both straw types, Zn had a synergic effect with U, but an antagonistic effect with the other N sources as determined by the total CO2 produced. The MUZ treatment showed the highest decomposition rate and cumulative CO2 concentration(1 120.29 mg/pot), whereas the WACZ treatment had the lowest cumulative CO2 concentration(1 040.57 mg/pot). The addition of NH4 Cl resulted in the highest total organic carbon(TOC) concentration(11.59 mg kg-1). The incorporation of wheat straw resulted in higher microbial biomass accumulation in soils relative to that of the maize straw application. The results demonstrate that mineral N sources can affect the ability of microorganisms to decompose straw, as well as the soil carbon concentrations.展开更多
The object of this study was to determine the effect of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality and chemical composition of wheat straw silage. Silages were prepared using a small-scale fermen...The object of this study was to determine the effect of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality and chemical composition of wheat straw silage. Silages were prepared using a small-scale fermentation system and the moisture level was adjusted to 60% of fresh matter (FM) with deionized water. Treatments were designed as: control silage without additives, LAB inoculant Lactobacillus casei Z3-1 (1.0 × 106 cfu·g-1 of FM), commercial inoculant L. plantarum FG 1 (1.0 × 106 cfu·g-1 of FM), Z3-1 + cellulase and FG 1 + cellulase. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and crude protein (CP) contents of the wheat straw prior to ensiling were 76.93%, 48.52% and 4.63% of dry matter (DM), respectively. After 30 days of fermentation, the silages treated with LAB and LAB + cellulase had a lower (P < 0.05) pH and higher (P < 0.05) lactic acid content than the control, and the coliform bacteria, yeast and mold were inhibited at the early stage of fermentation. Besides, silages treated with cellulase had lower (P < 0.05) values of ADF and NDF than the control. The results confirmed that the addition of cellulase and LAB contributed to improving the fermentation quality of wheat straw silage.展开更多
文摘Biogasification of coal is important for clean utilization of coal. Experiments on the fermentation of single lignite, single straw and their mixture were performed to explore the variation characteristics of gas production potential, microbial community and methanogenic metabolic pathways of mixture. Research has shown that mixed fermentation of lignite and straw significantly promoted biomethane production. The abundance of hydrolytic acidifying functional bacteria genera (Sphaerochaeta, Lentimicrobium) in mixed fermentation was higher than that in the fermentation of single lignite and single straw. The abundance of some key CAZy metabolic enzyme gene sequences in mixed fermentation group was increased, which was favorable to improve methane production. Aceticlastic methanogenesis was the most critical methanogenic pathway and acetic acid pathway was more competitive in methanogenic mode during peak fermentation. Macrogenomics provided theoretical support for the claim that mixed fermentation of coal and straw promoted biomethane metabolism, which was potentially valuable in expanding methanogenesis from mixed fermentation of lignite with different biomasses.
基金Supported by the Opening Project of Tunnel and Underground Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province (TERC) (2021-SDJJ-08).
文摘The treatment of wheat straw is very difficult,and its utilization rate is very low;accumulation causes air pollution and even fire.To make full use of wheat straw resources,we examined how using different physical and chemical methods to treat the wheat straw which can improve its strength abilities,or enhance the activity of wheat straw ash.In terms of concrete additives,it can reduce the amount of cement used.In this paper,we found that alkali treatment can significantly improve the tensile strength of wheat straw fiber,but polyvinyl alcohol treatment has no obvious effect on the strength of wheat straw fiber after alkali treatment.At the same time,we analyzed the wheat straw fiber microstructure through scanning electron microscopy,and we also studied the wheat straw ash chemical composition after 600℃ high-temperature treatment.Through the compressive strength test,we found that the strength of concrete decreases with increasing of wheat straw fiber and wheat straw powder content,and the compressive strength of concrete with wheat straw ash instead of 5%cement decreases little,and the strength of the concrete also decreases with the increasing of wheat straw ash.Through the macroscopic observation of the failure form of concrete,we found that the failure form of concrete with wheat straw ash is similar to that of common concrete,while the failure degree of concrete with wheat straw fiber and wheat straw powder is weakened.Through the scanning electron microscope test of the concrete,it was found that wheat straw fiber has an effect on the cracking of concrete and the inner compactness of concrete can also be affected by adding wheat straw ash and wheat straw powder.
基金supported by Yuan Yi Biomass S&T Company of China(No.H2015198)。
文摘In this study,ultrasonic field was applied during potassium hydroxide(KOH) pretreatment of wheat straw(WS).Three concentrations of KOH(2%,4%,and 6%) were tested during pretreatment.The results showed that there was a significant influence of the ultrasonic assisted KOH pretreatment(KOH(Upt)) on physiochemical characteristics of WS during pretreatment as well as on digester performance.The pretreatment time was optimized to 36 h for all KOH concentrations.The highest total volatile fatty acid(TVFA) productions(3189 mg·L^-1) from 6%KOHupt samples were observed.Similarly,the SEM analysis and FTIR observation revealed that KOH(Upt) effectively disrupted the physical morphology of WS and successful breaking of lignin and hemicellulose linkage between carboxyl groups.Moreover,the highest biogasification(555 ml·(g VS(loaded))^-1) and biomethane productions(282 ml·(g VS(loaded))^-1) from 4%KOH(Upt) digesters,with 69% of biodegradability,indicated significant availability of organic matter from KOH(Upt).The R^2 values(0.993-0.998) in Modified Gompertz Model indicated that the model was feasible to predict methane yield for this study.Similarly,the Bo values for 4%KOH(Upt)(283.30±2.74 ml·(gVS(loaded))^-1) were also in agreement to the experimental methane yield.These results suggested that ultrasonic addition during KOH pretreatment of WS can effectively increase the organic yield during pretreatment.Moreover,the increase in methane production from 4% KOH(Upt) suggested that digester performance can be improved with lower KOH concentrations using this pretreatment.
文摘The aromatic nature of lignin makes it a potential renewable source of chemicals and other valuable products.Isolation of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass using organic solvents enables the production of high-purity lignin.The use of formic acid in the organosolv pulping and fractionation process has been widely studied.Characterization of lignin is necessary to achieve valueadded applications of lignin.To simplify the isolation of formic acid-treated lignin,herein,milled wheat straw lignin(MWSL) was employed as an archetype for characterization of the structural changes of lignin during formic acid treatment.The results showed that the MWSL was GSH-type(comprising p-hydroxyphenyl(H),guaiacyl(G),and syringyl(S) monolignols) and underwent structural changes during formic acid treatment.Lignin was esterified during the formic acid treatment.The content of alkyl hydroxyl groups in lignin decreased upon formic acid treatment,corresponding to an increase of the number of double bond equivalents(DBE).Lignin units with active reaction sites were liable to slight condensation,which resulted in a moderate increase of the molecular weight.The molecular weight distribution of formic acid-treated MWSL(FMWSL) was wider than that of the MWSL,although the molecular weight of both species did not differ significantly.The β-O-4 linkage in lignin was partially cleaved during formic acid treatment,resulting in the production of new phenolic structures.This improved the solubility of lignin in the cooking liquor and its reactivity for downstream applications.
文摘The goal of this research was to improve the nutritive value of local wheat straw (WS) through treatment with fungi <i><i><span>Pleurotus</span></i><span></span></i><span> and to determine the nutrients digestibility using Daisy<sup>II</sup> technique. Results showed that fungal treated WS had more (P < 0.05) levels of dry matter (DM), ash and phosphorus (P) compared to the untreated WS. Moreover, fungal treatment had significant effect on reduction (P < 0.05) of crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and resulted in significant increase (P < 0.05) in crude protein (CP) content. Fungal treatment increased digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and gross energy (GE) by 12%, 27%, 28%, 2% and 12%, respectively. It can be concluded that fungal treatment has an advantage in upgrading raw WS.</span>
文摘Efficient utilization of wheat straw residue(WSR) from pulp mills is an important priority for the sustainable development of the pulp and paper industry. In this study, the effects of ammonium sulfite(AS) pretreatment with different AS charges(wt%) and pretreatment temperatures on the chemical composition and enzymatic hydrolysis of WSR were studied. The results revealed that more lignin was removed with the increase of pretreatment temperature and AS charge. The degradation of hemicellulose became severe at high pretreatment temperature, while cellulose remained stable during the pretreatment process. The enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of pretreated WSR was increased and then decreased with the increase of the AS charge and pretreatment temperature. The AS charge exerts a stronger effect on enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency than the pretreatment temperature. Glucan and xylan conversion ratios up to 88.9% and 44.9%, respectively, were obtained. The highest total sugar conversion ratio was 67.0% when WSR pretreated with 16% AS at 165℃ was hydrolyzed with a cellulase loading of 40 FPU per gram of glucan.
基金financial support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2016M591853)the Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering,China(Grant No.201616)+1 种基金the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Nanjing Forestry University,China(CX2015015)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China
文摘In this study,wheat straw pulp was prepared by sulfiteformaldehyde(SF) pulping combined with oxygen delignification to develop a sustainable methodology for chemical pulping of straw materials.The bleachability of oxygen-delignified SF pulp was also evaluated by hypochlorite bleaching.The results indicated that the Na_2SO_3 charge played an important role in lignin removal during SF pulping as well as oxygen delignification.The efficiency of oxygen delignification of wheat straw SF pulp was markedly high.After the oxygenation stage,the Kappa number decreased by over 50%(the original Kappa number of SF pulp was lower than 30) when the Na OH charge was in the range of 3%~5%.The optimal conditions for preparing bleached pulp via combined SF pulping and oxygen delignification involved the use of 12% of Na_2SO_3 and 3% of Na OH,respectively.Pulp with relatively high brightness,a low Kappa number,as well as an acceptable viscosity could be obtained when oxygen-delignified SF pulp was bleached with hypochlorite under a low active chlorine dosage.
基金supported by the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant Nos.2020049 and 2021055).
文摘Wheat straw burial has great potential to sustain rice production under alternate wetting and drying(AWD)irrigation.A field experiment was conducted with three wheat straw burial treatments,including without straw burial(NSB),with light straw burial of 300 kg/hm^(2)(LSB)and dense straw burial of 800 kg/hm^(2)(DSB),as well as three AWD regimes:alternate wetting/moderate drying(AWMD),alternate wetting/severe drying(AWSD)and alternate wetting/critical drying(AWCD).The rice growth and grain quality were higher in LSB and NSB than those in NSB under the same AWD regime.The AWMD×DSB treatment resulted in the highest yield,brown rice rate,milled rice rate,amylose content and protein content.Conversely,the AWCD×NSB treatment led to the lowest yield,brown rice rate,milled rice rate,amylose content and protein content.The active absorption area and nitrate reductase activity of roots were higher in the AWMD×DSB treatment than those in the AWCD×NSB treatment,as the former increased organic carbon and nitrogen contents in the rhizosphere,whereas the latter reduced their availability.Total soluble protein content and glutamine synthetase activity were greater in the AWMD×DSB treatment than those in the AWCD×NSB treatment.The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in the AWMD×DSB treatment compared with the AWCD×NSB treatment,leading to the amelioration of oxidative cell injury,as shown by a lower malonaldehyde level.This study suggested that farmers should implement AWMD irrigation after leaving the straw residues in the field,followed by deep tillage to improve soil quality and mitigate the drought stress cycles of AWD.This approach can improve rice growth and grain quality and alleviate the problems of disposal of straw residues and water scarcity for sustainable rice production.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51673180 and 51873201).
文摘Green solvents for cellulose dissolution is a key topic for green chemistry,especially natural cellulose with high molecular weight,and there are scarce solvents reported.Deep eutectic solvent(DES)is a typical kind of green solvent that has been attracted much attention recently.Here,high molecular weight natural cellulose(DP>3000)was first isolated from wheat straw and then be directly dissolved in the choline/L-lysine(Ch/Lys)DES.The solution owns excellent stability,and the solubility reaches^5%.Rheological studies revealed that the natural cellulose can be well dispersed in the DES solution and showed gelation at high concentrations.The dissolved cellulose can be regenerated when the dilute acid aqueous solution was added into the solution.It provides an energy conversation and an environmentally friendly route to prepare a cellulose solution,which makes it possible to convert cellulose to valuable chemicals and materials in its homogeneous solution.
基金Supported by Integrated Research and Demonstration of Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Reduction Technology for Soybean in Northeast China(2018YFD0201004)Funding from the Construction of Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System(GARS-04)。
文摘The aims of this study were to achieve working stability and continuity of the straw fibre extruder(D200)to improve the transportation efficiency of pretreated straw materials mulch film.Based on a theoretical analysis of wheat straw friction characteristics and the mechanics model of wheat straw transport,a tilting variable-diameter spiral feeding device matched the designed straw fibre extruder(D200-type).Experimental researches were performed by using the orthogonal test method of the L16(45)to obtain the optimal parameter combination.The spiral angle,the speed of the screw shaft and the moisture content of straw raw materials were selected as influencing factors,and feeding efficiency was selected as the objective indicator.The results showed that the spiral angle,the rotating speed of screw shaft and the moisture content of straw raw materials had very significant effects on the feeding efficiency(p<0.01).The order of the extent of the influence of parameters on the feeding efficiency of wheat straw raw materials from high to low was the moisture content,the spiral angle and the speed of screw shaft.When the maximum transfer efficiency per unit time of the inclined spiral feeding device was 1040.8 kg·h-1,the spiral angle was 40?,the speed of screw shaft was 200 r·min-1 and the moisture content was 65%.Verification experiment proved the feasibility of straw fibre extruder designed.
基金This work was funded by the Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program,China(Grant No.G20190308)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0801106).
文摘Soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions and C turnover related enzyme activities are essential for nutrient cycling.This is because they are regarded as important indicators of soil fertility and quality.We measured the effects of wheat straw incorporation on SOC fractions and C turnover related enzyme activities in a paddy field in subtropical China.Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths after rice harvesting.The total SOC concentrations were higher in the high rate of wheat straw incorporation treatment(NPKS2)than in the not fertilized control(CK)(P<0.05).The concentrations of labile C fractions[i.e.,water soluble organic C(WSOC),hot-water soluble organic C(HWSOC),microbial biomass C(MBC),and easily oxidizable C(EOC)],were higher in the moderate NPKS1 and NPKS2 treatments than in CK and the fertilized treatment without straw(NPK)(P<0.05).The geometric means of labile C(GMC)and C pool management index(CPMI)values were highest in NPKS2(P<0.05).The SOC concentrations correlated positively with the labile C fractions(P<0.05).Soil cellulase activity and the geometric mean of enzyme activities(GMea)were higher in NPKS2 than in CK in all soil layers(P<0.05),and the invertase activity was higher in NPKS2 than in CK in the 0-10 cm layer(P<0.05).Stepwise multiple linear regression indicated that the formation of the SOC,WSOC,HWSOC,MBC,and EOC was mostly enhanced by the cellulase and invertase activities(P<0.05).Therefore,the high rate of wheat straw incorporation may be recommended to increase soil C pool levels and soil fertility in subtropical paddy soils.
文摘Pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of incorporation of wheat straw and/ or urea into soil on biomass nitrogen and mineral nitrogen and its relation to the growth and yield of rice.The combined appliation of wheat straw and urea increased much more biomass nitrogen in soil than the application of wheat straw or urea alone and consequently increased the immobilization of urea nitrogen added and reduced the loss of urea nitrogen.An adequate nitrogen-supplying process to rice plant could be obtained if C/ N ratio of the material added was about 20.The three yield components of rice were affected significantly by the status of nitrogen supplying.More than 30mg N/ kg soil of mineral nitrogen at effective tillering stage,panicle initiation stage and filling stage should be maintained in order to get high rice yield,though the criteria varied with the different experimental conditions.
基金Supported by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higer Education(20120010110004)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(8142030)
文摘Wheat straw biodegradability during anaerobic digestion was improved by treatment with potassium hydroxide(KOH)to decrease digestion time and enhance biomethane production and fertility value.KOH concentrations of1%(K1),3%(K2),6%(K3)and 9%(K4)were tested for wheat straw pretreatment at ambient temperature with a C:N ratio of 25:1.86% of total solids(TS),89% of volatile solids(VS)and 22% of lignocellulose,cellulose and hemicellulose(LCH)(22%)were decomposed effectively with the wheat straw pretreated by 6% KOH.Enhanced biogas production and cumulative biomethane yield of 258 ml·(g VS)^(-1)were obtained increased by 45% and 41%respectively,compared with untreated wheat straw.Pretreated wheat straw digestion also yielded a digestate with higher fertilizer values potassium(138%),calcium(22%)and magnesium(16%).These results show that TS,VS and LCH can be effectively removed from wheat straw pretreated with KOH,improving biodegradability biomethane production and fertilizer value.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2008BADC4B01 and 2008BADC4B17)the National Special Research Fund for Non-Profit Sector, China (200803033)
文摘To accelerate the decomposition of wheat straw directly returned to soil, we constructed a microbial system (ADS-3) from agricultural soil containing rotting straw residues using a 40-wk limited cultivation. To assess its potential use for accelerating straw decomposing, the decomposing characteristics and the microbial composition of ADS-3 were analyzed. The results indicated that it could degrade wheat straw and filter paper by 63.8 and 80%, respectively, during 15 d of incubation. Straw hemicellulose degraded dramatically 51.2% during the first 3 d, decreasing up to 73.7% by the end of incubation. Cellulose showed sustained degradation reaching 53.3% in 15 d. Peak values of xylanase and cellulase activities appeared at 3 and 11 d, with 1.32 and 0.15 U mL-1, respectively. Estimated pH averaged 6.4-7.6 during the degradation process, which approximated acidity and alkalinity of normal soils. The microbial composition of ADS-3 was stable based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. By using bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal 26S rRNA gene clone library analysis, 20 bacterial clones and 7 fungal clones were detected. Closest identified relatives of bacteria represented by Bacillus fusiformis, Cytophaga sp., uncultured Clostridiales bacterium, Ruminobacillus xylanolyticum, Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum, and uncultured proteobacterium and the fungi were mainly identified as related to Pichia sp. and uncultured fungus.
基金funded by theScientific Research Foundation of the Bureau of Science and Technologyof Heilongjiang Province (LC07C27)
文摘A study was conducted to test wettability changes of the wheat straw treated with different methods for the preparation of wheat straw particle board. The wheat straws were separately sprayed with two chemicals (0.6% NaOH, 0.3% H2O2) and three enzymes (lipase, xylanase, cellulase). The contact angle between water and the surface of wheat straw was measured and the spreading-penetration parameters (K-values) were also calculated with wetting model. The surfaces of treated wheat straw and control sample were scanned by means of Micro-FTIR, and their peaks arrangements were analyzed. The surface morphologies of treated wheat straw and control sample were also observed by SEM. Chemical etching was found on the exterior surfaces of the straws treated separately with 0.6% NaOH and 0.3% H2O2; furthermore, the spreading-penetration parameters (K-values) of the distilled water on the exterior surfaces of the treated wheat straw along the grain were higher than that of control. The wettability of exterior surfaces of the wheat straws treated separately with lipase, xylanase and cellulose were improved after treating for seven days, and among the three enzymes treatments, the lipase treatment showed best result. The lipase treatment and NaOH treatment were determined as better methods for improving the wettability of wheat straw surfaces. However, in the economic aspect, NaOH treatment was more practical and easier in the pretreatment for the manufacture of straw particle board.
文摘Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil in Hebei fluvo aquic soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China were begun in 1992. The results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve the yields of wheat and maize with the order of NPK + St > NPK > NP + St > NP, and treatment of K fertilizer made a significant difference to NP, and the efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. In contrast with Shanxi, the wastage of soil potassium was a more serious issue in the rotation system in Hebei, only treatment of NPK + St showed a surplus of potassium and the others showed a wane. K fertilizer and straw could improve the content of water-soluble K, nonspecifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K, and total K in contrast to NP; however, K fertilizer and straw reduce the proportion of mineral K and improve proportion of other forms of potassium in the two locating sites. Compared with the beginning of orientation, temporal variability character of soil K content and proportion showed a difference between the two soil types; furthermore, there was a decrease in the content of mineral K and total K simultaneously in the two locating sites. As a whole, the effect of K fertilizer applied to soil directly excelled to wheat straw to soil. Wheat straw to soil was an effective measure to complement potassium to increase crop yield and retard the decrease of soil K.
基金supported by Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology,University of Zabol
文摘We investigated the hydration behavior and some physical/mechanical properties of cement-bonded particleboard (CBPB) containing particles of wheat straw and poplar wood at various usage ratios and bonded with Portland cement mixed with different levels of inorganic additives. We determined the setting time and compression strength of cement pastes containing different additives and particles, and studied the effects of these additives and particles on thickness swelling, internal bond strength and modulus of rupture of CBPB by using RSM (Response Surface Methodology). The mathematical model equations (second-order response functions) were derived to optimize properties of CBPB by computer simulation programming. Predicted values were in agreement with experimental values (R2 values of 0.93, 0.96 and 0.96 for TS, IB and MOR, respectively). RSM can be efficiently applied to model panel properties. The variables can affect the properties of panels. The cement composites with bending strength > 12.5 MPa and internal bond strength > 0.28 MPa can be made by using wheat straw as a reinforcing material. Straw particle usage up to 11.5% in the mixture satisfies the minimum requirements of International Standard, EN 312 (2003) for IB and MOR. The dose of 4.95% calcium chloride, by weight of cement, can improve mechanical properties of the panels at the minimum requirement of EN 312. By increasing straw content from 0 to 30%, TS was reduced by increasing straw particle usage up to 1.5% and with 5.54% calcium chloride in the mixture, TS satisfied the EN 312 standard.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2012BAD14B11)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41371288, 31071863)the Fundamental Research Funds for Northwest A&F University, China (QN2011074)
文摘The incorporation of straw in cultivated fields can potentially improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the presence of recalcitrant carbon compounds in straw slow its decomposition rate. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen sources, with and without the application of zinc, on straw decomposition and soil quality. Soils were treated with three different nitrogen sources, with and without zinc: urea(CO(NH2)2), ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4), and ammonium chloride(NH4Cl). The combined treatments were as follows: maize(M) and wheat(W) straw incorporated into urea-, ammonium sulfate-, or ammonium chloride-treated soil(U, S, and C, respectively) with and without zinc(Z)(MU, MUZ, WU, WUZ; MS, MSZ, WS, WSZ; MC, MCZ, WC, WCZ, respectively); straw with zinc only(MZ, WZ); straw with untreated soil(MS, WS); and soil-only or control conditions(NT). The experiment consisted of 17 treatments with four replications. Each pot contained 150 g soil and 1.125 g straw, had a moisture content of 80% of the field capacity, and was incubated for 53 days at 25°C. The rates of CO2-C emission, cumulative CO2-C evolution, total CO2 production in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer decomposition rates. The total organic carbon(TOC), labile organic carbon(LOC), and soil microbial biomass in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer soil quality. All results were significantly different(P<0.05) with the exception of the labile organic carbon(LOC). The maize and wheat straw showed different patterns in CO2 evolution rates. For both straw types, Zn had a synergic effect with U, but an antagonistic effect with the other N sources as determined by the total CO2 produced. The MUZ treatment showed the highest decomposition rate and cumulative CO2 concentration(1 120.29 mg/pot), whereas the WACZ treatment had the lowest cumulative CO2 concentration(1 040.57 mg/pot). The addition of NH4 Cl resulted in the highest total organic carbon(TOC) concentration(11.59 mg kg-1). The incorporation of wheat straw resulted in higher microbial biomass accumulation in soils relative to that of the maize straw application. The results demonstrate that mineral N sources can affect the ability of microorganisms to decompose straw, as well as the soil carbon concentrations.
文摘The object of this study was to determine the effect of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality and chemical composition of wheat straw silage. Silages were prepared using a small-scale fermentation system and the moisture level was adjusted to 60% of fresh matter (FM) with deionized water. Treatments were designed as: control silage without additives, LAB inoculant Lactobacillus casei Z3-1 (1.0 × 106 cfu·g-1 of FM), commercial inoculant L. plantarum FG 1 (1.0 × 106 cfu·g-1 of FM), Z3-1 + cellulase and FG 1 + cellulase. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and crude protein (CP) contents of the wheat straw prior to ensiling were 76.93%, 48.52% and 4.63% of dry matter (DM), respectively. After 30 days of fermentation, the silages treated with LAB and LAB + cellulase had a lower (P < 0.05) pH and higher (P < 0.05) lactic acid content than the control, and the coliform bacteria, yeast and mold were inhibited at the early stage of fermentation. Besides, silages treated with cellulase had lower (P < 0.05) values of ADF and NDF than the control. The results confirmed that the addition of cellulase and LAB contributed to improving the fermentation quality of wheat straw silage.
