A computer network can be defined as many computing devices connected via a communication medium like the internet.Computer network development has proposed how humans and devices communicate today.These networks have...A computer network can be defined as many computing devices connected via a communication medium like the internet.Computer network development has proposed how humans and devices communicate today.These networks have improved,facilitated,and made conventional forms of communication easier.However,it has also led to uptick in-network threats and assaults.In 2022,the global market for information technology is expected to reach$170.4 billion.However,in contrast,95%of cyber security threats globally are caused by human action.These networks may be utilized in several control systems,such as home-automation,chemical and physical assault detection,intrusion detection,and environmental monitoring.The proposed literature review presents a wide range of information on Wireless Social Networks(WSNs)and Internet of Things(IoT)frameworks.The aim is first to be aware of the existing issues(issues with traditional methods)and network attacks on WSN and IoT systems and how to defend them.The second is to review the novel work in the domain and find its limitations.The goal is to identify the area’s primary gray field or current research divide to enable others to address the range.Finally,we concluded that configuration.Message Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol(RSTP)messages have higher efficiency in network performance degradation than alternative Bridge Data Unit Protocol(BPDU)forms.The research divides our future research into solutions and newly developed techniques that can assist in completing the lacking component.In this research,we have selected articles from 2015 to 2021 to provide users with a comprehensive literature overview.展开更多
The use of the Internet of Things(IoT)is expanding at an unprecedented scale in many critical applications due to the ability to interconnect and utilize a plethora of wide range of devices.In critical infrastructure ...The use of the Internet of Things(IoT)is expanding at an unprecedented scale in many critical applications due to the ability to interconnect and utilize a plethora of wide range of devices.In critical infrastructure domains like oil and gas supply,intelligent transportation,power grids,and autonomous agriculture,it is essential to guarantee the confidentiality,integrity,and authenticity of data collected and exchanged.However,the limited resources coupled with the heterogeneity of IoT devices make it inefficient or sometimes infeasible to achieve secure data transmission using traditional cryptographic techniques.Consequently,designing a lightweight secure data transmission scheme is becoming essential.In this article,we propose lightweight secure data transmission(LSDT)scheme for IoT environments.LSDT consists of three phases and utilizes an effective combination of symmetric keys and the Elliptic Curve Menezes-Qu-Vanstone asymmetric key agreement protocol.We design the simulation environment and experiments to evaluate the performance of the LSDT scheme in terms of communication and computation costs.Security and performance analysis indicates that the LSDT scheme is secure,suitable for IoT applications,and performs better in comparison to other related security schemes.展开更多
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are exposed to a variety of attacks. The quality and complexity of attacks are rising day by day. The proposed work aims at showing how the complexity of modern attacks is growing accor...Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are exposed to a variety of attacks. The quality and complexity of attacks are rising day by day. The proposed work aims at showing how the complexity of modern attacks is growing accordingly, leading to a similar rise in methods of resistance. Limitations in computational and battery power in sensor nodes are constraints on the diversity of security mechanisms. We must apply only suitable mechanisms to WSN where our approach was motivated by the application of an improved Feistel scheme. The modified accelerated-cipher design uses data-dependent permutations, and can be used for fast hardware, firmware, software and WSN encryption systems. The approach presented showed that ciphers using this approach are less likely to suffer intrusion of differential cryptanalysis than currently used popular WSN ciphers like DES, Camellia and so on.展开更多
In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), it is necessary to predict computational overheads of security mechanisms without final implementations to provide guidelines for system design. This paper presents an accurate and ...In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), it is necessary to predict computational overheads of security mechanisms without final implementations to provide guidelines for system design. This paper presents an accurate and flexible model to predict overheads of these mechanisms. This model is based on overheads of basic operations frequently used in cryptography algorithms, which are essential elements of security mechanisms. Several popular cryptography algorithms and security mechanisms are evaluated using this model. According to simulation results, relative prediction errors are less than 7% for most cryptography algorithms and security mechanisms.展开更多
Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) are advantageous for data collection in wireless sensor networks(WSNs) due to its low cost of use,flexible deployment,controllable mobility,etc. However,how to cope with the inherent iss...Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) are advantageous for data collection in wireless sensor networks(WSNs) due to its low cost of use,flexible deployment,controllable mobility,etc. However,how to cope with the inherent issues of energy limitation and data security in the WSNs is challenging in such an application paradigm. To this end,based on the framework of physical layer security,an optimization problem for maximizing secrecy energy efficiency(EE) of data collection is formulated,which focuses on optimizing the UAV’s positions and the sensors’ transmit power. To overcome the difficulties in solving the optimization problem,the methods of fractional programming and successive convex approximation are then adopted to gradually transform the original problem into a series of tractable subproblems which are solved in an iterative manner. As shown in simulation results,by the joint designs in the spatial domain of UAV and the power domain of sensors,the proposed algorithm achieves a significant improvement of secrecy EE and rate.展开更多
Data aggregation technology reduces traffic overhead of wireless sensor network and extends effective working time of the network,yet continued operation of wireless sensor networks increases the probability of aggreg...Data aggregation technology reduces traffic overhead of wireless sensor network and extends effective working time of the network,yet continued operation of wireless sensor networks increases the probability of aggregation nodes being captured and probability of aggregated data being tampered.Thus it will seriously affect the security performance of the network. For network security issues,a stateful public key based SDAM( secure data aggregation model) is proposed for wireless sensor networks( WSNs),which employs a new stateful public key encryption to provide efficient end-to-end security. Moreover,the security aggregation model will not impose any bound on the aggregation function property,so as to realize the low cost and high security level at the same time.展开更多
For the application of wireless sensor networks in the military field, one of the main challenges is security. To solve the problem of verifying the location claim for a node, a new location verifica- tion algorithm c...For the application of wireless sensor networks in the military field, one of the main challenges is security. To solve the problem of verifying the location claim for a node, a new location verifica- tion algorithm called node cooperation based location secure verification （NCBLSV） algorithm is proposed. NCBLSV could verify malicious nodes by contrasting neighbor nodes and nodes under beam width angle using an adaptive array antenna at a base point. Simulation experiments are con- ducted to evaluate the performance of this algorithm by varying the communication range and the an- tenna beam width angle. Results show that NCBLSV algorithm has high probability of successful ma- licious nodes detection and low probability of false nodes detection. Thus, it is proved that the NCBLSV algorithm is useful and necessary in the wireless sensor networks security.展开更多
This paper presents a new encryption embedded processor aimed at the application requirement of wireless sensor network （WSN）. The new encryption embedded processor not only offers Rivest Shamir Adlemen （RSA）, Adv...This paper presents a new encryption embedded processor aimed at the application requirement of wireless sensor network （WSN）. The new encryption embedded processor not only offers Rivest Shamir Adlemen （RSA）, Advanced Encryption Standard （AES）, 3 Data Encryption Standard （3 DES） and Secure Hash Algorithm 1 （SHA - 1 ） security engines, but also involves a new memory encryption scheme. The new memory encryption scheme is implemented by a memory encryption cache （MEC）, which protects the confidentiality of the memory by AES encryption. The experi- ments show that the new secure design only causes 1.9% additional delay on the critical path and cuts 25.7% power consumption when the processor writes data back. The new processor balances the performance overhead, the power consumption and the security and fully meets the wireless sensor environment requirement. After physical design, the new encryption embedded processor has been successfully tape-out.展开更多
Networks protection against different types of attacks is one of most important posed issue into the network and information security domains. This problem on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), in attention to their spe...Networks protection against different types of attacks is one of most important posed issue into the network and information security domains. This problem on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), in attention to their special properties, has more importance. Now, there are some of proposed solutions to protect Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) against different types of intrusions;but no one of them has a comprehensive view to this problem and they are usually designed in single-purpose;but, the proposed design in this paper has been a comprehensive view to this issue by presenting a complete Intrusion Detection Architecture (IDA). The main contribution of this architecture is its hierarchical structure;i.e. it is designed and applicable, in one, two or three levels, consistent to the application domain and its required security level. Focus of this paper is on the clustering WSNs, designing and deploying Sensor-based Intrusion Detection System (SIDS) on sensor nodes, Cluster-based Intrusion Detection System (CIDS) on cluster-heads and Wireless Sensor Network wide level Intrusion Detection System (WSNIDS) on the central server. Suppositions of the WSN and Intrusion Detection Architecture (IDA) are: static and heterogeneous network, hierarchical, distributed and clustering structure along with clusters' overlapping. Finally, this paper has been designed a questionnaire to verify the proposed idea;then it analyzed and evaluated the acquired results from the questionnaires.展开更多
The homomorphic hash algorithm(HHA)is introduced to help on-the-fly verify the vireless sensor network(WSN)over-the-air programming(OAP)data based on rateless codes.The receiver calculates the hash value of a group of...The homomorphic hash algorithm(HHA)is introduced to help on-the-fly verify the vireless sensor network(WSN)over-the-air programming(OAP)data based on rateless codes.The receiver calculates the hash value of a group of data by homomorphic hash function,and then it compares the hash value with the receiving message digest.Because the feedback channel is deliberately removed during the distribution process,the rateless codes are often vulnerable when they face security issues such as packets contamination or attack.This method prevents contaminating or attack on rateless codes and reduces the potential risks of decoding failure.Compared with the SHA1 and MD5,HHA,which has a much shorter message digest,will deliver more data.The simulation results show that to transmit and verify the same amount of OAP data,HHA method sends 17.9% to 23.1%fewer packets than MD5 and SHA1 under different packet loss rates.展开更多
Clustering is the most significant task characterized in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) by data aggregation through each Cluster Head (CH). This leads to the reduction in the traffic cost. Due to the deployment of the...Clustering is the most significant task characterized in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) by data aggregation through each Cluster Head (CH). This leads to the reduction in the traffic cost. Due to the deployment of the WSN in the remote and hostile environments for the transmission of the sensitive information, the sensor nodes are more prone to the false data injection attacks. To overcome these existing issues and enhance the network security, this paper proposes a Secure Area based Clustering approach for data aggregation using Traffic Analysis (SAC-TA) in WSN. Here, the sensor network is clustered into small clusters, such that each cluster has a CH to manage and gather the information from the normal sensor nodes. The CH is selected based on the predefined time slot, cluster center, and highest residual energy. The gathered data are validated based on the traffic analysis and One-time Key Generation procedures to identify the malicious nodes on the route. It helps to provide a secure data gathering process with improved energy efficiency. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with the existing Secure Data Aggregation Technique (SDAT). The proposed SAC-TA yields lower average energy consumption rate, lower end-to-end delay, higher average residual energy, higher data aggregation accuracy and false data detection rate than the existing technique.展开更多
基金This work is partly supported by the Malaysian Ministry of Education under Research Management Centre,Universiti Putra Malaysia,Putra Grant scheme with High Impact Factor under Grant Number UPM/700-2/1/GPB/2018/9659400.
文摘A computer network can be defined as many computing devices connected via a communication medium like the internet.Computer network development has proposed how humans and devices communicate today.These networks have improved,facilitated,and made conventional forms of communication easier.However,it has also led to uptick in-network threats and assaults.In 2022,the global market for information technology is expected to reach$170.4 billion.However,in contrast,95%of cyber security threats globally are caused by human action.These networks may be utilized in several control systems,such as home-automation,chemical and physical assault detection,intrusion detection,and environmental monitoring.The proposed literature review presents a wide range of information on Wireless Social Networks(WSNs)and Internet of Things(IoT)frameworks.The aim is first to be aware of the existing issues(issues with traditional methods)and network attacks on WSN and IoT systems and how to defend them.The second is to review the novel work in the domain and find its limitations.The goal is to identify the area’s primary gray field or current research divide to enable others to address the range.Finally,we concluded that configuration.Message Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol(RSTP)messages have higher efficiency in network performance degradation than alternative Bridge Data Unit Protocol(BPDU)forms.The research divides our future research into solutions and newly developed techniques that can assist in completing the lacking component.In this research,we have selected articles from 2015 to 2021 to provide users with a comprehensive literature overview.
基金support of the Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems(IRC-ISS)Internal Fund Grant#INSS2202.
文摘The use of the Internet of Things(IoT)is expanding at an unprecedented scale in many critical applications due to the ability to interconnect and utilize a plethora of wide range of devices.In critical infrastructure domains like oil and gas supply,intelligent transportation,power grids,and autonomous agriculture,it is essential to guarantee the confidentiality,integrity,and authenticity of data collected and exchanged.However,the limited resources coupled with the heterogeneity of IoT devices make it inefficient or sometimes infeasible to achieve secure data transmission using traditional cryptographic techniques.Consequently,designing a lightweight secure data transmission scheme is becoming essential.In this article,we propose lightweight secure data transmission(LSDT)scheme for IoT environments.LSDT consists of three phases and utilizes an effective combination of symmetric keys and the Elliptic Curve Menezes-Qu-Vanstone asymmetric key agreement protocol.We design the simulation environment and experiments to evaluate the performance of the LSDT scheme in terms of communication and computation costs.Security and performance analysis indicates that the LSDT scheme is secure,suitable for IoT applications,and performs better in comparison to other related security schemes.
文摘Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are exposed to a variety of attacks. The quality and complexity of attacks are rising day by day. The proposed work aims at showing how the complexity of modern attacks is growing accordingly, leading to a similar rise in methods of resistance. Limitations in computational and battery power in sensor nodes are constraints on the diversity of security mechanisms. We must apply only suitable mechanisms to WSN where our approach was motivated by the application of an improved Feistel scheme. The modified accelerated-cipher design uses data-dependent permutations, and can be used for fast hardware, firmware, software and WSN encryption systems. The approach presented showed that ciphers using this approach are less likely to suffer intrusion of differential cryptanalysis than currently used popular WSN ciphers like DES, Camellia and so on.
基金Supported by 863 Project of China (No.2006AA01Z224)
文摘In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), it is necessary to predict computational overheads of security mechanisms without final implementations to provide guidelines for system design. This paper presents an accurate and flexible model to predict overheads of these mechanisms. This model is based on overheads of basic operations frequently used in cryptography algorithms, which are essential elements of security mechanisms. Several popular cryptography algorithms and security mechanisms are evaluated using this model. According to simulation results, relative prediction errors are less than 7% for most cryptography algorithms and security mechanisms.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61871401).
文摘Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) are advantageous for data collection in wireless sensor networks(WSNs) due to its low cost of use,flexible deployment,controllable mobility,etc. However,how to cope with the inherent issues of energy limitation and data security in the WSNs is challenging in such an application paradigm. To this end,based on the framework of physical layer security,an optimization problem for maximizing secrecy energy efficiency(EE) of data collection is formulated,which focuses on optimizing the UAV’s positions and the sensors’ transmit power. To overcome the difficulties in solving the optimization problem,the methods of fractional programming and successive convex approximation are then adopted to gradually transform the original problem into a series of tractable subproblems which are solved in an iterative manner. As shown in simulation results,by the joint designs in the spatial domain of UAV and the power domain of sensors,the proposed algorithm achieves a significant improvement of secrecy EE and rate.
基金Support by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2012AA120802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61302074)+1 种基金Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20122301120004)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.QC2013C061)
文摘Data aggregation technology reduces traffic overhead of wireless sensor network and extends effective working time of the network,yet continued operation of wireless sensor networks increases the probability of aggregation nodes being captured and probability of aggregated data being tampered.Thus it will seriously affect the security performance of the network. For network security issues,a stateful public key based SDAM( secure data aggregation model) is proposed for wireless sensor networks( WSNs),which employs a new stateful public key encryption to provide efficient end-to-end security. Moreover,the security aggregation model will not impose any bound on the aggregation function property,so as to realize the low cost and high security level at the same time.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China （ No. 2004AA001210） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 60532030）.
文摘For the application of wireless sensor networks in the military field, one of the main challenges is security. To solve the problem of verifying the location claim for a node, a new location verifica- tion algorithm called node cooperation based location secure verification （NCBLSV） algorithm is proposed. NCBLSV could verify malicious nodes by contrasting neighbor nodes and nodes under beam width angle using an adaptive array antenna at a base point. Simulation experiments are con- ducted to evaluate the performance of this algorithm by varying the communication range and the an- tenna beam width angle. Results show that NCBLSV algorithm has high probability of successful ma- licious nodes detection and low probability of false nodes detection. Thus, it is proved that the NCBLSV algorithm is useful and necessary in the wireless sensor networks security.
文摘This paper presents a new encryption embedded processor aimed at the application requirement of wireless sensor network （WSN）. The new encryption embedded processor not only offers Rivest Shamir Adlemen （RSA）, Advanced Encryption Standard （AES）, 3 Data Encryption Standard （3 DES） and Secure Hash Algorithm 1 （SHA - 1 ） security engines, but also involves a new memory encryption scheme. The new memory encryption scheme is implemented by a memory encryption cache （MEC）, which protects the confidentiality of the memory by AES encryption. The experi- ments show that the new secure design only causes 1.9% additional delay on the critical path and cuts 25.7% power consumption when the processor writes data back. The new processor balances the performance overhead, the power consumption and the security and fully meets the wireless sensor environment requirement. After physical design, the new encryption embedded processor has been successfully tape-out.
文摘Networks protection against different types of attacks is one of most important posed issue into the network and information security domains. This problem on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), in attention to their special properties, has more importance. Now, there are some of proposed solutions to protect Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) against different types of intrusions;but no one of them has a comprehensive view to this problem and they are usually designed in single-purpose;but, the proposed design in this paper has been a comprehensive view to this issue by presenting a complete Intrusion Detection Architecture (IDA). The main contribution of this architecture is its hierarchical structure;i.e. it is designed and applicable, in one, two or three levels, consistent to the application domain and its required security level. Focus of this paper is on the clustering WSNs, designing and deploying Sensor-based Intrusion Detection System (SIDS) on sensor nodes, Cluster-based Intrusion Detection System (CIDS) on cluster-heads and Wireless Sensor Network wide level Intrusion Detection System (WSNIDS) on the central server. Suppositions of the WSN and Intrusion Detection Architecture (IDA) are: static and heterogeneous network, hierarchical, distributed and clustering structure along with clusters' overlapping. Finally, this paper has been designed a questionnaire to verify the proposed idea;then it analyzed and evaluated the acquired results from the questionnaires.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program(Y2140161A5)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863Program)(O812041A04)
文摘The homomorphic hash algorithm(HHA)is introduced to help on-the-fly verify the vireless sensor network(WSN)over-the-air programming(OAP)data based on rateless codes.The receiver calculates the hash value of a group of data by homomorphic hash function,and then it compares the hash value with the receiving message digest.Because the feedback channel is deliberately removed during the distribution process,the rateless codes are often vulnerable when they face security issues such as packets contamination or attack.This method prevents contaminating or attack on rateless codes and reduces the potential risks of decoding failure.Compared with the SHA1 and MD5,HHA,which has a much shorter message digest,will deliver more data.The simulation results show that to transmit and verify the same amount of OAP data,HHA method sends 17.9% to 23.1%fewer packets than MD5 and SHA1 under different packet loss rates.
文摘Clustering is the most significant task characterized in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) by data aggregation through each Cluster Head (CH). This leads to the reduction in the traffic cost. Due to the deployment of the WSN in the remote and hostile environments for the transmission of the sensitive information, the sensor nodes are more prone to the false data injection attacks. To overcome these existing issues and enhance the network security, this paper proposes a Secure Area based Clustering approach for data aggregation using Traffic Analysis (SAC-TA) in WSN. Here, the sensor network is clustered into small clusters, such that each cluster has a CH to manage and gather the information from the normal sensor nodes. The CH is selected based on the predefined time slot, cluster center, and highest residual energy. The gathered data are validated based on the traffic analysis and One-time Key Generation procedures to identify the malicious nodes on the route. It helps to provide a secure data gathering process with improved energy efficiency. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with the existing Secure Data Aggregation Technique (SDAT). The proposed SAC-TA yields lower average energy consumption rate, lower end-to-end delay, higher average residual energy, higher data aggregation accuracy and false data detection rate than the existing technique.
