Traditional large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithms(LSMOEAs)encounter difficulties when dealing with sparse large-scale multi-objective optimization problems(SLM-OPs)where most decision variables are zero....Traditional large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithms(LSMOEAs)encounter difficulties when dealing with sparse large-scale multi-objective optimization problems(SLM-OPs)where most decision variables are zero.As a result,many algorithms use a two-layer encoding approach to optimize binary variable Mask and real variable Dec separately.Nevertheless,existing optimizers often focus on locating non-zero variable posi-tions to optimize the binary variables Mask.However,approxi-mating the sparse distribution of real Pareto optimal solutions does not necessarily mean that the objective function is optimized.In data mining,it is common to mine frequent itemsets appear-ing together in a dataset to reveal the correlation between data.Inspired by this,we propose a novel two-layer encoding learning swarm optimizer based on frequent itemsets(TELSO)to address these SLMOPs.TELSO mined the frequent terms of multiple particles with better target values to find mask combinations that can obtain better objective values for fast convergence.Experi-mental results on five real-world problems and eight benchmark sets demonstrate that TELSO outperforms existing state-of-the-art sparse large-scale multi-objective evolutionary algorithms(SLMOEAs)in terms of performance and convergence speed.展开更多
Globally,2023 was the warmest observed year on record since at least 1850 and,according to proxy evidence,possibly of the past 100000 years.As in recent years,the record warmth has again been accompanied with yet more...Globally,2023 was the warmest observed year on record since at least 1850 and,according to proxy evidence,possibly of the past 100000 years.As in recent years,the record warmth has again been accompanied with yet more extreme weather and climate events throughout the world.Here,we provide an overview of those of 2023,with details and key background causes to help build upon our understanding of the roles of internal climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.We also highlight emerging features associated with some of these extreme events.Hot extremes are occurring earlier in the year,and increasingly simultaneously in differing parts of the world(e.g.,the concurrent hot extremes in the Northern Hemisphere in July 2023).Intense cyclones are exacerbating precipitation extremes(e.g.,the North China flooding in July and the Libya flooding in September).Droughts in some regions(e.g.,California and the Horn of Africa)have transitioned into flood conditions.Climate extremes also show increasing interactions with ecosystems via wildfires(e.g.,those in Hawaii in August and in Canada from spring to autumn 2023)and sandstorms(e.g.,those in Mongolia in April 2023).Finally,we also consider the challenges to research that these emerging characteristics present for the strategy and practice of adaptation.展开更多
This study proposes a novel particle encoding mechanism that seamlessly incorporates the quantum properties of particles,with a specific emphasis on constituent quarks.The primary objective of this mechanism is to fac...This study proposes a novel particle encoding mechanism that seamlessly incorporates the quantum properties of particles,with a specific emphasis on constituent quarks.The primary objective of this mechanism is to facilitate the digital registration and identification of a wide range of particle information.Its design ensures easy integration with different event generators and digital simulations commonly used in high-energy experiments.Moreover,this innovative framework can be easily expanded to encode complex multi-quark states comprising up to nine valence quarks and accommodating an angular momentum of up to 99/2.This versatility and scalability make it a valuable tool.展开更多
Increasing research has focused on semantic communication,the goal of which is to convey accurately the meaning instead of transmitting symbols from the sender to the receiver.In this paper,we design a novel encoding ...Increasing research has focused on semantic communication,the goal of which is to convey accurately the meaning instead of transmitting symbols from the sender to the receiver.In this paper,we design a novel encoding and decoding semantic communication framework,which adopts the semantic information and the contextual correlations between items to optimize the performance of a communication system over various channels.On the sender side,the average semantic loss caused by the wrong detection is defined,and a semantic source encoding strategy is developed to minimize the average semantic loss.To further improve communication reliability,a decoding strategy that utilizes the semantic and the context information to recover messages is proposed in the receiver.Extensive simulation results validate the superior performance of our strategies over state-of-the-art semantic coding and decoding policies on different communication channels.展开更多
Leveraging the extraordinary phenomena of quantum superposition and quantum correlation,quantum computing offers unprecedented potential for addressing challenges beyond the reach of classical computers.This paper tac...Leveraging the extraordinary phenomena of quantum superposition and quantum correlation,quantum computing offers unprecedented potential for addressing challenges beyond the reach of classical computers.This paper tackles two pivotal challenges in the realm of quantum computing:firstly,the development of an effective encoding protocol for translating classical data into quantum states,a critical step for any quantum computation.Different encoding strategies can significantly influence quantum computer performance.Secondly,we address the need to counteract the inevitable noise that can hinder quantum acceleration.Our primary contribution is the introduction of a novel variational data encoding method,grounded in quantum regression algorithm models.By adapting the learning concept from machine learning,we render data encoding a learnable process.This allowed us to study the role of quantum correlation in data encoding.Through numerical simulations of various regression tasks,we demonstrate the efficacy of our variational data encoding,particularly post-learning from instructional data.Moreover,we delve into the role of quantum correlation in enhancing task performance,especially in noisy environments.Our findings underscore the critical role of quantum correlation in not only bolstering performance but also in mitigating noise interference,thus advancing the frontier of quantum computing.展开更多
Temperature extremes over rapidly urbanizing regions with high population densities have been scrutinized due to their severe impacts on human safety and economics.First of all,the performance of the regional climate ...Temperature extremes over rapidly urbanizing regions with high population densities have been scrutinized due to their severe impacts on human safety and economics.First of all,the performance of the regional climate model RegCM4 with a hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic dynamic core in simulating seasonal temperature and temperature extremes was evaluated over the historical period of 1991–99 at a 12-km spatial resolution over China and a 3-km resolution over the Beijing−Tianjin−Hebei(JJJ)region,a typical urban agglomeration of China.Simulations of spatial distributions of temperature extremes over the JJJ region using RegCM4 with hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic cores showed high spatial correlations of more than 0.8 with the observations.Under a warming climate,temperature extremes of annual maximum daily temperature(TXx)and summer days(SU)in China and the JJJ region showed obvious increases by the end of the 21st century while there was a general reduction in frost days(FD).The ensemble of RegCM4 with different land surface components was used to examine population exposure to temperature extremes over the JJJ region.Population exposure to temperature extremes was found to decrease in 2091−99 relative to 1991−99 over the majority of the JJJ region due to the joint impacts of increases in temperature extremes over the JJJ and population decreases over the JJJ region,except for downtown areas.Furthermore,changes in population exposure to temperature extremes were mainly dominated by future population changes.Finally,we quantified changes in exposure to temperature extremes with temperature increase over the JJJ region.This study helps to provide relevant policies to respond future climate risks over the JJJ region.展开更多
Against the backdrop of global warming,climate extremes and drought events have become more severe,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.This study forecasted the characteristics of climate extremes in the Xilin Rive...Against the backdrop of global warming,climate extremes and drought events have become more severe,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.This study forecasted the characteristics of climate extremes in the Xilin River Basin(a semi-arid inland river basin)of China for the period of 2021–2100 by employing a multi-model ensemble approach based on three climate Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5)from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6).Furthermore,a linear regression,a wavelet analysis,and the correlation analysis were conducted to explore the response of climate extremes to the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI)and Streamflow Drought Index(SDI),as well as their respective trends during the historical period from 1970 to 2020 and during the future period from 2021 to 2070.The results indicated that extreme high temperatures and extreme precipitation will further intensify under the higher forcing scenarios(SSP5-8.5>SSP2-4.5>SSP1-2.6)in the future.The SPEI trends under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios were estimated as–0.003/a,–0.004/a,and–0.008/a,respectively,indicating a drier future climate.During the historical period(1970–2020),the SPEI and SDI trends were–0.003/a and–0.016/a,respectively,with significant cycles of 15 and 22 a,and abrupt changes occurring in 1995 and 1996,respectively.The next abrupt change in the SPEI was projected to occur in the 2040s.The SPEI had a significant positive correlation with both summer days(SU)and heavy precipitation days(R10mm),while the SDI was only significantly positively correlated with R10mm.Additionally,the SPEI and SDI exhibited a strong and consistent positive correlation at a cycle of 4–6 a,indicating a robust interdependence between the two indices.These findings have important implications for policy makers,enabling them to improve water resource management of inland river basins in arid and semi-arid areas under future climate uncertainty.展开更多
A comprehensive assessment of representative satellite-retrieved(Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement(IMERG)and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation A...A comprehensive assessment of representative satellite-retrieved(Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement(IMERG)and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA)),reanalysis-based(fifth generation of atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5)),and gauge-estimated(Climate Prediction Center(CPC))precipitation products was conducted using the data from 807 meteorological stations across China's Mainland from 2001 to 2017.Error statistical metrics,precipitation distribution functions,and extreme precipitation indices were used to evaluate the quality of the four precipitation products in terms of multi-timescale accuracy and extreme precipitation estimation.When the timescale increased from daily to seasonal scales,the accuracy of the four precipitation products first increased and then decreased,and all products performed best on the monthly timescale.Their accuracy ranking in descending order was CPC,IMERG,TMPA,and ERA5 on the daily timescale and IMERG,CPC,TMPA,and ERA5 on the monthly and seasonal timescales.IMERG was generally superior to its predecessor TMPA on the three timescales.ERA5 exhibited large statistical errors.CPC provided stable estimated values.For extreme precipitation estimation,the quality of IMERG was relatively consistent with that of TMPA in terms of precipitation distribution and extreme metrics,and IMERG exhibited a significant advantage in estimating moderate and heavy precipitation.In contrast,ERA5 and CPC exhibited poor performance with large systematic underestimation biases.The findings of this study provide insight into the performance of the latest IMERG product compared with the widely used TMPA,ERA5,and CPC datasets,and points to possible directions for improvement of multi-source precipitation data fusion algorithms in order to better serve hydrological applications.展开更多
The third paragraph in Sec.IV REGENERATIVE AMPLIFICATION erroneously states“In other words,the distribution of spectral components is time-dependent,and the spectral distortion in the amplification process will not c...The third paragraph in Sec.IV REGENERATIVE AMPLIFICATION erroneously states“In other words,the distribution of spectral components is time-dependent,and the spectral distortion in the amplification process will not change the time-domain shape.”展开更多
Extreme precipitation events are one of the most dangerous hydrometeorological disasters,often resulting in significant human and socio-economic losses worldwide.It is therefore important to use current global climate...Extreme precipitation events are one of the most dangerous hydrometeorological disasters,often resulting in significant human and socio-economic losses worldwide.It is therefore important to use current global climate models to project future changes in precipitation extremes.The present study aims to assess the future changes in precipitation extremes over South Asia from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)Global Climate Models(GCMs).The results were derived using the modified Mann-Kendall test,Sen's slope estimator,student's t-test,and probability density function approach.Eight extreme precipitation indices were assessed,including wet days(RR1mm),heavy precipitation days(RR10mm),very heavy precipitation days(RR20mm),severe precipitation days(RR50mm),consecutive wet days(CWD),consecutive dry days(CDD),maximum 5-day precipitation amount(RX5day),and simple daily intensity index(SDII).The future changes were estimated in two time periods for the 21^(st) century(i.e.,near future(NF;2021-2060)and far future(FF;2061-2100))under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios(SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5).The results suggest increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation indices under the SSP5-8.5 scenario towards the end of the 21^(st) century(2061-2100).Moreover,from the results of multimodel ensemble means(MMEMs),extreme precipitation indices of RR1mm,RR10mm,RR20mm,CWD,and SDII demonstrate remarkable increases in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 scenario.The spatial distribution of extreme precipitation indices shows intensification over the eastern part of South Asia compared to the western part.The probability density function of extreme precipitation indices suggests a frequent(intense)occurrence of precipitation extremes in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,with values up to 35.00 d for RR1mm and 25.00-35.00 d for CWD.The potential impacts of heavy precipitation can pose serious challenges to the study area regarding flooding,soil erosion,water resource management,food security,and agriculture development.展开更多
Heat events may be humid or dry.While several indices incorporate humidity,such combined indices obscure identification and exploration of heat events by their different humidity characteristics.The new HadISDH.extrem...Heat events may be humid or dry.While several indices incorporate humidity,such combined indices obscure identification and exploration of heat events by their different humidity characteristics.The new HadISDH.extremes global gridded monitoring product uniquely provides a range of wet and dry bulb temperature extremes indices.Analysis of this new data product demonstrates its value as a tool for quantifying exposure to humid verses dry heat events.It also enables exploration into“stealth heat events”,where humidity is high,perhaps enough to affect productivity and health,while temperature remains moderate.Such events may not typically be identified as“heat events”by temperature-focused heat indices.Over 1973-2022,the peak magnitude of humid extremes(maximum daily wet bulb temperature over a month;T_(w)X)for the global annual mean increased significantly at 0.13±0.04℃(10 yr)^(−1),which is slightly slower than the global annual mean T_(w) increase of 0.22±0.04℃(10 yr)^(−1).The frequency of moderate humid extreme events per year(90th per-centile daily maxima wet bulb temperature exceedance;T_(w)X90p)also increased significantly at 4.61±1.07 d yr^(−1)(10 yr)^(−1).These rates were slower than for temperature extremes,TX and TX90p,which respectively increased significantly at 0.27±0.04℃(10 yr)^(−1) and 5.53±0.72 d yr^(−1)(10 yr)^(−1).Similarly,for the UK/Europe focus region,JJA-mean T_(w)X increased significantly,again at a slower rate than for TX and mean T_(w).HadISDH.extremes shows some evidence of“stealth heat events”occurring where humidity is high but temperature remains more moderate.展开更多
HadISDH.extremes is an annually updated global gridded monthly monitoring product of wet and dry bulb temperature–based extremes indices,from January 1973 to December 2022.Data quality,including spatial and temporal ...HadISDH.extremes is an annually updated global gridded monthly monitoring product of wet and dry bulb temperature–based extremes indices,from January 1973 to December 2022.Data quality,including spatial and temporal stability,is a key focus.The hourly data are quality controlled.Homogeneity is assessed on monthly means and used to score each gridbox according to its homogeneity rather than to apply adjustments.This enables user-specific screening for temporal stability and avoids errors from inferring adjustments from monthly means for the daily maximum values.For general use,a score(HQ Flag)of 0 to 6 is recommended.A range of indices are presented,aligning with existing standardised indices.Uniquely,provision of both wet and dry bulb indices allows exploration of heat event character—whether it is a“humid and hot”,“dry and hot”or“humid and warm”event.It is designed for analysis of long-term trends in regional features.HadISDH.extremes can be used to study local events,but given the greater vulnerability to errors of maximum compared to mean values,cross-validation with independent information is advised.展开更多
A high thrust-to-weight ratio poses challenges to the high-temperature performance of Ni-based superalloys. The oxidation behavior of GH4738 at extreme temperatures has been investigated by isothermal and non-isotherm...A high thrust-to-weight ratio poses challenges to the high-temperature performance of Ni-based superalloys. The oxidation behavior of GH4738 at extreme temperatures has been investigated by isothermal and non-isothermal experiments. As a result of the competitive diffusion of alloying elements, the oxide scale included an outermost porous oxide layer (OOL), an inner relatively dense oxide layer (IOL), and an internal oxide zone (IOZ), depending on the temperature and time. A high temperature led to the formation of large voids at the IOL/IOZ interface. At 1200℃, the continuity of the Cr-rich oxide layer in the IOL was destroyed, and thus, spallation occurred. Extension of oxidation time contributed to the size of Al-rich oxide particles with the increase in the IOZ. Based on this finding,the oxidation kinetics of GH4738 was discussed, and the corresponding oxidation behavior at 900-1100℃ was predicted.展开更多
Modification signs in extreme weather events may be directly related to alterations in the thermodynamic panorama of the atmosphere that need to be better understood. This study aimed to make a first interconnection b...Modification signs in extreme weather events may be directly related to alterations in the thermodynamic panorama of the atmosphere that need to be better understood. This study aimed to make a first interconnection between climate extremes and thermodynamic patterns in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Maximum and minimum air temperature and precipitation extreme indices from two surface meteorological stations (ABOV and STCZ) and instability indices based on temperature and humidity from radiosonde observations (SBGL) were employed to investigate changes in the periods 1964-1980 (P1), 1981-2000 (P2), and 2001-2020 (P3). Statistical tests were adopted to determine the significance and magnitude of trends. The frequency of warm (cold) days and warm (cold) nights are increasing (decreasing) in the city. Cold (Warm) extremes are changing with greater magnitude in ABOV (STCZ) than in STCZ (ABOV). In ABOV, there is a significant increase of +84 mm/decade in the rainfall volume associated with severe precipitation (above the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile) and most extreme precipitation indices show an increase in frequency and intensity. In STCZ, there is a decrease in extreme precipitation until the 1990s, and from there, an increase, showing a wetter climate in the most recent years. It is also verified in SBGL that there is a statistically significant increase (decrease) in air temperature of +0.1°C/decade (-0.2°C/decade) and relative humidity of +1.2%/decade (-3%/decade) at the low and middle (high) troposphere. There is a visible rising trend in most of the evaluated instability indices over the last few decades. The increasing trends of some extreme precipitation indices are probably allied to the precipitable water increasing trend of +1.2 mm/decade.展开更多
Heavy precipitation and extreme drought have caused severe economic losses over South China and Indochina(INCSC)in recent decades.Given the areas with large gross domestic product(GDP)in the INCSC region are distribut...Heavy precipitation and extreme drought have caused severe economic losses over South China and Indochina(INCSC)in recent decades.Given the areas with large gross domestic product(GDP)in the INCSC region are distributed along the coastline and greatly affected by global warming,understanding the possible economic impacts induced by future changes in the maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation(RX5day)and the maximum consecutive dry days(CDD)is critical for adaptation planning in this region.Based on the latest data released by phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6),future projections of precipitation extremes with bias correction and their impacts on GDP over the INCSC region under the fossil-fueled development Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP5-8.5)are investigated.Results indicate that RX5day will intensify robustly throughout the INCSC region,while CDD will lengthen in most regions under global warming.The changes in climate consistently dominate the effect on GDP over the INCSC region,rather than the change of GDP.If only considering the effect of climate change on GDP,the changes in precipitation extremes bring a larger impact on the economy in the future to the provinces of Hunan,Jiangxi,Fujian,Guangdong,and Hainan in South China,as well as the Malay Peninsula and southern Cambodia in Indochina.Thus,timely regional adaptation strategies are urgent for these regions.Moreover,from the sub-regional average viewpoint,over two thirds of CMIP6 models agree that maintaining a lower global warming level will reduce the economic impacts from heavy precipitation over the INCSC region.展开更多
Extreme snowfall events over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)cause considerable damage to local society and natural ecosystems.In this study,the authors investigate the projected changes in such events over the TP and its surr...Extreme snowfall events over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)cause considerable damage to local society and natural ecosystems.In this study,the authors investigate the projected changes in such events over the TP and its surrounding areas based on an ensemble of a set of 21st century climate change projections using a regional climate model,RegCM4.The model is driven by five CMIP5 global climate models at a grid spacing of 25 km,under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 pathways.Four modified ETCCDI extreme indices-namely,SNOWTOT,S1mm,S10mm,and Sx5day-are employed to characterize the extreme snowfall events.RegCM4 generally reproduces the spatial distribution of the indices over the region,although with a tendency of overestimation.For the projected changes,a general decrease in SNOWTOT is found over most of the TP,with greater magnitude and better cross-simulation agreement over the eastern part.All the simulations project an overall decrease in S1mm,ranging from a 25%decrease in the west and to a 50%decrease in the east of the TP.Both S10mm and Sx5day are projected to decrease over the eastern part and increase over the central and western parts of the TP.Notably,S10mm shows a marked increase(more than double)with high cross-simulation agreement over the central TP.Significant increases in all four indices are found over the Tarim and Qaidam basins,and northwestern China north of the TP.The projected changes show topographic dependence over the TP in the latitudinal direction,and tend to decrease/increase in low-/high-altitude areas.展开更多
Erratum to:Yin,Z.H.,P.X.Dai,and J.Nie,2021:A two-plume convective model for precipitation extremes.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,38(6),957−965,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-0404-8.
Information security has emerged as a key problem in encryption because of the rapid evolution of the internet and networks.Thus,the progress of image encryption techniques is becoming an increasingly serious issue an...Information security has emerged as a key problem in encryption because of the rapid evolution of the internet and networks.Thus,the progress of image encryption techniques is becoming an increasingly serious issue and considerable problem.Small space of the key,encryption-based low confidentiality,low key sensitivity,and easily exploitable existing image encryption techniques integrating chaotic system and DNA computing are purposing the main problems to propose a new encryption technique in this study.In our proposed scheme,a three-dimensional Chen’s map and a one-dimensional Logistic map are employed to construct a double-layer image encryption scheme.In the confusion stage,different scrambling operations related to the original plain image pixels are designed using Chen’s map.A stream pixel scrambling operation related to the plain image is constructed.Then,a block scrambling-based image encryption-related stream pixel scrambled image is designed.In the diffusion stage,two rounds of pixel diffusion are generated related to the confusing image for intra-image diffusion.Chen’s map,logistic map,and DNA computing are employed to construct diffusion operations.A reverse complementary rule is applied to obtain a new form of DNA.A Chen’s map is used to produce a pseudorandom DNA sequence,and then another DNA form is constructed from a reverse pseudorandom DNA sequence.Finally,the XOR operation is performed multiple times to obtain the encrypted image.According to the simulation of experiments and security analysis,this approach extends the key space,has great sensitivity,and is able to withstand various typical attacks.An adequate encryption effect is achieved by the proposed algorithm,which can simultaneously decrease the correlation between adjacent pixels by making it near zero,also the information entropy is increased.The number of pixels changing rate(NPCR)and the unified average change intensity(UACI)both are very near to optimal values.展开更多
Water exchange between the different compartments of a heterogeneous specimen can be characterized via diffusion magnetic resonance imaging(dMRI).Many analysis frameworks using dMRI data have been proposed to describe...Water exchange between the different compartments of a heterogeneous specimen can be characterized via diffusion magnetic resonance imaging(dMRI).Many analysis frameworks using dMRI data have been proposed to describe exchange,often using a double diffusion encoding(DDE)stimulated echo sequence.Techniques such as diffusion exchange weighted imaging(DEWI)and the filter exchange and rapid exchange models,use a specific subset of the full space DDE signal.In this work,a general representation of the DDE signal was employed with different sampling schemes(namely constant b1,diagonal and anti-diagonal)from the data reduction models to estimate exchange.A near-uniform sampling scheme was proposed and compared with the other sampling schemes.The filter exchange and rapid exchange models were also applied to estimate exchange with their own subsampling schemes.These subsampling schemes and models were compared on both simulated data and experimental data acquired with a benchtop MR scanner.In synthetic data,the diagonal and near-uniform sampling schemes performed the best due to the consistency of their estimates with the ground truth.In experimental data,the shifted diagonal and near-uniform sampling schemes outperformed the others,yielding the most consistent estimates with the full space estimation.The results suggest the feasibility of measuring exchange using a general representation of the DDE signal along with variable sampling schemes.In future studies,algorithms could be further developed for the optimization of sampling schemes,as well as incorporating additional properties,such as geometry and diffusion anisotropy,into exchange frameworks.展开更多
Tea has a history of thousands of years in China and it plays an important role in the working-life and daily life of people.Tea culture rich in connotation is an important part of Chinese traditional culture,and its ...Tea has a history of thousands of years in China and it plays an important role in the working-life and daily life of people.Tea culture rich in connotation is an important part of Chinese traditional culture,and its existence and development are also of great significance to the diversified development of world culture.Based on Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory,this paper analyzes the problems in the spreading of Chinese tea in and out of the country and provides solutions from the perspective of encoding,communication,and decoding.It is expected to provide a reference for the domestic and international dissemination of Chinese tea culture.展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project of Xiang Jiang Lab(22XJ02003)the University Fundamental Research Fund(23-ZZCX-JDZ-28)+5 种基金the National Science Fund for Outstanding Young Scholars(62122093)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72071205)the Hunan Graduate Research Innovation Project(ZC23112101-10)the Hunan Natural Science Foundation Regional Joint Project(2023JJ50490)the Science and Technology Project for Young and Middle-aged Talents of Hunan(2023TJ-Z03)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Humnan Province(2023RC1002)。
文摘Traditional large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithms(LSMOEAs)encounter difficulties when dealing with sparse large-scale multi-objective optimization problems(SLM-OPs)where most decision variables are zero.As a result,many algorithms use a two-layer encoding approach to optimize binary variable Mask and real variable Dec separately.Nevertheless,existing optimizers often focus on locating non-zero variable posi-tions to optimize the binary variables Mask.However,approxi-mating the sparse distribution of real Pareto optimal solutions does not necessarily mean that the objective function is optimized.In data mining,it is common to mine frequent itemsets appear-ing together in a dataset to reveal the correlation between data.Inspired by this,we propose a novel two-layer encoding learning swarm optimizer based on frequent itemsets(TELSO)to address these SLMOPs.TELSO mined the frequent terms of multiple particles with better target values to find mask combinations that can obtain better objective values for fast convergence.Experi-mental results on five real-world problems and eight benchmark sets demonstrate that TELSO outperforms existing state-of-the-art sparse large-scale multi-objective evolutionary algorithms(SLMOEAs)in terms of performance and convergence speed.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42275038)China Meteorological Administration Climate Change Special Program (QBZ202306)Robin CLARK was funded by the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China project under the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF)
文摘Globally,2023 was the warmest observed year on record since at least 1850 and,according to proxy evidence,possibly of the past 100000 years.As in recent years,the record warmth has again been accompanied with yet more extreme weather and climate events throughout the world.Here,we provide an overview of those of 2023,with details and key background causes to help build upon our understanding of the roles of internal climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.We also highlight emerging features associated with some of these extreme events.Hot extremes are occurring earlier in the year,and increasingly simultaneously in differing parts of the world(e.g.,the concurrent hot extremes in the Northern Hemisphere in July 2023).Intense cyclones are exacerbating precipitation extremes(e.g.,the North China flooding in July and the Libya flooding in September).Droughts in some regions(e.g.,California and the Horn of Africa)have transitioned into flood conditions.Climate extremes also show increasing interactions with ecosystems via wildfires(e.g.,those in Hawaii in August and in Canada from spring to autumn 2023)and sandstorms(e.g.,those in Mongolia in April 2023).Finally,we also consider the challenges to research that these emerging characteristics present for the strategy and practice of adaptation.
基金the Department of Education of Hunan Province,China(No.21A0541)the U.S.Department of Energy(No.DE-FG03-93ER40773)H.Z.acknowledges the financial support from Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics in Central China Normal University(No.QLPL2024P01)。
文摘This study proposes a novel particle encoding mechanism that seamlessly incorporates the quantum properties of particles,with a specific emphasis on constituent quarks.The primary objective of this mechanism is to facilitate the digital registration and identification of a wide range of particle information.Its design ensures easy integration with different event generators and digital simulations commonly used in high-energy experiments.Moreover,this innovative framework can be easily expanded to encode complex multi-quark states comprising up to nine valence quarks and accommodating an angular momentum of up to 99/2.This versatility and scalability make it a valuable tool.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61931020,U19B2024,62171449,62001483in part by the science and technology innovation Program of Hunan Province under Grant No.2021JJ40690。
文摘Increasing research has focused on semantic communication,the goal of which is to convey accurately the meaning instead of transmitting symbols from the sender to the receiver.In this paper,we design a novel encoding and decoding semantic communication framework,which adopts the semantic information and the contextual correlations between items to optimize the performance of a communication system over various channels.On the sender side,the average semantic loss caused by the wrong detection is defined,and a semantic source encoding strategy is developed to minimize the average semantic loss.To further improve communication reliability,a decoding strategy that utilizes the semantic and the context information to recover messages is proposed in the receiver.Extensive simulation results validate the superior performance of our strategies over state-of-the-art semantic coding and decoding policies on different communication channels.
基金the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant Nos.12105090 and 12175057).
文摘Leveraging the extraordinary phenomena of quantum superposition and quantum correlation,quantum computing offers unprecedented potential for addressing challenges beyond the reach of classical computers.This paper tackles two pivotal challenges in the realm of quantum computing:firstly,the development of an effective encoding protocol for translating classical data into quantum states,a critical step for any quantum computation.Different encoding strategies can significantly influence quantum computer performance.Secondly,we address the need to counteract the inevitable noise that can hinder quantum acceleration.Our primary contribution is the introduction of a novel variational data encoding method,grounded in quantum regression algorithm models.By adapting the learning concept from machine learning,we render data encoding a learnable process.This allowed us to study the role of quantum correlation in data encoding.Through numerical simulations of various regression tasks,we demonstrate the efficacy of our variational data encoding,particularly post-learning from instructional data.Moreover,we delve into the role of quantum correlation in enhancing task performance,especially in noisy environments.Our findings underscore the critical role of quantum correlation in not only bolstering performance but also in mitigating noise interference,thus advancing the frontier of quantum computing.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42075162)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0606903)the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility”(EarthLab).
文摘Temperature extremes over rapidly urbanizing regions with high population densities have been scrutinized due to their severe impacts on human safety and economics.First of all,the performance of the regional climate model RegCM4 with a hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic dynamic core in simulating seasonal temperature and temperature extremes was evaluated over the historical period of 1991–99 at a 12-km spatial resolution over China and a 3-km resolution over the Beijing−Tianjin−Hebei(JJJ)region,a typical urban agglomeration of China.Simulations of spatial distributions of temperature extremes over the JJJ region using RegCM4 with hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic cores showed high spatial correlations of more than 0.8 with the observations.Under a warming climate,temperature extremes of annual maximum daily temperature(TXx)and summer days(SU)in China and the JJJ region showed obvious increases by the end of the 21st century while there was a general reduction in frost days(FD).The ensemble of RegCM4 with different land surface components was used to examine population exposure to temperature extremes over the JJJ region.Population exposure to temperature extremes was found to decrease in 2091−99 relative to 1991−99 over the majority of the JJJ region due to the joint impacts of increases in temperature extremes over the JJJ and population decreases over the JJJ region,except for downtown areas.Furthermore,changes in population exposure to temperature extremes were mainly dominated by future population changes.Finally,we quantified changes in exposure to temperature extremes with temperature increase over the JJJ region.This study helps to provide relevant policies to respond future climate risks over the JJJ region.
基金funded by the Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China(2022ZY0153)the“One Region Two Bases”Supercomputing Capacity Building Project of Inner Mongolia University,China(21300-231510).
文摘Against the backdrop of global warming,climate extremes and drought events have become more severe,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.This study forecasted the characteristics of climate extremes in the Xilin River Basin(a semi-arid inland river basin)of China for the period of 2021–2100 by employing a multi-model ensemble approach based on three climate Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5)from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6).Furthermore,a linear regression,a wavelet analysis,and the correlation analysis were conducted to explore the response of climate extremes to the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI)and Streamflow Drought Index(SDI),as well as their respective trends during the historical period from 1970 to 2020 and during the future period from 2021 to 2070.The results indicated that extreme high temperatures and extreme precipitation will further intensify under the higher forcing scenarios(SSP5-8.5>SSP2-4.5>SSP1-2.6)in the future.The SPEI trends under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios were estimated as–0.003/a,–0.004/a,and–0.008/a,respectively,indicating a drier future climate.During the historical period(1970–2020),the SPEI and SDI trends were–0.003/a and–0.016/a,respectively,with significant cycles of 15 and 22 a,and abrupt changes occurring in 1995 and 1996,respectively.The next abrupt change in the SPEI was projected to occur in the 2040s.The SPEI had a significant positive correlation with both summer days(SU)and heavy precipitation days(R10mm),while the SDI was only significantly positively correlated with R10mm.Additionally,the SPEI and SDI exhibited a strong and consistent positive correlation at a cycle of 4–6 a,indicating a robust interdependence between the two indices.These findings have important implications for policy makers,enabling them to improve water resource management of inland river basins in arid and semi-arid areas under future climate uncertainty.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51979069)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.B200204029)the National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20211202).
文摘A comprehensive assessment of representative satellite-retrieved(Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement(IMERG)and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA)),reanalysis-based(fifth generation of atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5)),and gauge-estimated(Climate Prediction Center(CPC))precipitation products was conducted using the data from 807 meteorological stations across China's Mainland from 2001 to 2017.Error statistical metrics,precipitation distribution functions,and extreme precipitation indices were used to evaluate the quality of the four precipitation products in terms of multi-timescale accuracy and extreme precipitation estimation.When the timescale increased from daily to seasonal scales,the accuracy of the four precipitation products first increased and then decreased,and all products performed best on the monthly timescale.Their accuracy ranking in descending order was CPC,IMERG,TMPA,and ERA5 on the daily timescale and IMERG,CPC,TMPA,and ERA5 on the monthly and seasonal timescales.IMERG was generally superior to its predecessor TMPA on the three timescales.ERA5 exhibited large statistical errors.CPC provided stable estimated values.For extreme precipitation estimation,the quality of IMERG was relatively consistent with that of TMPA in terms of precipitation distribution and extreme metrics,and IMERG exhibited a significant advantage in estimating moderate and heavy precipitation.In contrast,ERA5 and CPC exhibited poor performance with large systematic underestimation biases.The findings of this study provide insight into the performance of the latest IMERG product compared with the widely used TMPA,ERA5,and CPC datasets,and points to possible directions for improvement of multi-source precipitation data fusion algorithms in order to better serve hydrological applications.
文摘The third paragraph in Sec.IV REGENERATIVE AMPLIFICATION erroneously states“In other words,the distribution of spectral components is time-dependent,and the spectral distortion in the amplification process will not change the time-domain shape.”
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42130405)the Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent Program of Jiangsu Province(R2020SC04)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA2006030201)the Research Fund for International Young Scientists of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42150410381).
文摘Extreme precipitation events are one of the most dangerous hydrometeorological disasters,often resulting in significant human and socio-economic losses worldwide.It is therefore important to use current global climate models to project future changes in precipitation extremes.The present study aims to assess the future changes in precipitation extremes over South Asia from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)Global Climate Models(GCMs).The results were derived using the modified Mann-Kendall test,Sen's slope estimator,student's t-test,and probability density function approach.Eight extreme precipitation indices were assessed,including wet days(RR1mm),heavy precipitation days(RR10mm),very heavy precipitation days(RR20mm),severe precipitation days(RR50mm),consecutive wet days(CWD),consecutive dry days(CDD),maximum 5-day precipitation amount(RX5day),and simple daily intensity index(SDII).The future changes were estimated in two time periods for the 21^(st) century(i.e.,near future(NF;2021-2060)and far future(FF;2061-2100))under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios(SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5).The results suggest increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation indices under the SSP5-8.5 scenario towards the end of the 21^(st) century(2061-2100).Moreover,from the results of multimodel ensemble means(MMEMs),extreme precipitation indices of RR1mm,RR10mm,RR20mm,CWD,and SDII demonstrate remarkable increases in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 scenario.The spatial distribution of extreme precipitation indices shows intensification over the eastern part of South Asia compared to the western part.The probability density function of extreme precipitation indices suggests a frequent(intense)occurrence of precipitation extremes in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,with values up to 35.00 d for RR1mm and 25.00-35.00 d for CWD.The potential impacts of heavy precipitation can pose serious challenges to the study area regarding flooding,soil erosion,water resource management,food security,and agriculture development.
基金supported by the UK–China Research & Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China as part of the Newton Fund
文摘Heat events may be humid or dry.While several indices incorporate humidity,such combined indices obscure identification and exploration of heat events by their different humidity characteristics.The new HadISDH.extremes global gridded monitoring product uniquely provides a range of wet and dry bulb temperature extremes indices.Analysis of this new data product demonstrates its value as a tool for quantifying exposure to humid verses dry heat events.It also enables exploration into“stealth heat events”,where humidity is high,perhaps enough to affect productivity and health,while temperature remains moderate.Such events may not typically be identified as“heat events”by temperature-focused heat indices.Over 1973-2022,the peak magnitude of humid extremes(maximum daily wet bulb temperature over a month;T_(w)X)for the global annual mean increased significantly at 0.13±0.04℃(10 yr)^(−1),which is slightly slower than the global annual mean T_(w) increase of 0.22±0.04℃(10 yr)^(−1).The frequency of moderate humid extreme events per year(90th per-centile daily maxima wet bulb temperature exceedance;T_(w)X90p)also increased significantly at 4.61±1.07 d yr^(−1)(10 yr)^(−1).These rates were slower than for temperature extremes,TX and TX90p,which respectively increased significantly at 0.27±0.04℃(10 yr)^(−1) and 5.53±0.72 d yr^(−1)(10 yr)^(−1).Similarly,for the UK/Europe focus region,JJA-mean T_(w)X increased significantly,again at a slower rate than for TX and mean T_(w).HadISDH.extremes shows some evidence of“stealth heat events”occurring where humidity is high but temperature remains more moderate.
基金supported by the UK–China Research & Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China as part of the Newton Fund
文摘HadISDH.extremes is an annually updated global gridded monthly monitoring product of wet and dry bulb temperature–based extremes indices,from January 1973 to December 2022.Data quality,including spatial and temporal stability,is a key focus.The hourly data are quality controlled.Homogeneity is assessed on monthly means and used to score each gridbox according to its homogeneity rather than to apply adjustments.This enables user-specific screening for temporal stability and avoids errors from inferring adjustments from monthly means for the daily maximum values.For general use,a score(HQ Flag)of 0 to 6 is recommended.A range of indices are presented,aligning with existing standardised indices.Uniquely,provision of both wet and dry bulb indices allows exploration of heat event character—whether it is a“humid and hot”,“dry and hot”or“humid and warm”event.It is designed for analysis of long-term trends in regional features.HadISDH.extremes can be used to study local events,but given the greater vulnerability to errors of maximum compared to mean values,cross-validation with independent information is advised.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2021YFB3700400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52074030,51904021,and 52174294)。
文摘A high thrust-to-weight ratio poses challenges to the high-temperature performance of Ni-based superalloys. The oxidation behavior of GH4738 at extreme temperatures has been investigated by isothermal and non-isothermal experiments. As a result of the competitive diffusion of alloying elements, the oxide scale included an outermost porous oxide layer (OOL), an inner relatively dense oxide layer (IOL), and an internal oxide zone (IOZ), depending on the temperature and time. A high temperature led to the formation of large voids at the IOL/IOZ interface. At 1200℃, the continuity of the Cr-rich oxide layer in the IOL was destroyed, and thus, spallation occurred. Extension of oxidation time contributed to the size of Al-rich oxide particles with the increase in the IOZ. Based on this finding,the oxidation kinetics of GH4738 was discussed, and the corresponding oxidation behavior at 900-1100℃ was predicted.
文摘Modification signs in extreme weather events may be directly related to alterations in the thermodynamic panorama of the atmosphere that need to be better understood. This study aimed to make a first interconnection between climate extremes and thermodynamic patterns in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Maximum and minimum air temperature and precipitation extreme indices from two surface meteorological stations (ABOV and STCZ) and instability indices based on temperature and humidity from radiosonde observations (SBGL) were employed to investigate changes in the periods 1964-1980 (P1), 1981-2000 (P2), and 2001-2020 (P3). Statistical tests were adopted to determine the significance and magnitude of trends. The frequency of warm (cold) days and warm (cold) nights are increasing (decreasing) in the city. Cold (Warm) extremes are changing with greater magnitude in ABOV (STCZ) than in STCZ (ABOV). In ABOV, there is a significant increase of +84 mm/decade in the rainfall volume associated with severe precipitation (above the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile) and most extreme precipitation indices show an increase in frequency and intensity. In STCZ, there is a decrease in extreme precipitation until the 1990s, and from there, an increase, showing a wetter climate in the most recent years. It is also verified in SBGL that there is a statistically significant increase (decrease) in air temperature of +0.1°C/decade (-0.2°C/decade) and relative humidity of +1.2%/decade (-3%/decade) at the low and middle (high) troposphere. There is a visible rising trend in most of the evaluated instability indices over the last few decades. The increasing trends of some extreme precipitation indices are probably allied to the precipitable water increasing trend of +1.2 mm/decade.
文摘Heavy precipitation and extreme drought have caused severe economic losses over South China and Indochina(INCSC)in recent decades.Given the areas with large gross domestic product(GDP)in the INCSC region are distributed along the coastline and greatly affected by global warming,understanding the possible economic impacts induced by future changes in the maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation(RX5day)and the maximum consecutive dry days(CDD)is critical for adaptation planning in this region.Based on the latest data released by phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6),future projections of precipitation extremes with bias correction and their impacts on GDP over the INCSC region under the fossil-fueled development Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP5-8.5)are investigated.Results indicate that RX5day will intensify robustly throughout the INCSC region,while CDD will lengthen in most regions under global warming.The changes in climate consistently dominate the effect on GDP over the INCSC region,rather than the change of GDP.If only considering the effect of climate change on GDP,the changes in precipitation extremes bring a larger impact on the economy in the future to the provinces of Hunan,Jiangxi,Fujian,Guangdong,and Hainan in South China,as well as the Malay Peninsula and southern Cambodia in Indochina.Thus,timely regional adaptation strategies are urgent for these regions.Moreover,from the sub-regional average viewpoint,over two thirds of CMIP6 models agree that maintaining a lower global warming level will reduce the economic impacts from heavy precipitation over the INCSC region.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number XDA2006040102]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42175037].
文摘Extreme snowfall events over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)cause considerable damage to local society and natural ecosystems.In this study,the authors investigate the projected changes in such events over the TP and its surrounding areas based on an ensemble of a set of 21st century climate change projections using a regional climate model,RegCM4.The model is driven by five CMIP5 global climate models at a grid spacing of 25 km,under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 pathways.Four modified ETCCDI extreme indices-namely,SNOWTOT,S1mm,S10mm,and Sx5day-are employed to characterize the extreme snowfall events.RegCM4 generally reproduces the spatial distribution of the indices over the region,although with a tendency of overestimation.For the projected changes,a general decrease in SNOWTOT is found over most of the TP,with greater magnitude and better cross-simulation agreement over the eastern part.All the simulations project an overall decrease in S1mm,ranging from a 25%decrease in the west and to a 50%decrease in the east of the TP.Both S10mm and Sx5day are projected to decrease over the eastern part and increase over the central and western parts of the TP.Notably,S10mm shows a marked increase(more than double)with high cross-simulation agreement over the central TP.Significant increases in all four indices are found over the Tarim and Qaidam basins,and northwestern China north of the TP.The projected changes show topographic dependence over the TP in the latitudinal direction,and tend to decrease/increase in low-/high-altitude areas.
文摘Erratum to:Yin,Z.H.,P.X.Dai,and J.Nie,2021:A two-plume convective model for precipitation extremes.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,38(6),957−965,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-0404-8.
基金Deanship for Research&Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the Project Number:IFP22UQU4400257DSR031.
文摘Information security has emerged as a key problem in encryption because of the rapid evolution of the internet and networks.Thus,the progress of image encryption techniques is becoming an increasingly serious issue and considerable problem.Small space of the key,encryption-based low confidentiality,low key sensitivity,and easily exploitable existing image encryption techniques integrating chaotic system and DNA computing are purposing the main problems to propose a new encryption technique in this study.In our proposed scheme,a three-dimensional Chen’s map and a one-dimensional Logistic map are employed to construct a double-layer image encryption scheme.In the confusion stage,different scrambling operations related to the original plain image pixels are designed using Chen’s map.A stream pixel scrambling operation related to the plain image is constructed.Then,a block scrambling-based image encryption-related stream pixel scrambled image is designed.In the diffusion stage,two rounds of pixel diffusion are generated related to the confusing image for intra-image diffusion.Chen’s map,logistic map,and DNA computing are employed to construct diffusion operations.A reverse complementary rule is applied to obtain a new form of DNA.A Chen’s map is used to produce a pseudorandom DNA sequence,and then another DNA form is constructed from a reverse pseudorandom DNA sequence.Finally,the XOR operation is performed multiple times to obtain the encrypted image.According to the simulation of experiments and security analysis,this approach extends the key space,has great sensitivity,and is able to withstand various typical attacks.An adequate encryption effect is achieved by the proposed algorithm,which can simultaneously decrease the correlation between adjacent pixels by making it near zero,also the information entropy is increased.The number of pixels changing rate(NPCR)and the unified average change intensity(UACI)both are very near to optimal values.
基金the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education(STINT),and the Swedish Research Council(Dnr 2022e04715).
文摘Water exchange between the different compartments of a heterogeneous specimen can be characterized via diffusion magnetic resonance imaging(dMRI).Many analysis frameworks using dMRI data have been proposed to describe exchange,often using a double diffusion encoding(DDE)stimulated echo sequence.Techniques such as diffusion exchange weighted imaging(DEWI)and the filter exchange and rapid exchange models,use a specific subset of the full space DDE signal.In this work,a general representation of the DDE signal was employed with different sampling schemes(namely constant b1,diagonal and anti-diagonal)from the data reduction models to estimate exchange.A near-uniform sampling scheme was proposed and compared with the other sampling schemes.The filter exchange and rapid exchange models were also applied to estimate exchange with their own subsampling schemes.These subsampling schemes and models were compared on both simulated data and experimental data acquired with a benchtop MR scanner.In synthetic data,the diagonal and near-uniform sampling schemes performed the best due to the consistency of their estimates with the ground truth.In experimental data,the shifted diagonal and near-uniform sampling schemes outperformed the others,yielding the most consistent estimates with the full space estimation.The results suggest the feasibility of measuring exchange using a general representation of the DDE signal along with variable sampling schemes.In future studies,algorithms could be further developed for the optimization of sampling schemes,as well as incorporating additional properties,such as geometry and diffusion anisotropy,into exchange frameworks.
文摘Tea has a history of thousands of years in China and it plays an important role in the working-life and daily life of people.Tea culture rich in connotation is an important part of Chinese traditional culture,and its existence and development are also of great significance to the diversified development of world culture.Based on Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory,this paper analyzes the problems in the spreading of Chinese tea in and out of the country and provides solutions from the perspective of encoding,communication,and decoding.It is expected to provide a reference for the domestic and international dissemination of Chinese tea culture.
