Grapevine shelter cultivation produces some influence on the quality of grape berry,at the same time of reducing the occurrence of diseases.Under the condition of rain-shelter cultivation,the effects of microenvironme...Grapevine shelter cultivation produces some influence on the quality of grape berry,at the same time of reducing the occurrence of diseases.Under the condition of rain-shelter cultivation,the effects of microenvironment,such as light,temperature and humidity,on the quality of grape berry were investigated in this paper.In addition,the relationships between microenvironmental changes and sugar,acid,color,aromatic substances and phenolic substances contents of the grape berry were analyzed.The current research status was analyzed,and the future study direction was discussed.展开更多
Uncertainties in satellite rainfall estimation may derive from both the local rainfall characteristics and its subpixel variability.To study this issue,Micro Rain Radars and a rain gauge network were deployed within a...Uncertainties in satellite rainfall estimation may derive from both the local rainfall characteristics and its subpixel variability.To study this issue,Micro Rain Radars and a rain gauge network were deployed within a 9-km satel-lite pixel in the semi-arid Xilingol grassland of China in summer 2009.The authors characterized the subpixel variability with the coefficient of variation(CV)and evaluated the satellite rainfall estimation for this semi-arid area.The results showed that rainfall events with a high CV were mostly convective with a small amount of rain-fall.Spatially inhomogeneous rainfall was most likely to occur at the edges of small clouds producing rain.The performance of the TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)3B42V7 product for daily rainfall was better than that of the CMORPH(Climate Prediction Center morphing technique)and PERSIANN(Precipitation Estima-tion from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks)products,although the TRMM product tended to overestimate rainfall in a lake area of the semi-arid grassland.展开更多
High-resolution data of a torrential rainfall event in Sichuan, China, simulated by the WRF model, were used to analyze the cloud microphysical differences with precipitation intensity. Sixhourly accumulated rainfall ...High-resolution data of a torrential rainfall event in Sichuan, China, simulated by the WRF model, were used to analyze the cloud microphysical differences with precipitation intensity. Sixhourly accumulated rainfall was classified into five bins based on rainfall intensity, and the cloud microphysical characteristics and processes in different bins were studied. The results show that：（1） Hydrometeor content differed distinctly among different bins. Mixing ratios of cloud water, rain water, and graupel enhanced significantly and monotonously with increasing rainfall intensity. With increasing precipitation intensity, the monotonous increase in cloud water number concentration was significant. Meanwhile, number concentrations of rain water and graupel increased at first and then decreased or increased slowly in larger rainfall bins.（2） With precipitation intensity increasing, cloud microphysical conversion processes closely related to the production of rainwater, directly（accretion of cloud water by rain（QCLcr） and melting of graupel（QMLgr）） or indirectly（water vapor condensation and accretion of cloud water by graupel）, increased significantly.（3） As the two main sources of rainwater, QCLcrincreased monotonously with increasing precipitation intensity, while QMLgr increased slowly, even tending to cease increasing in larger rainfall bins.展开更多
Microbial Inoculants as Effective Microorganisms （EM） were applied to find out their effects on germination and seedling growth of Albizia saman in the nursery. The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soils a...Microbial Inoculants as Effective Microorganisms （EM） were applied to find out their effects on germination and seedling growth of Albizia saman in the nursery. The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soils and cow dung （3：1） kept in polybags. The EM solution at different concentrations （0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%） was incorporated before and after a week of sowing seeds. Germination and physical growth parameters, including shoot and root length, vigor index, collar diameter, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and total biomass increment over the control were measured. The nodulation status influenced by EM was also observed along with the estimation of chemical parameters like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid. Both germination and the measured physical growth parameters were found significantly （P〈0.05） higher in seedlings treated with different concentrations of EM solution in comparison to the control. Maximum growth was found at 2% followed by 1% EM solution. Nodulation was higher at 0.1% concentration but it normally decreased with the increase of concentrations. Although there were a higher amount of pigments in leaves of the treated seedlings than of the control, the variations recorded with respect to chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid were not significantly higher in most of the treatments. Treated seedlings showed variable results along with the increment of EM applications and most of the parameters showed best results at the medium range of concentrations. The study indicates that the Microbial Inoculant （EM） technology might be useful to improve the growth of seedlings in the nursery. This also indicates that the associated beneficial organisms along with the polybag soils might be of value in improving the degraded soil or poor field soil for better nutrient and water uptake during the initial growth of transplanted seedlings.展开更多
Airborne measurements were collected during a stepwise ascent within a nimbostratus cloud associated with a cold vortex depression over the Jilin Province on 21 June 2005 to study cloud structure and ice particle spec...Airborne measurements were collected during a stepwise ascent within a nimbostratus cloud associated with a cold vortex depression over the Jilin Province on 21 June 2005 to study cloud structure and ice particle spectra. The melting layer of the nimbostratus was clearly defined in the radar images. The microphysical structure of the nimbostratus was elucidated by a King liquid water probe and Particle Measuring Systems （PMS） probes aboard the research aircraft. The PMS 2-D images provided detailed information of ice crystal transformations. A thick layer of supercooled cloud was observed, and the high ice particle concentrations at temperatures ranging from -3℃ to -6℃ were consistent with Hallett-Mossop ice multiplication. The shape of ice crystals from near the cloud top to the melting layer were in the form of columns, needles, aggregations, and plates. In addition, significant horizontal variability was evident on the scale of few hundred meters. Particle spectra in this cloud were adequately described by exponential relationships. Relationship between the intercept （No） and slope （2） parameters of an exponential size distribution was well characterized by a power law.展开更多
Warming and precipitation are key global change factors driving soil carbon(C)dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems.However,the effects of warming and altered precipitation on soil microbial diversity and functional gene...Warming and precipitation are key global change factors driving soil carbon(C)dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems.However,the effects of warming and altered precipitation on soil microbial diversity and functional genes involved in soil C cycling remain largely unknown.We investigated the effects of warming and increased precipitation on soil C cycling in a temperate desert steppe of Inner Mongolia using metagenomic sequencing.We found that warming reduced plant richness,Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index.In contrast,increased precipitation signifcantly infuenced Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index.Warming reduced soil microbial species by 5.4%while increased precipitation and warming combined with increased precipitation led to increases in soil microbial species by 23.3%and 2.7%,respectively.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria,which involve C cycling genes,was signifcantly increased by warming and increased precipitation.Warming signifcantly reduced the abundance of GAPDH(Calvin cycle)and celF(cellulose degradation)while it enhanced the abundance of glxR(lignin degradation).Increased precipitation signifcantly enhanced the abundance of pgk(Calvin cycle),coxL(carbon monoxide oxidation),malZ(starch degradation),and mttB(methane production).Moreover,a wide range of correlations among soil properties and C cycling functional genes was detected,suggesting the synergistic and/or antagonistic relationships under scenario of global change.These results may suggest that warming is benefcial to soil C storage while increased precipitation negatively affects soil C sequestration.These fndings provide a new perspective for understanding the response of microbial communities to warming and increased precipitation in the temperate desert steppe.展开更多
文摘Grapevine shelter cultivation produces some influence on the quality of grape berry,at the same time of reducing the occurrence of diseases.Under the condition of rain-shelter cultivation,the effects of microenvironment,such as light,temperature and humidity,on the quality of grape berry were investigated in this paper.In addition,the relationships between microenvironmental changes and sugar,acid,color,aromatic substances and phenolic substances contents of the grape berry were analyzed.The current research status was analyzed,and the future study direction was discussed.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2017YFC1501404]the German Research Foundation[Research Unit 536]the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 41675137]。
文摘Uncertainties in satellite rainfall estimation may derive from both the local rainfall characteristics and its subpixel variability.To study this issue,Micro Rain Radars and a rain gauge network were deployed within a 9-km satel-lite pixel in the semi-arid Xilingol grassland of China in summer 2009.The authors characterized the subpixel variability with the coefficient of variation(CV)and evaluated the satellite rainfall estimation for this semi-arid area.The results showed that rainfall events with a high CV were mostly convective with a small amount of rain-fall.Spatially inhomogeneous rainfall was most likely to occur at the edges of small clouds producing rain.The performance of the TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)3B42V7 product for daily rainfall was better than that of the CMORPH(Climate Prediction Center morphing technique)and PERSIANN(Precipitation Estima-tion from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks)products,although the TRMM product tended to overestimate rainfall in a lake area of the semi-arid grassland.
基金supported by the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number KZZD-e W-05-01]the National Basic Research Program of China[973 Program,grant number 2014CB441402]
文摘High-resolution data of a torrential rainfall event in Sichuan, China, simulated by the WRF model, were used to analyze the cloud microphysical differences with precipitation intensity. Sixhourly accumulated rainfall was classified into five bins based on rainfall intensity, and the cloud microphysical characteristics and processes in different bins were studied. The results show that：（1） Hydrometeor content differed distinctly among different bins. Mixing ratios of cloud water, rain water, and graupel enhanced significantly and monotonously with increasing rainfall intensity. With increasing precipitation intensity, the monotonous increase in cloud water number concentration was significant. Meanwhile, number concentrations of rain water and graupel increased at first and then decreased or increased slowly in larger rainfall bins.（2） With precipitation intensity increasing, cloud microphysical conversion processes closely related to the production of rainwater, directly（accretion of cloud water by rain（QCLcr） and melting of graupel（QMLgr）） or indirectly（water vapor condensation and accretion of cloud water by graupel）, increased significantly.（3） As the two main sources of rainwater, QCLcrincreased monotonously with increasing precipitation intensity, while QMLgr increased slowly, even tending to cease increasing in larger rainfall bins.
文摘Microbial Inoculants as Effective Microorganisms （EM） were applied to find out their effects on germination and seedling growth of Albizia saman in the nursery. The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soils and cow dung （3：1） kept in polybags. The EM solution at different concentrations （0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%） was incorporated before and after a week of sowing seeds. Germination and physical growth parameters, including shoot and root length, vigor index, collar diameter, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and total biomass increment over the control were measured. The nodulation status influenced by EM was also observed along with the estimation of chemical parameters like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid. Both germination and the measured physical growth parameters were found significantly （P〈0.05） higher in seedlings treated with different concentrations of EM solution in comparison to the control. Maximum growth was found at 2% followed by 1% EM solution. Nodulation was higher at 0.1% concentration but it normally decreased with the increase of concentrations. Although there were a higher amount of pigments in leaves of the treated seedlings than of the control, the variations recorded with respect to chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid were not significantly higher in most of the treatments. Treated seedlings showed variable results along with the increment of EM applications and most of the parameters showed best results at the medium range of concentrations. The study indicates that the Microbial Inoculant （EM） technology might be useful to improve the growth of seedlings in the nursery. This also indicates that the associated beneficial organisms along with the polybag soils might be of value in improving the degraded soil or poor field soil for better nutrient and water uptake during the initial growth of transplanted seedlings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40805056)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2006BAC12B00)
文摘Airborne measurements were collected during a stepwise ascent within a nimbostratus cloud associated with a cold vortex depression over the Jilin Province on 21 June 2005 to study cloud structure and ice particle spectra. The melting layer of the nimbostratus was clearly defined in the radar images. The microphysical structure of the nimbostratus was elucidated by a King liquid water probe and Particle Measuring Systems （PMS） probes aboard the research aircraft. The PMS 2-D images provided detailed information of ice crystal transformations. A thick layer of supercooled cloud was observed, and the high ice particle concentrations at temperatures ranging from -3℃ to -6℃ were consistent with Hallett-Mossop ice multiplication. The shape of ice crystals from near the cloud top to the melting layer were in the form of columns, needles, aggregations, and plates. In addition, significant horizontal variability was evident on the scale of few hundred meters. Particle spectra in this cloud were adequately described by exponential relationships. Relationship between the intercept （No） and slope （2） parameters of an exponential size distribution was well characterized by a power law.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF130180)the Scientifc and Technological Achievements Commercialization Project of Inner Mongolia(2020CG0064).Confict of interest statement.The authors declare that they have no confict of interest.
文摘Warming and precipitation are key global change factors driving soil carbon(C)dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems.However,the effects of warming and altered precipitation on soil microbial diversity and functional genes involved in soil C cycling remain largely unknown.We investigated the effects of warming and increased precipitation on soil C cycling in a temperate desert steppe of Inner Mongolia using metagenomic sequencing.We found that warming reduced plant richness,Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index.In contrast,increased precipitation signifcantly infuenced Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index.Warming reduced soil microbial species by 5.4%while increased precipitation and warming combined with increased precipitation led to increases in soil microbial species by 23.3%and 2.7%,respectively.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria,which involve C cycling genes,was signifcantly increased by warming and increased precipitation.Warming signifcantly reduced the abundance of GAPDH(Calvin cycle)and celF(cellulose degradation)while it enhanced the abundance of glxR(lignin degradation).Increased precipitation signifcantly enhanced the abundance of pgk(Calvin cycle),coxL(carbon monoxide oxidation),malZ(starch degradation),and mttB(methane production).Moreover,a wide range of correlations among soil properties and C cycling functional genes was detected,suggesting the synergistic and/or antagonistic relationships under scenario of global change.These results may suggest that warming is benefcial to soil C storage while increased precipitation negatively affects soil C sequestration.These fndings provide a new perspective for understanding the response of microbial communities to warming and increased precipitation in the temperate desert steppe.
