This paper analyzes compositional strategies of Russian avant-garde architecture from the 1920s and 1930s through the study of the work of Ivan Leonidov （1902-1959）, one of the leading and most prolific architects o...This paper analyzes compositional strategies of Russian avant-garde architecture from the 1920s and 1930s through the study of the work of Ivan Leonidov （1902-1959）, one of the leading and most prolific architects of this movement. In this study, Leonidov＇s work is located within its predominant architectural context, and his work is interpreted not only as a reaction against the domineering principles of classicism, but as an evolution and selective continuation of key concepts directly translated from architectural academism. The issues of the use of pure forms--a radical stance at odds with the commonly accepted morphologies of that era--associated with the principles of displaced symmetry, or disorder, are closely looked at and evaluated against both their architectural and political values within the context of post-revolutionary Russia. It is argued that the characteristic of weightlessness in his large-scale planning proposals is revelatory of a particular desire to invade space with political presence, thus demanding to reconsider the relation between space and architectural objects. Parallels are also drawn from French Revolutionary architecture, and from the work of Claude-Nicolas Ledoux in particular, whose search for purity and autonomy in architectural morphology preceded that of Soviet architecture. As Leonidov＇s legacy mainly consists of drawings of buildings that never got built, his influence can often be felt in the work of other architects which until today have drawn formal elements and compositional strategies from his relatively vast volume of un-built work.展开更多
The subject structure was consisted of a proto-type house with plan dimensions of 8 m ×4 m. A variety of materials was used to the construction, with special emphasis on using environmentally friendly non-toxic m...The subject structure was consisted of a proto-type house with plan dimensions of 8 m ×4 m. A variety of materials was used to the construction, with special emphasis on using environmentally friendly non-toxic materials. The structure＇s core consisted of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls. Inside faces of the walls and the roof＇s outside face were covered with proprietary composite panels, which are manufactured with a mixture of cement, volcanic ash, and local sawmill waste. These panels were analyzed for their physical and chemical properties, as well as for their resistance to decay and insects when subjected to extreme conditions for 15 years. The panels have also shown to provide thermal insulation and nonflammable when in direct contact with fire. The roof surface was further covered with a blend of local drought-resistant succulents and cacti. This study provides a detailed review of the construction process and materials employed.展开更多
Taizhou Yangtze River Highway Bridge is the first three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in China. The main girder adopts flat steamline steel closed box girder which has well wind-resistant capability and is technica...Taizhou Yangtze River Highway Bridge is the first three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in China. The main girder adopts flat steamline steel closed box girder which has well wind-resistant capability and is technically mature besides beautiful appearance. Straight web plates of the steel box girder in longitudinal direction are proposed in order to ensure the integrity of the steel box girder, and to keep the stress of the steel box girder continuous in the middle pylon, as well as to reduce the gradient of the middle pylon columns. The cross section of the box girder has one box with three cells. Solid-web diaphragm plate with good integrity and high torsional stiffness is adopted. The lifting lugs are utilized in the anchors of suspender cable. In this paper, selection of the cross section of the steel box girder, the general structure design, local structure design and main structure calculation results of Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge are introduced emphatically.展开更多
As for a double pyramidal central configuration in 6-body problems, the case when its base is a concave polygon is studied. By advancing several assumptions according to the definition of double pyramidal central conf...As for a double pyramidal central configuration in 6-body problems, the case when its base is a concave polygon is studied. By advancing several assumptions according to the definition of double pyramidal central configuration and deducing two theorems and two corollaries on this subject, the essential and sufficient conditions to form a double pyramidal central configuration with a concave quadrilateral base are demonstrated.展开更多
Dimension-controllable supramolecular organic frameworks(SOFs)with aggregation-enhanced fluorescence are hierarchically fabricated through the host-guest interactions of cucurbit[8]uril(CB[8])and coumarin-modified tet...Dimension-controllable supramolecular organic frameworks(SOFs)with aggregation-enhanced fluorescence are hierarchically fabricated through the host-guest interactions of cucurbit[8]uril(CB[8])and coumarin-modified tetraphenylethylene derivatives(TPEC).The three-dimensional layered SOFs could be constructed from the further stacking of two-dimensional mono-layered structures via simply regulating the self-assembly conditions including the culturing time and concentration.Upon light irradiation under the wavelength of 365 nm,the photodimerization of coumarin moieties occurred,which resulted in the transformation of the resultant TPECn/CB[8]4n two-dimensional SOFs into robust covalently-connected 2D polymers with molecular thickness.Interestingly,the supramolecular system of TPEC/CB[8]exhibited intriguing multicolor fluorescence emission from yellow to blue in the time range of 0-24 h at 365 nm irradiation,possessing potential applicability for photochromic fluorescence ink.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the efficacy and complications of stereotactic body radiotherapy in localized paraaortic lymph node recurrence from colorectal cancer. METHODS： From 2003 to 2009, 7 patients with paraaortic lymph no...AIM： To evaluate the efficacy and complications of stereotactic body radiotherapy in localized paraaortic lymph node recurrence from colorectal cancer. METHODS： From 2003 to 2009, 7 patients with paraaortic lymph node recurrence （1-3 lesions） from colorectal cancer were treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy. Total gross tumor volumes ranged from 4 to 40 mL. The doses were escalated from 36 Gy/patient to 51 Gy/patient and were delivered in 3 fractions. RESULTS： One and 3 year overall survival rates were 100% and 71.4%, respectively, and median survival was 37 mo. Grade IV intestinal obstruction was reported in 1 of 7 patients. This patient received 48 Gy in 3 fractions with a maximum point dose to the intestine of 53 Gy and V45Gy = 3.6 mL. However, 6 patients received an intestinal maximum point dose of 〈 51 Gy and V45Gy of 〈 1 mL, and did not develop any severe complications. CONCLUSION： This pilot study suggests selected paraaortic lymph node recurrence （1-3 closed lesions） that failed to respond to chemotherapy can be potentially salvaged by stereotactic body radiotherapy.展开更多
Based on the boundary condition of field engineering, numerical simulations of28 conditions of existing diffusers of 3 structure types were investigated by ComputationalFluid Dynamics software package, and there were ...Based on the boundary condition of field engineering, numerical simulations of28 conditions of existing diffusers of 3 structure types were investigated by ComputationalFluid Dynamics software package, and there were the problems of larger structure resistanceand lower diffusing efficiency of these diffusers by analysis of CFD results.Thestructure outlines of the energy-saving diffuser were constructed by the application ofstream function and potential function superimposing.On the basis of numerical simulationsof energy-saving diffusers of 5 area-enlarging ratios, structural resistances and diffusingefficiencies of 5 energy-saving diffusers were comparatively analyzed, and therange from 2.00 to 2.31 of the rational area-enlarging ratio of energy-saving diffusers wasderived.The optimization area-enlarging ratio of the energy-saving diffuser was presently2.28 through comparable analysis.From the above, the results show that the coefficient ofperformance of the energy-saving diffuser is better than 3 existing diffusers.展开更多
As one of the first and most original creations of literary postmodernism, published in the year 1961, Catch-22＇s （1961） position in American literature remains secure. Yet its ending has been held as unconvincing ...As one of the first and most original creations of literary postmodernism, published in the year 1961, Catch-22＇s （1961） position in American literature remains secure. Yet its ending has been held as unconvincing ever since its publication. Taking the overall structure, tone, and the theme of the novel into consideration, this paper aims to prove the credibility of this controversial part. It consists of five sections apart from an introduction and a conclusion. Section One provides general information on the life and works of Joseph Heller. Section Two traces the impact of existentialism and the generation of black humor to clarify the literary position of Catch-22. Section Three brings out the disputative opinions on the ending part. Sections Four and Five, try to prove Yossarian＇s final desertion a natural and convincing ending from different perspectives： Section Four analyses how Yossarian gains an entropic vision of the cosmos; section Five studies his existential vision of physical life and searches for the immediate factors that propel Yossarian＇s desertion. Section five also explains the ending＇s change in tone and structure. The conclusion summarizes the paper and points out the social significance of the novel.展开更多
This article deals with one of the theoretical dilemmas of contemporary sociology： the dualism of the individualistic and holistic approaches. One of the most famous attempts to overcome this dualism is the structura...This article deals with one of the theoretical dilemmas of contemporary sociology： the dualism of the individualistic and holistic approaches. One of the most famous attempts to overcome this dualism is the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens, and alongside this is found the conception of social realism of Roy Bhaskar and Margaret Archer. Their efforts to link individualistic and holistic approaches are based on a varifocal attempt to explain the theoretical issues from both individualistic and holistic perspectives. The author of this article believes that there is an alternative solution to this problem, where both perspectives are ＂blended＂ in a theoretical explanation demonstrating that the concepts which we use in sociological theory--actor, action and structure--are inherently of dualistic nature, i.e., they are ＂duplex＂.展开更多
The first step to defining the rights,responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships.Nature reserves are...The first step to defining the rights,responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships.Nature reserves are complex ecosystems involving nature,the economy and society.There exists a conflict between the public welfare benefits of ecological conservation and the private gains to be realized from social and economic development.There also exist in a nature reserve complex relationships among stakeholders,involving the utilization of ecological resources,ecological conservation and ecological-economic interests.The introduction of tourism brings substantial changes to the existing stakeholder benefit structure in a nature reserve.The implementation of tourism ecological compensation（tourism payment for ecological service）is a process for redefining the distribution of rights,responsibilities and profits among stakeholders and it is also an essential way to balance the interests of the stakeholders.This paper uses a case study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China to examine the characteristics of stakeholders and analyze their interests.According to the method for defining basic attributes proposed by Mitchel and other scholars,in cases of tourism ecological compensation,stakeholders can be classified as definitive stakeholders,expectant stakeholders and latent stakeholders.This paper applies these classifications and then analyzes the relationships between the rights and responsibilities of these stakeholders and how these change after the implementation of compensation.Additionally,based on the impact compensation has on different stakeholders,changes in the relationships can be analyzed and the structure of the stakeholders can be modelled.This case study of the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve illustrates the operationalization of a new mechanism for tourism ecological compensation.The paper illustrates a method for coordinating the relationships among the stakeholders involved with this national-level nature reserve.展开更多
Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene(TT)monomers end-capped with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(EDOT)moieties are electropolymerized to formπ-conjugated polymers with distinct electrochromic(EC)properties.Steric and electronic factors...Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene(TT)monomers end-capped with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(EDOT)moieties are electropolymerized to formπ-conjugated polymers with distinct electrochromic(EC)properties.Steric and electronic factors(electron donor and acceptor substituents)in the side groups of the TT core,as well as the structure of the polymer backbone strongly affect the electrochemical and optical properties of the polymers and their electrochromic characteristics.The studied polymers show low oxidation potentials,tunable from-0.78 to+0.30 V(vs.Fc/Fc^+)and the band gaps from 1.46 to 1.92 eV and demonstrate wide variety of color palettes in polymer films in different states,finely tunable by structural variations in the polymer backbone and the side chains.EC materials of different colors in their doped/dedoped states have been developed(violet,deep blue,light blue,green,brown,purple-red,pinkish-red,orange-red,light gray,cyan and colorless transparent).High optical contrast(up to 79%),short response time(0.57-0.80 s),good cycling stability(up to 91%at 2000 cycles)and high coloration efficiency(up to 234.6 cm2C^(-1))have been demonstrated and the influence of different factors on the above parameters of EC polymers have been discussed.展开更多
文摘This paper analyzes compositional strategies of Russian avant-garde architecture from the 1920s and 1930s through the study of the work of Ivan Leonidov （1902-1959）, one of the leading and most prolific architects of this movement. In this study, Leonidov＇s work is located within its predominant architectural context, and his work is interpreted not only as a reaction against the domineering principles of classicism, but as an evolution and selective continuation of key concepts directly translated from architectural academism. The issues of the use of pure forms--a radical stance at odds with the commonly accepted morphologies of that era--associated with the principles of displaced symmetry, or disorder, are closely looked at and evaluated against both their architectural and political values within the context of post-revolutionary Russia. It is argued that the characteristic of weightlessness in his large-scale planning proposals is revelatory of a particular desire to invade space with political presence, thus demanding to reconsider the relation between space and architectural objects. Parallels are also drawn from French Revolutionary architecture, and from the work of Claude-Nicolas Ledoux in particular, whose search for purity and autonomy in architectural morphology preceded that of Soviet architecture. As Leonidov＇s legacy mainly consists of drawings of buildings that never got built, his influence can often be felt in the work of other architects which until today have drawn formal elements and compositional strategies from his relatively vast volume of un-built work.
文摘The subject structure was consisted of a proto-type house with plan dimensions of 8 m ×4 m. A variety of materials was used to the construction, with special emphasis on using environmentally friendly non-toxic materials. The structure＇s core consisted of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls. Inside faces of the walls and the roof＇s outside face were covered with proprietary composite panels, which are manufactured with a mixture of cement, volcanic ash, and local sawmill waste. These panels were analyzed for their physical and chemical properties, as well as for their resistance to decay and insects when subjected to extreme conditions for 15 years. The panels have also shown to provide thermal insulation and nonflammable when in direct contact with fire. The roof surface was further covered with a blend of local drought-resistant succulents and cacti. This study provides a detailed review of the construction process and materials employed.
基金National Science and Technology Support Program of China ( No. 2009BAG15B01) Key Programs for Science and Technology Development of Chinese Transportation Industry( No. 2008-353-332-170)
文摘Taizhou Yangtze River Highway Bridge is the first three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in China. The main girder adopts flat steamline steel closed box girder which has well wind-resistant capability and is technically mature besides beautiful appearance. Straight web plates of the steel box girder in longitudinal direction are proposed in order to ensure the integrity of the steel box girder, and to keep the stress of the steel box girder continuous in the middle pylon, as well as to reduce the gradient of the middle pylon columns. The cross section of the box girder has one box with three cells. Solid-web diaphragm plate with good integrity and high torsional stiffness is adopted. The lifting lugs are utilized in the anchors of suspender cable. In this paper, selection of the cross section of the steel box girder, the general structure design, local structure design and main structure calculation results of Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge are introduced emphatically.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19871096).
文摘As for a double pyramidal central configuration in 6-body problems, the case when its base is a concave polygon is studied. By advancing several assumptions according to the definition of double pyramidal central configuration and deducing two theorems and two corollaries on this subject, the essential and sufficient conditions to form a double pyramidal central configuration with a concave quadrilateral base are demonstrated.
基金supported by Anhui Province Natural Science Funds(2008085QE209)K2020-03 from the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers(Fudan University)。
文摘Dimension-controllable supramolecular organic frameworks(SOFs)with aggregation-enhanced fluorescence are hierarchically fabricated through the host-guest interactions of cucurbit[8]uril(CB[8])and coumarin-modified tetraphenylethylene derivatives(TPEC).The three-dimensional layered SOFs could be constructed from the further stacking of two-dimensional mono-layered structures via simply regulating the self-assembly conditions including the culturing time and concentration.Upon light irradiation under the wavelength of 365 nm,the photodimerization of coumarin moieties occurred,which resulted in the transformation of the resultant TPECn/CB[8]4n two-dimensional SOFs into robust covalently-connected 2D polymers with molecular thickness.Interestingly,the supramolecular system of TPEC/CB[8]exhibited intriguing multicolor fluorescence emission from yellow to blue in the time range of 0-24 h at 365 nm irradiation,possessing potential applicability for photochromic fluorescence ink.
基金Supported by The National Nuclear Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology,South Korea
文摘AIM： To evaluate the efficacy and complications of stereotactic body radiotherapy in localized paraaortic lymph node recurrence from colorectal cancer. METHODS： From 2003 to 2009, 7 patients with paraaortic lymph node recurrence （1-3 lesions） from colorectal cancer were treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy. Total gross tumor volumes ranged from 4 to 40 mL. The doses were escalated from 36 Gy/patient to 51 Gy/patient and were delivered in 3 fractions. RESULTS： One and 3 year overall survival rates were 100% and 71.4%, respectively, and median survival was 37 mo. Grade IV intestinal obstruction was reported in 1 of 7 patients. This patient received 48 Gy in 3 fractions with a maximum point dose to the intestine of 53 Gy and V45Gy = 3.6 mL. However, 6 patients received an intestinal maximum point dose of 〈 51 Gy and V45Gy of 〈 1 mL, and did not develop any severe complications. CONCLUSION： This pilot study suggests selected paraaortic lymph node recurrence （1-3 closed lesions） that failed to respond to chemotherapy can be potentially salvaged by stereotactic body radiotherapy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(50974060)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(09CY014)the Doctoral Fund of Hunan University of Science and Technology
文摘Based on the boundary condition of field engineering, numerical simulations of28 conditions of existing diffusers of 3 structure types were investigated by ComputationalFluid Dynamics software package, and there were the problems of larger structure resistanceand lower diffusing efficiency of these diffusers by analysis of CFD results.Thestructure outlines of the energy-saving diffuser were constructed by the application ofstream function and potential function superimposing.On the basis of numerical simulationsof energy-saving diffusers of 5 area-enlarging ratios, structural resistances and diffusingefficiencies of 5 energy-saving diffusers were comparatively analyzed, and therange from 2.00 to 2.31 of the rational area-enlarging ratio of energy-saving diffusers wasderived.The optimization area-enlarging ratio of the energy-saving diffuser was presently2.28 through comparable analysis.From the above, the results show that the coefficient ofperformance of the energy-saving diffuser is better than 3 existing diffusers.
文摘As one of the first and most original creations of literary postmodernism, published in the year 1961, Catch-22＇s （1961） position in American literature remains secure. Yet its ending has been held as unconvincing ever since its publication. Taking the overall structure, tone, and the theme of the novel into consideration, this paper aims to prove the credibility of this controversial part. It consists of five sections apart from an introduction and a conclusion. Section One provides general information on the life and works of Joseph Heller. Section Two traces the impact of existentialism and the generation of black humor to clarify the literary position of Catch-22. Section Three brings out the disputative opinions on the ending part. Sections Four and Five, try to prove Yossarian＇s final desertion a natural and convincing ending from different perspectives： Section Four analyses how Yossarian gains an entropic vision of the cosmos; section Five studies his existential vision of physical life and searches for the immediate factors that propel Yossarian＇s desertion. Section five also explains the ending＇s change in tone and structure. The conclusion summarizes the paper and points out the social significance of the novel.
文摘This article deals with one of the theoretical dilemmas of contemporary sociology： the dualism of the individualistic and holistic approaches. One of the most famous attempts to overcome this dualism is the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens, and alongside this is found the conception of social realism of Roy Bhaskar and Margaret Archer. Their efforts to link individualistic and holistic approaches are based on a varifocal attempt to explain the theoretical issues from both individualistic and holistic perspectives. The author of this article believes that there is an alternative solution to this problem, where both perspectives are ＂blended＂ in a theoretical explanation demonstrating that the concepts which we use in sociological theory--actor, action and structure--are inherently of dualistic nature, i.e., they are ＂duplex＂.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(4166111141361107+1 种基金41561111)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(413125)
文摘The first step to defining the rights,responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships.Nature reserves are complex ecosystems involving nature,the economy and society.There exists a conflict between the public welfare benefits of ecological conservation and the private gains to be realized from social and economic development.There also exist in a nature reserve complex relationships among stakeholders,involving the utilization of ecological resources,ecological conservation and ecological-economic interests.The introduction of tourism brings substantial changes to the existing stakeholder benefit structure in a nature reserve.The implementation of tourism ecological compensation（tourism payment for ecological service）is a process for redefining the distribution of rights,responsibilities and profits among stakeholders and it is also an essential way to balance the interests of the stakeholders.This paper uses a case study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China to examine the characteristics of stakeholders and analyze their interests.According to the method for defining basic attributes proposed by Mitchel and other scholars,in cases of tourism ecological compensation,stakeholders can be classified as definitive stakeholders,expectant stakeholders and latent stakeholders.This paper applies these classifications and then analyzes the relationships between the rights and responsibilities of these stakeholders and how these change after the implementation of compensation.Additionally,based on the impact compensation has on different stakeholders,changes in the relationships can be analyzed and the structure of the stakeholders can be modelled.This case study of the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve illustrates the operationalization of a new mechanism for tourism ecological compensation.The paper illustrates a method for coordinating the relationships among the stakeholders involved with this national-level nature reserve.
基金Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectromagnetic Functional Materials of Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan(ZDSYS20140509094114164)the Shenzhen Peacock Program(KQTD2014062714543296)+6 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Grant(JCYJ20140509093817690)Nanshan Innovation Agency Grant(KC2015ZDYF0016A)Guangdong Key Research Project(2014B090914003,2015B090914002)Guangdong Talents Project, the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB856505)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51373075)Guangdong Academician Workstation(2013B090400016)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2014A030313800)
文摘Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene(TT)monomers end-capped with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(EDOT)moieties are electropolymerized to formπ-conjugated polymers with distinct electrochromic(EC)properties.Steric and electronic factors(electron donor and acceptor substituents)in the side groups of the TT core,as well as the structure of the polymer backbone strongly affect the electrochemical and optical properties of the polymers and their electrochromic characteristics.The studied polymers show low oxidation potentials,tunable from-0.78 to+0.30 V(vs.Fc/Fc^+)and the band gaps from 1.46 to 1.92 eV and demonstrate wide variety of color palettes in polymer films in different states,finely tunable by structural variations in the polymer backbone and the side chains.EC materials of different colors in their doped/dedoped states have been developed(violet,deep blue,light blue,green,brown,purple-red,pinkish-red,orange-red,light gray,cyan and colorless transparent).High optical contrast(up to 79%),short response time(0.57-0.80 s),good cycling stability(up to 91%at 2000 cycles)and high coloration efficiency(up to 234.6 cm2C^(-1))have been demonstrated and the influence of different factors on the above parameters of EC polymers have been discussed.
