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论唐五代宋元的社条与乡约(二)——以吕氏乡约、龙祠乡社义约为中心 被引量:6
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作者 金滢坤 《敦煌研究》 CSSCI 北大核心 2008年第1期69-76,共8页
本文主要从敦煌社条、《吕氏乡约》、《龙祠乡社义约》的结构、内容、性质等角度探讨了唐五代宋元乡村私社与乡约的关系,分析了这一时期乡村民间组织的转变和社会互助组织之间的关系,以及乡村的乡民、乡绅在这一过程中所扮演的角色,并... 本文主要从敦煌社条、《吕氏乡约》、《龙祠乡社义约》的结构、内容、性质等角度探讨了唐五代宋元乡村私社与乡约的关系,分析了这一时期乡村民间组织的转变和社会互助组织之间的关系,以及乡村的乡民、乡绅在这一过程中所扮演的角色,并论及了国家控制乡村与乡村自治等相关问题。 展开更多
关键词 唐五代宋元 社条 乡约 义约
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试论宋代科举的义约现象 被引量:3
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作者 阳达 《学术研究》 CSSCI 北大核心 2009年第4期153-155,共3页
义约是宋代科举考试中为帮助贫寒士子解决应试盘缠而结成的民间经济互助组织,它是宋代科举平民化的产物。义约不仅具有支助士子应试的经济功能,同时也成为他们切磋举业的重要组织形式。
关键词 科举 义约 文社 科举文化
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南宋科举“义约”考论 被引量:1
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作者 祝尚书 《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》 CSSCI 北大核心 2019年第3期96-104,共9页
南宋时期,已通过发解试并获得州郡荐书、即将赴省试(礼部试)的举子,有不少人因家境贫寒,面临交通食宿、房租、考场用品购买等费用难题。用签约形式资助得解举子赴省应试的"义约"则应运而生,并在今湖南、江西、福建等地广泛流... 南宋时期,已通过发解试并获得州郡荐书、即将赴省试(礼部试)的举子,有不少人因家境贫寒,面临交通食宿、房租、考场用品购买等费用难题。用签约形式资助得解举子赴省应试的"义约"则应运而生,并在今湖南、江西、福建等地广泛流行。义约的名目繁多,以江西地区为例,就有以科举为名的"词赋义约""经赋义约",以等第为名的"龙头义约""梯云义约""甲科义约""南宫义约",以地域为名的"新昌县义约""古洪三洲义约""楚泮荣登义约""安仁县兴德乡义约",及以个人名义立约、以姓氏为名立约。义约的经费筹措形式包括众筹、得第者捐款、私试各科第一名出资等,这表明其订立主体事实上是得解举子。义约一方面推进了科举公正性的进一步实现,弥补了远方举子在制度方面缺乏的关怀,另一方面发扬了我国自古以来邻里互助的优良传统,具有移风易俗的作用。 展开更多
关键词 科举 省试 义约 江西
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宋代科举会社 被引量:4
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作者 周扬波 《云南社会科学》 CSSCI 北大核心 2005年第5期100-103,共4页
科举会社是宋代科举考试重要性空前提高的产物,由士人出于共同解决参加科考所遇问题结合而成。大致可以分成以提高考试技艺为目的的课会和为互助度过科考前后经济难关的义约两种。它为广大士人提供了良好的学习环境,免除了经济方面的后... 科举会社是宋代科举考试重要性空前提高的产物,由士人出于共同解决参加科考所遇问题结合而成。大致可以分成以提高考试技艺为目的的课会和为互助度过科考前后经济难关的义约两种。它为广大士人提供了良好的学习环境,免除了经济方面的后顾之忧,对宋代文化的发展作出了一定的贡献。 展开更多
关键词 科举会社 课会 义约
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宋代民间参与贡士活动的兴起及其社会意义
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作者 彭志才 《宋史研究论丛》 CSSCI 2013年第1期293-314,共22页
宋代民间力量或通过举办私家义学和书院资助士子,或通过向官方贡士庄捐助钱财、参与官办贡士的管理、直接举办贡士庄等方式积极参与贡士活动,扩大社会影响。南宋时期,以士人为核心的民间力量还独立组成"义约"组织,在参加科考... 宋代民间力量或通过举办私家义学和书院资助士子,或通过向官方贡士庄捐助钱财、参与官办贡士的管理、直接举办贡士庄等方式积极参与贡士活动,扩大社会影响。南宋时期,以士人为核心的民间力量还独立组成"义约"组织,在参加科考方面进行互勉互助,并在此过程中完善了筹资、资助、资金管理等方面的规章制度,通过强化参与者义务与责任,实现了士人自己集资创建、自我管理、独立运行的新机制,探索出民间贡士的新模式,成为民间力量构建社会关系的一种崭新尝试。义约组织的出现是士人经济独立性、团体凝聚力增强的标志。 展开更多
关键词 宋代 民间力量 贡士 义约 社会关系
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宋代舉子赴考的旅費問題 被引量:9
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作者 林巖 《中华文史论丛》 CSSCI 2012年第4期123-152,共30页
隨着科舉制度在宋代的定型與完善,大量讀書人投身考試來獲取功名,但是進京趕考的費用卻構成一筆沉重的負擔。那些貧寒士子往往通過借貸、干謁,甚至是典賣田產的方式來籌措旅費。有鑑於此,政府通過公券、鹿鳴宴、貢士莊等形式給予進京赴... 隨着科舉制度在宋代的定型與完善,大量讀書人投身考試來獲取功名,但是進京趕考的費用卻構成一筆沉重的負擔。那些貧寒士子往往通過借貸、干謁,甚至是典賣田產的方式來籌措旅費。有鑑於此,政府通過公券、鹿鳴宴、貢士莊等形式給予進京赴考的舉子以某種程度的資助,尤其在南宋末期的江西地區,貢士莊的設立有常規化的趨向。與此同時,舉子們也自發地以"義約"這種經濟互助組織形式來籌集赴考費用,舉子間的"義約"不僅分佈地區廣,而且構成形式也相當多樣化。 展开更多
关键词 科举 旅费 鹿鸣宴 贡士庄 义约
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Reducing semantic bias of annotations for semantic web service discovery 被引量:1
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作者 魏登萍 王挺 +1 位作者 唐晋韬 王戟 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2010年第1期48-52,共5页
In order to improve the effectiveness of semantic web service discovery, the semantic bias between an interface parameter and an annotation is reduced by extracting semantic restrictions for the annotation from the de... In order to improve the effectiveness of semantic web service discovery, the semantic bias between an interface parameter and an annotation is reduced by extracting semantic restrictions for the annotation from the description context and generating refined semantic annotations, and then the semantics of the web service is refined. These restrictions are dynamically extracted from the parsing tree of the description text, with the guide of the restriction template extracted from the ontology definition. New semantic annotations are then generated by combining the original concept with the restrictions and represented via refined concept expressions. In addition, a novel semantic similarity measure for refined concept expressions is proposed for semantic web service discovery. Experimental results show that the matchmaker based on this method can improve the average precision of discovery and exhibit low computational complexity. Reducing the semantic bias by utilizing restriction information of annotations can refine the semantics of the web service and improve the discovery effectiveness. 展开更多
关键词 semantic web service discovery semantic bias CONTEXT restriction template similarity measure
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Service composition algorithm using semantic constraint to implement user personality 被引量:1
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作者 史斌 王海洋 +1 位作者 崔立真 史玉良 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2008年第3期365-368,共4页
In order to improve the efficiency and quality of service composition,a service composition algorithm based on semantic constraint is proposed.First, a user’s requirements and services from a service repository are c... In order to improve the efficiency and quality of service composition,a service composition algorithm based on semantic constraint is proposed.First, a user’s requirements and services from a service repository are compared with the help of a matching algorithm.The algorithm has two levels and filters out the services which do not match the user’s constraint personality requirements.The mechanism can reduce the searching scope at the beginning of the service composition algorithm.Secondly,satisfactions of those selected services for the user’s personality requirements are computed and those services,which have the greatest satisfaction value to make up the service composition,are used.The algorithm is evaluated analytically and experimentally based on the efficiency of service composition and satisfaction for the user’s personality requirements. 展开更多
关键词 web service service composition semantic similarity PERSONALITY CONSTRAINT
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Computation of Jordan Chains by Generalized Characteristic Matrices 被引量:1
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作者 LI Da-lin 《Chinese Quarterly Journal of Mathematics》 CSCD 2009年第1期58-62,共5页
In this paper, we introduce a method to define generalized characteristic matrices of a defective matrix by the common form of Jordan chains. The generalized characteristic matrices can be obtained by solving a system... In this paper, we introduce a method to define generalized characteristic matrices of a defective matrix by the common form of Jordan chains. The generalized characteristic matrices can be obtained by solving a system of linear equations and they can be used to compute Jordan basis. 展开更多
关键词 Jordan canonical form Jordan chain generalized characteristic matrix char-acteristic polynomial
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First Integrals and Reduction of the Birkhoffian System 被引量:5
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作者 郑改华 陈向炜 梅凤翔 《Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology》 EI CAS 2001年第1期17-22,共6页
Refer to the Hamiltonian system, first integrals of the Birkhoffian system can be found by using of the perfect differential method. Through these first integrals, the order of the Birkhoffian system can be reduced. T... Refer to the Hamiltonian system, first integrals of the Birkhoffian system can be found by using of the perfect differential method. Through these first integrals, the order of the Birkhoffian system can be reduced. Then according to the alternate of the coordinate, a kind of new partial differential operator was defined in order to hold the Birkhoff form. The result shows that the Birkhoffian system has generalized energy integrals and cyclic integrals. Furthermore, each integral can reduce the order of equations two degrees. 展开更多
关键词 Birkhoffian system first integral generalized energy integral cyclic integral REDUCTION
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Review on the conceits used in "The Sun Rising" 被引量:3
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作者 YU Qiao-feng 《Sino-US English Teaching》 2007年第7期46-49,共4页
"The Sun Rising" is one of the most outstanding metaphysical poems of John Donne. After a general introduction about the metaphysical poetry and the author, this paper mainly aims to analyze the arresting and origin... "The Sun Rising" is one of the most outstanding metaphysical poems of John Donne. After a general introduction about the metaphysical poetry and the author, this paper mainly aims to analyze the arresting and original conceits and images used in "The Sun Rising" and comment on their effect on expressing the author's feeling and reflecting his emotions. 展开更多
关键词 metaphysical poets John Donne CONCEITS LOVE emotions
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Topo semantic constraint-violations in spatial database
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作者 凯龙 李香 +1 位作者 刘宏伟 杨孝宗 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2008年第4期506-512,共7页
Aiming at the problem that current geographical information systems(GIS)usually does not maintain semantic and user-defined constraints out of three consistency-constrains(third refers to topology constraint),this res... Aiming at the problem that current geographical information systems(GIS)usually does not maintain semantic and user-defined constraints out of three consistency-constrains(third refers to topology constraint),this research focuses on building an efficient spatial data management system using two constraint violation detection methods.An algorithm for constraint violation detection has been derived to maintain the error-free up-to-date spatial database.Results indicate that the developed constraint violation detection(CVD)system is more efficient compared with conventional systems. 展开更多
关键词 topo-semantic constraint rule constraint violation spatial object spatial database R-TREE GIS
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Pancreaticobiliary reflux in patients with a normal pancreaticobiliary junction:Pathologic implications 被引量:13
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作者 Marcelo A Beltrán 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2011年第8期953-962,共10页
Knowledge on pancreaticobiliary reflux in normal pancreaticobiliary junction and its pathologic implications has experienced tremendous progress during the last few years.This editorial reviews the current knowledge o... Knowledge on pancreaticobiliary reflux in normal pancreaticobiliary junction and its pathologic implications has experienced tremendous progress during the last few years.This editorial reviews the current knowledge on this condition and its pathological implications on gallbladder diseases.The following aspects were def ined appropriate for discussion:(1) Evidence of carcinogenesis associated with pancreaticobiliary reflux;(2) Evidence of pancreaticobiliary reflux in normal pancreaticobiliary junction;and(3) Evidence of sphincter of Oddi(SO) dysfunction as a cause of pancreaticobiliary reflux in normal pancreaticobiliary junction.The articles reviewed were selected and classif ied according to f ive levels of evidence:Level-this condition.Although an important body of research has been published regarding pancreaticobiliary reflux in normal pancreaticobiliary junction and its clinical significance,the current evidence does not fully support what has been suggested.Studies with evidence level Ι have not been undertaken.This is a fascinating subject of study,and if finally supported by evidence level Ι,the importance of this condition will constitute a major breakthrough in biliary pathology. 展开更多
关键词 Biliary tract diseases Biliary tract motilitydisorders Pancreaticobiliary junction Pancreaticobili-ary reflux Sphincter of Oddi
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Multivariable Decoupling Predictive Control with Input Constraints and Its Application on Chemical Process 被引量:13
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作者 苏佰丽 陈增强 袁著祉 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2006年第2期216-222,共7页
A constrained decoupling (generalized predictive control) GPC algorithm is proposed for MIMO (malti-input multi-output) system. This algorithm takes account of all constraints of inputs and their increments. By solvin... A constrained decoupling (generalized predictive control) GPC algorithm is proposed for MIMO (malti-input multi-output) system. This algorithm takes account of all constraints of inputs and their increments. By solving matrix equations, the multi-step predictive decoupling controllers are realized. This algorithm need not solve Diophantine functions, and weakens the cross-coupling of the variables. At last the simulation results demon- strate the effectiveness of this proposed strategy. 展开更多
关键词 chemical process control multivariable system OPTIMIZATION predictive control input constraint
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Outage Probability Minimization for Cognitive Relay Network Under Interference Power Constraints
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作者 岳文静 郑宝玉 +1 位作者 孟庆民 谢培中 《Transactions of Tianjin University》 EI CAS 2011年第3期208-214,共7页
A cognitive relay network model is proposed, which is defined by a source, a destination, a cognitive relay node and a primary user. The source is assisted by the cognitive relay node which is allowed to coexist with ... A cognitive relay network model is proposed, which is defined by a source, a destination, a cognitive relay node and a primary user. The source is assisted by the cognitive relay node which is allowed to coexist with the primary user by imposing severe constraints on the transmission power so that the quality of service of the primary user is not degraded by the interference caused by the secondary user. The effect of the cognitive relay node on the proposed cognitive relay network model is studied by evaluating the outage probability under interference power constraints for different fading environments. A relay transmission scheme, namely, decode-and-forward is considered. For both the peak and average interference power constraints, the closed-form outage expressions are derived over different channel fading models. Finally, the analytical outage probability expressions are validated through simulations. The results indicate that the proposed model has better outage probability than direct transmission. It is also found that the outage probability decreases with the increase of interference power constraints. Meanwhile, the outage probability under the average interference power constraint is much less than that under the peak interference power constraint when the average interference power constraint is equal to the peak interference power constraint. 展开更多
关键词 cognitive radio relay networks outage probability power control
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Design of Weigh Feeder Control System for Energy Saving Using Performance-Adaptive Method
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作者 Takao Sato Shohei Kitano +2 位作者 Toru Yamamoto Nozomu Araki Yasuo Konishi 《Journal of Mechanics Engineering and Automation》 2012年第1期1-8,共8页
This paper discusses a design method for the control system of a weigh feeder that supplies powder and granular material at a constant rate. Most weigh feeders employed in industry are controlled by proportional and i... This paper discusses a design method for the control system of a weigh feeder that supplies powder and granular material at a constant rate. Most weigh feeders employed in industry are controlled by proportional and integral (PI) compensation, and the control performance is decided by the selection of parameters. To attain advanced control performance by PI control, the PI parameters are designed on the basis of generalized minimum variance control (GMVC). In this study, to achieve user-specified control performance by GMVC-based PI control, the design parameters of GMVC are automatically adjusted using a performance-adaptive method. The control performance discussed in this study consists of the variance of the control error and that of the difference in the control input. In a conventional performance-adaptive method, the variance of the control error is reduced. In this study, to reduce energy consumption and to achieve user-specified control performance, the variance of the difference in the control input is specified and the design parameter is determined. To demonstrate its effectiveness, the proposed method is applied to an actual weigh feeder. 展开更多
关键词 Weigh feeder performance-adaptive PI (proportional and integral) control generalized minimum variance control energy saving.
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The Role of the Outsourcing Contract From a Partnership-based Perspective
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作者 Paolo Popoli 《Chinese Business Review》 2017年第6期292-302,共11页
The definition of relational contents which outsourcer and outsourcee arrange and formalize inside a contract is one of the critical success factors of the outsourcing choice. The contract criticality is greater if th... The definition of relational contents which outsourcer and outsourcee arrange and formalize inside a contract is one of the critical success factors of the outsourcing choice. The contract criticality is greater if the outsourcing aim is made of highly strategic activities, functions, or processes and if the real aim is not the cost saving but the sharing of added value resources, skills, and knowledge. That is, this paper aims to provide some conceptual insights about the role of the contract with a specific reference to the strategic outsourcing, which is the kind of outsourcing where the relationship between the outsourcer and outsourcee is set inside the "partnership-based" logic. In particular the remarks proposed concern the role of the contract as a tool to face the risk and manage the relationship. 展开更多
关键词 outsourcing contract contract management partnership-based perspective outsourcing risks
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"Love of Life" Versus "Love of Death": A Frommian Perspective on Middle Passage
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作者 JIA Yan-yan CHEN Hou-liang 《Journal of Literature and Art Studies》 2015年第3期181-190,共10页
According to Fromm, the life instinct constitutes the primary potentiality in man, while the death instinct a secondary potentiality, and which of the two prevails depending crucially on the living conditions that the... According to Fromm, the life instinct constitutes the primary potentiality in man, while the death instinct a secondary potentiality, and which of the two prevails depending crucially on the living conditions that the subject experiences during his or her childhood. Not limited to the individual level, Fromm's observation works on the collective level as well. Different environments foster different potentialities and lead to the formation of different cultures and ethics. A biophilic ethics treasures the value of love, peace, reciprocal altruism and unity of being, while a biophobic ethics is more addicted to hatred, violence, dualistic confrontation, and mutual destruction. Appling Fromm's theory to the interpretation of Charles Johnson's Middle Passage, readers can get a newly enlightened understanding of this award-winning masterpiece. Based on Fromm's hypothesis about human nature, this article analyzes the representation of the confrontations between the biophobic ethics and the biophilic ethics in this novel, the former being embodied by Captain Falcon's "syndrome of decay" which is also Johnson's critical metaphor of Western civilization, while the latter embodied by the Allmuseri culture's "syndrome of growth" which represents Johnson's idealistic imagination of the sum of non-Western civilization 展开更多
关键词 Middle Passage Charles Johnson Erich Fromm syndrome of decay syndrome of growth biophobicethics biophilic ethics
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GENERALIZED INVEXITY-TYPE CONDITIONS IN CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION
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作者 Shashi K. MISHRA Norma G. RUEDA 《Journal of Systems Science & Complexity》 SCIE EI CSCD 2011年第2期394-400,共7页
This paper defines a new class of generalized type I functions, and obtains Kuhn-Tucker necessary and sumcient conditions and duality results for constrained optimization problems in the presence of the aforesaid weak... This paper defines a new class of generalized type I functions, and obtains Kuhn-Tucker necessary and sumcient conditions and duality results for constrained optimization problems in the presence of the aforesaid weaker assumptions on the objective and constraint functions involved in the problem. 展开更多
关键词 Constrained optimization duality results type I functions.
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A QUADRATIC OBJECTIVE PENALTY FUNCTION FOR BILEVEL PROGRAMMING 被引量:2
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作者 JIANG Min MENG Zhiqing +1 位作者 SHEN Rui XU Xinsheng 《Journal of Systems Science & Complexity》 SCIE EI CSCD 2014年第2期327-337,共11页
The bilevel programming is applied to solve hierarchical intelligence control problems in such fields as industry, agriculture, transportation, military, and so on. This paper presents a quadratic objective penalty fu... The bilevel programming is applied to solve hierarchical intelligence control problems in such fields as industry, agriculture, transportation, military, and so on. This paper presents a quadratic objective penalty function with two penalty parameters for inequality constrained bilevel programming. Under some conditions, the optimal solution to the bilevel programming defined by the quadratic objective penalty function is proved to be an optimal solution to the original bilevel programming. Moreover, based on the quadratic objective penalty function, an algorithm is developed to l^nd an optimal solution to the original bilevel programming, and its convergence proved under some conditions. Furthermore, under the assumption of convexity at function without lower level problems is defined and lower level problems, a quadratic objective penalty is proved equal to the original bilevel programming. 展开更多
关键词 ALGORITHM bilevel programming penalty function quadratic objective.
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