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书差、税收与秩序:明清两湖乡村赋役征收群体考察 被引量:7
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作者 杨国安 《河北学刊》 CSSCI 北大核心 2022年第3期184-194,共11页
明清时期的两湖地区,县以下乡村赋役征派的群体,主要以县衙中的户书、粮书等户房书吏以及乡里社会中的里书、册书等差役人员构成,加上各类催征、白役等相关人群,每县平均数量达千余人左右。他们具体承办州县钱粮赋役的征派,虽说任期有... 明清时期的两湖地区,县以下乡村赋役征派的群体,主要以县衙中的户书、粮书等户房书吏以及乡里社会中的里书、册书等差役人员构成,加上各类催征、白役等相关人群,每县平均数量达千余人左右。他们具体承办州县钱粮赋役的征派,虽说任期有一定的限制,但由于多半由家财殷实者甚至员绅担任,随着他们对于税收册籍的掌控,进而实际控制了税收的权力,该群体也逐渐呈现职业化、世袭化趋势。这些盘踞在赋税征收体系之内庞大的中间层的存在,是中国社会结构和政治—经济体系的一个独特现象,忽视了中间层的存在,就难以准确判断中国古代赋税之轻重。 展开更多
关键词 明清 两湖地区 书差 税收
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清代中后期田赋征收中的书差包征 被引量:8
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作者 周健 《中国社会历史评论》 CSSCI 2012年第1期386-406,477,共23页
清代中后期,作为催科定章的自封投柜制在征收中的作用是有限的,州县的田赋征收普遍依赖各种代理人或中间机构,其中以书差包征最为普遍。在该模式下,催科的责权在州县——总书、柜书——里书、粮差之间层层外包,各色书差构成了田赋征收... 清代中后期,作为催科定章的自封投柜制在征收中的作用是有限的,州县的田赋征收普遍依赖各种代理人或中间机构,其中以书差包征最为普遍。在该模式下,催科的责权在州县——总书、柜书——里书、粮差之间层层外包,各色书差构成了田赋征收的链条。从当日的田赋制度来看,州县由于缺乏可靠的地籍、户籍信息,难以亲自主导征收,而将田赋交由书差包征,不但得以免除奏销考成的压力,尚可分润额定的钱粮盈余。因此,无论从"能力"抑或"动力"来看,书差包征都是州县的"合理"选择。然而,作为一种分权的财政管理方式,经征之权握于几无薪给的书差,势必造成大量的"中饱"。这意味着,书差包征的征收成本相当之高。田赋征收中的书差包征,正是清代"包征包解"式财政管理的重要表现。 展开更多
关键词 清中后期 田赋 书差包征 财政管理
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A Novel Training Sequence Applied to DCS-Based Channel Estimation 被引量:2
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作者 Weizhang Xu Xinle Yu +2 位作者 Yanfei Li Lu Si Zhanxin Yang 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2018年第11期70-78,共9页
Studies have indicated that the distributed compressed sensing based(DCSbased) channel estimation can decrease the length of the reference signals effectively. In block transmission, a unique word(UW) can be used as a... Studies have indicated that the distributed compressed sensing based(DCSbased) channel estimation can decrease the length of the reference signals effectively. In block transmission, a unique word(UW) can be used as a cyclic prefix and reference signal. However, the DCS-based channel estimation requires diversity sequences instead of UW. In this paper, we proposed a novel method that employs a training sequence(TS) whose duration time is slightly longer than the maximum delay spread time. Based on proposed TS, the DCS approach perform perfectly in multipath channel estimation. Meanwhile, a cyclic prefix construct could be formed, which reduces the complexity of the frequency domain equalization(FDE) directly. Simulation results demonstrate that, by using the method of simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit(SOMP), the required channel overhead has been reduced thanks to the proposed TS. 展开更多
关键词 jointly sparse channel estimation distributed compressed sensing (DCS) simul-taneous orthogonal matching pursuit (SOMP) training sequence (TS) unique word (UW) frequency domain equalization (FDE)
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Scaling Factor Optimization of Turbo-Polar Iterative Decoding
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作者 Zhenzhen Liu Kai Niu +2 位作者 Jiaru Lin Jingyuan Sun Hao Guan 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2018年第6期169-177,共9页
In this paper, we investigate the weighted iterative decoding to improve the performance of turbo-polar code. First of all, a minimum weighted mean square error criterion is proposed to optimize the scaling factors(SF... In this paper, we investigate the weighted iterative decoding to improve the performance of turbo-polar code. First of all, a minimum weighted mean square error criterion is proposed to optimize the scaling factors(SFs). Secondly, for two typical iterative algorithms,such as soft cancellation(SCAN) and belief propagation(BP) decoding, genie-aided decoders are proposed as the ideal reference of the practical decoding. Guided by this optimization framework, the optimal SFs of SCAN or BP decoders are obtained. The bit error rate performance of turbo-polar code with the optimal SFs can achieve 0.3 dB or 0.7 dB performance gains over the standard SCAN or BP decoding respectively. 展开更多
关键词 turbo-polar code BP decoder SCAN decoder mean square error scaling factors
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