Plant diversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, resulting in an associated decrease in ecosystem services. About a third of the world＇s vascular plant species face the threat of extinction due to a ...Plant diversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, resulting in an associated decrease in ecosystem services. About a third of the world＇s vascular plant species face the threat of extinction due to a variety of devastating activities, including, over-harvesting and over exploitation, destructive agricul- tural and forestry practices, urbanization, environmental pollution, land-use changes, exotic invasive species, global climate change, and more. We therefore need to increase our efforts to develop integrative conservation approaches for plant species conservation. Botanical gardens devote their resources to the study and conservation of plants, as well as making the world＇s plant species diversity known to the public. These gardens also play a central role in meeting human needs and providing well-being. In this minireview, a framework for the integrated missions of botanical gardens, including scientific research, inJex situ conservation, plant resource utilization, and citizen science are cataloged. By reviewing the history of the development of Kunming Botanical Garden, we illustrate successful species conservation approaches （among others, projects involving Camellia, Rhododendron, Magnolia, Begonia, Alliurn, Ne- penthes, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and Plant Species with Extreme Small Populations）, as well as citizen science, and scientific research at Kunming Botanical Garden over the past 80 years. We emphasize that Kunming Botanical Garden focuses largely on the ex situ conservation of plants from Southwest China, especially those endangered, endemic, and economically important plant species native to the Yunnan Plateau and the southern Hengduan Mountains. We also discuss the future chal- lenges and responsibilities of botanical gardens in a changing world, including： the negative effects of outbreeding and/or inbreeding depression; promoting awareness, study, and conservation of plant species diversity; accelerating global access to information about plant diversity; increasing capacity building and training activities. We hope this minireview can promote understanding of the role of botanical gardens.展开更多
Sustainable livelihood theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the interactions between livelihoods of peasant households and regional environment change in low-income areas. Based on field survey ...Sustainable livelihood theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the interactions between livelihoods of peasant households and regional environment change in low-income areas. Based on field survey and 946 questionnaires from peasant household conducted in the case study area of Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, the paper has analyzed the basic characteristics of the rural livelihoods, including the asset base status, the income-generating activities, the energy consumption pattern, and the fertility behavior, in the upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. The micro-level findings show the conflicts among extensive agricultural development models, rural energy consumption structures heavily relying on biomass and the environment protection. The conversion of cropland to forest and grass program(CCFGP) has exerted an important influence on the livelihoods of the peasant households, but its design has given little considerations to their long-term livelihood sources, which will affect its sustainability to a great extent. From the perspective of sustainable livelihoods framework, the objectives that must be addressed in the ecological shelter construction in the upper reaches of the Changjiang River should include, first, facilitating access of peasant households to credit, technology and public services, second, encouraging the peasant households to adopt agricultural technology with environmental benefits and strengthen resources-conserving investments, and third, paying close attention to the rural energy problems and the long-term livelihood sources of the households with CCFGP. Given the weak asset base and difficulties of livelihood strategies shift, ecological shelter construction in the upper reaches of the Changjiang River will take a long time.展开更多
Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developin...Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers＇ response can be grouped into seven major aspects： i） effects on income, ii） effects on production resources, iii） effects on crop management, iv） existing local knowledge about the technology, v） availability of inputs, vi） access to information, and vii） socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers＇ awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.展开更多
A fundamental element of sustainable development is that humans live within nature's biological capacity. Quantifying this, however, remains a significant challenge for which there are many emerging tools. The con...A fundamental element of sustainable development is that humans live within nature's biological capacity. Quantifying this, however, remains a significant challenge for which there are many emerging tools. The concept of the Ecological Footprint is one such accounting tool for comprehensive assessment of the status of sustainable development, based on integration of resource consumption and land capacity, reflecting the human impact on the environment. A region's development is defined as unsustainable when the Ecological Footprint surpasses the biological capacity. In this paper, the Ecological Footprint concept was applied in assessing the development of Yunnan Province, China in a period between 1988 and 2006. The results showed that the Ecological Footprint per capita in Yunnan rose from 0.854 gha in 1988 to 2.11 gha in 2006. Ecological deficit, defined as when the human demand on the land surpasses the regions biological productive capacity, emerged in 1991 and quickly increased from 0.02 gha in 1991 to 1.05 gha in 2006. The increase in the ecological deficit is primarily a result of the rapid increase in population and consumption level. To achieve sustainable development in Yunnan, production and consumption rates need to be modified.展开更多
The current situation of Pu'er tea in Yunnan was analyzed.The analysis result showed that the production output of Yunnan tea and the tea plantation area increased greatly when compared with the whole country,but ...The current situation of Pu'er tea in Yunnan was analyzed.The analysis result showed that the production output of Yunnan tea and the tea plantation area increased greatly when compared with the whole country,but the increase of Pu'er tea inclined to be stable.The restraining factors of Pu'er tea development were explored,and the corresponding countermeasures were put forward.It provided the basis for the sustainable development of Yunnan Pu'er tea.展开更多
Road network is a critical component of public infrastructure,and the supporting system of social and economic development.Based on a modified kernel density estimate(KDE)algorithm,this study evaluated the road servic...Road network is a critical component of public infrastructure,and the supporting system of social and economic development.Based on a modified kernel density estimate(KDE)algorithm,this study evaluated the road service capacity provided by a road network composed of multi-level roads(i.e.national,provincial,county and rural roads),by taking account of the differences of effect extent and intensity for roads of different levels.Summarized at town scale,the population burden and the annual rural economic income of unit road service capacity were used as the surrogates of social and economic demands for road service.This method was applied to the road network of the Three Parallel River Region,the northwestern Yunnan Province,China to evaluate the development of road network in this region.In results,the total road length of this region in 2005 was 3.70×104km,and the length ratio between national,provincial,county and rural roads was 1∶2∶8∶47.From 1989 to 2005,the regional road service capacity increased by 13.1%,of which the contributions from the national,provincial,county and rural roads were 11.1%,19.4%,22.6%,and 67.8%,respectively,revealing the effect of′All Village Accessible′policy of road development in the mountainous regions in the last decade.The spatial patterns of population burden and economic requirement of unit road service suggested that the areas farther away from the national and provincial roads have higher road development priority(RDP).Based on the modified KDE model and the framework of RDP evaluation,this study provided a useful approach for developing an optimal plan of road development at regional scale.展开更多
The resources-oriented industry cluster is geographically close to natural resources development and processing industry.The knowledge-intensive,technology-intensive,capital-intensive,and labor-intensive is a relative...The resources-oriented industry cluster is geographically close to natural resources development and processing industry.The knowledge-intensive,technology-intensive,capital-intensive,and labor-intensive is a relatively aggregate associated with natural resources and will structure commonality and complementary coupling so that economic and social development play a leading role in the complex adaptive systems closely related to ecological environment.A resources-oriented industry cluster in Yunnan has general common characteristics of industrial clusters and will form the characteristics of the enterprise spatial aggregation of innovative network of the industrial chain and value chain.According to the market structure of resources and resources market behavior in Yunnan,the particularity of resources commodity production has conduced resources market structure and general merchandise market structure many differences.Optimizing the cluster structure and extending the industrial chain have improved the productivity of the cluster and extension the lifecycle of the cluster to achieve sustainable development.展开更多
Freeway town in Yunnan is driving to promote the economic development ties.The development along the highway in the town will become the central point of the vertical and horizontal development of the area around the ...Freeway town in Yunnan is driving to promote the economic development ties.The development along the highway in the town will become the central point of the vertical and horizontal development of the area around the gradient the proliferation Point and Area.The highway town will develop to speed up the urbanization process and China should accelerate the development of the freeway town .Encouraging farmers will shift the highway town where some good conditions will build to form a regional economic development and growth .This will be the promotion and inevitable choice of progress and rational way of China＇s rural economic and social prosperity.In particular,freeway town will bring more added value of other social services of accommodation and catering industry of wholesale and retail of transportation and warehousing.Highway town and agriculture industrialization development will increase agriculture industry chain to improve agricultureal products value and will enhance agricultural efficiency in Yunnan.The concentration of the non-agricultural industries of the specdway town will form pillar industries of highway town and will promote of tertiary industry development of hotels of insurance of finance of business of sports of culture of education of communications of transportation.Rural areas of Yunnan will adjust to optimize the industrial structure.It is estimated that a total 10 construction of the highway town of Yunnan will increase 08-1 billion yuan revenue each year.展开更多
Based on the gray theory and GM （1, 1） model, the various indexes in 2013-2020 are predicted using the data of all indexes of the economic development of Yunnan＇ s 8 minority areas in 2013-2020 and also compared wi...Based on the gray theory and GM （1, 1） model, the various indexes in 2013-2020 are predicted using the data of all indexes of the economic development of Yunnan＇ s 8 minority areas in 2013-2020 and also compared with the standard values of all indexes of building a well-off society in 2020, and the differences between them are analyzed. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference basis for Yunnan province＇ s government to analyze the economic development of the minority areas.展开更多
The present world pattern has undergone major changes,the trend of world multi-polarization is constantly emerging,and peace and development remain the main themes of today’s society.The formal signing and implementa...The present world pattern has undergone major changes,the trend of world multi-polarization is constantly emerging,and peace and development remain the main themes of today’s society.The formal signing and implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP)is important for meeting the needs of peace and development of many countries and regions.China is in a new era of reform and opening-up,and the RCEP content is in line with China’s concept of pursuing a path of rejuvenation.Based on the locations of important borders,Yunnan Province has become one of the key places for China’s opening-up and development regarding Southeast Asia and South Asia,and the high-quality development of its tourism service trade is of great significance.This study first used the grounded theory analysis method to organize,analyze and process the records of international conferences and government press conferences held in Yunnan Province,as well as important related issues since the signing of RCEP.Then,the social network analysis method was used to analyze the social recognition degree of RCEP in promoting the high-quality development of the tourism service trade in Yunnan Province from the perspectives of different levels and group consensus.The results show that cooperation is the key macro driving force for RCEP in promoting the high-quality development of the tourism service trade in Yunnan Province.Regarding the opportunities and environment of the transportation dividend,policy dividend and investment dividend,port construction,border township construction and exhibition-related construction are important cooperation contents,so they are conducive to the recovery of the tourism industry in a broader development space.Competition can improve the driving force of RCEP in promoting the high-quality development of the tourism service trade in Yunnan Province at the micro level,and has more practical significance.For example,RCEP can better rely on its own geographical advantages and international market competitiveness,optimize the use of resources inside and outside ports,and use high-tech products to form a more green,ecological,organic and sustainable development.In different levels of social identity,RCEP’s power of cooperation is more strongly recognized,while the power of competition is less recognized.However,from the perspective of grouping the various groups,RCEP’s powers of cooperation and competition are jointly recognized by the other groups,indicating that cooperation and competition are necessary for the realization of RCEP’s power.The results of this study provide a certain reference for understanding the dynamics of RCEP in more detail from more angles and for the local implementation of RCEP rules and measures.展开更多
基金Support for this study was provided by grants from the NSFCYunnan joint fund to support key projects(Grant no.U1602264)the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province(2015HB091)to G.Chenthe Ministry of Science and Technology of China granted funding for a National Key Programme of China:Survey and Germplasm Conservation of PSESP in Southwest China(2017FY100100)to W.B.Sun
文摘Plant diversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, resulting in an associated decrease in ecosystem services. About a third of the world＇s vascular plant species face the threat of extinction due to a variety of devastating activities, including, over-harvesting and over exploitation, destructive agricul- tural and forestry practices, urbanization, environmental pollution, land-use changes, exotic invasive species, global climate change, and more. We therefore need to increase our efforts to develop integrative conservation approaches for plant species conservation. Botanical gardens devote their resources to the study and conservation of plants, as well as making the world＇s plant species diversity known to the public. These gardens also play a central role in meeting human needs and providing well-being. In this minireview, a framework for the integrated missions of botanical gardens, including scientific research, inJex situ conservation, plant resource utilization, and citizen science are cataloged. By reviewing the history of the development of Kunming Botanical Garden, we illustrate successful species conservation approaches （among others, projects involving Camellia, Rhododendron, Magnolia, Begonia, Alliurn, Ne- penthes, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and Plant Species with Extreme Small Populations）, as well as citizen science, and scientific research at Kunming Botanical Garden over the past 80 years. We emphasize that Kunming Botanical Garden focuses largely on the ex situ conservation of plants from Southwest China, especially those endangered, endemic, and economically important plant species native to the Yunnan Plateau and the southern Hengduan Mountains. We also discuss the future chal- lenges and responsibilities of botanical gardens in a changing world, including： the negative effects of outbreeding and/or inbreeding depression; promoting awareness, study, and conservation of plant species diversity; accelerating global access to information about plant diversity; increasing capacity building and training activities. We hope this minireview can promote understanding of the role of botanical gardens.
基金Under the auspices of the Fund Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (No.2005BA807B05)
文摘Sustainable livelihood theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the interactions between livelihoods of peasant households and regional environment change in low-income areas. Based on field survey and 946 questionnaires from peasant household conducted in the case study area of Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, the paper has analyzed the basic characteristics of the rural livelihoods, including the asset base status, the income-generating activities, the energy consumption pattern, and the fertility behavior, in the upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. The micro-level findings show the conflicts among extensive agricultural development models, rural energy consumption structures heavily relying on biomass and the environment protection. The conversion of cropland to forest and grass program(CCFGP) has exerted an important influence on the livelihoods of the peasant households, but its design has given little considerations to their long-term livelihood sources, which will affect its sustainability to a great extent. From the perspective of sustainable livelihoods framework, the objectives that must be addressed in the ecological shelter construction in the upper reaches of the Changjiang River should include, first, facilitating access of peasant households to credit, technology and public services, second, encouraging the peasant households to adopt agricultural technology with environmental benefits and strengthen resources-conserving investments, and third, paying close attention to the rural energy problems and the long-term livelihood sources of the households with CCFGP. Given the weak asset base and difficulties of livelihood strategies shift, ecological shelter construction in the upper reaches of the Changjiang River will take a long time.
基金Project supported by the University of Wolverhampton, UK.
文摘Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers＇ response can be grouped into seven major aspects： i） effects on income, ii） effects on production resources, iii） effects on crop management, iv） existing local knowledge about the technology, v） availability of inputs, vi） access to information, and vii） socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers＇ awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.
基金funded by the National Key Project for Basic Research of China (973), (Grant No.2003CB415100)
文摘A fundamental element of sustainable development is that humans live within nature's biological capacity. Quantifying this, however, remains a significant challenge for which there are many emerging tools. The concept of the Ecological Footprint is one such accounting tool for comprehensive assessment of the status of sustainable development, based on integration of resource consumption and land capacity, reflecting the human impact on the environment. A region's development is defined as unsustainable when the Ecological Footprint surpasses the biological capacity. In this paper, the Ecological Footprint concept was applied in assessing the development of Yunnan Province, China in a period between 1988 and 2006. The results showed that the Ecological Footprint per capita in Yunnan rose from 0.854 gha in 1988 to 2.11 gha in 2006. Ecological deficit, defined as when the human demand on the land surpasses the regions biological productive capacity, emerged in 1991 and quickly increased from 0.02 gha in 1991 to 1.05 gha in 2006. The increase in the ecological deficit is primarily a result of the rapid increase in population and consumption level. To achieve sustainable development in Yunnan, production and consumption rates need to be modified.
基金Supported by the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System
文摘The current situation of Pu'er tea in Yunnan was analyzed.The analysis result showed that the production output of Yunnan tea and the tea plantation area increased greatly when compared with the whole country,but the increase of Pu'er tea inclined to be stable.The restraining factors of Pu'er tea development were explored,and the corresponding countermeasures were put forward.It provided the basis for the sustainable development of Yunnan Pu'er tea.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41371190,31021001)Scientific and Tech-nical Projects of Western China Transportation Construction,Ministry of Transport of China(No.2008-318-799-17)
文摘Road network is a critical component of public infrastructure,and the supporting system of social and economic development.Based on a modified kernel density estimate(KDE)algorithm,this study evaluated the road service capacity provided by a road network composed of multi-level roads(i.e.national,provincial,county and rural roads),by taking account of the differences of effect extent and intensity for roads of different levels.Summarized at town scale,the population burden and the annual rural economic income of unit road service capacity were used as the surrogates of social and economic demands for road service.This method was applied to the road network of the Three Parallel River Region,the northwestern Yunnan Province,China to evaluate the development of road network in this region.In results,the total road length of this region in 2005 was 3.70×104km,and the length ratio between national,provincial,county and rural roads was 1∶2∶8∶47.From 1989 to 2005,the regional road service capacity increased by 13.1%,of which the contributions from the national,provincial,county and rural roads were 11.1%,19.4%,22.6%,and 67.8%,respectively,revealing the effect of′All Village Accessible′policy of road development in the mountainous regions in the last decade.The spatial patterns of population burden and economic requirement of unit road service suggested that the areas farther away from the national and provincial roads have higher road development priority(RDP).Based on the modified KDE model and the framework of RDP evaluation,this study provided a useful approach for developing an optimal plan of road development at regional scale.
文摘The resources-oriented industry cluster is geographically close to natural resources development and processing industry.The knowledge-intensive,technology-intensive,capital-intensive,and labor-intensive is a relatively aggregate associated with natural resources and will structure commonality and complementary coupling so that economic and social development play a leading role in the complex adaptive systems closely related to ecological environment.A resources-oriented industry cluster in Yunnan has general common characteristics of industrial clusters and will form the characteristics of the enterprise spatial aggregation of innovative network of the industrial chain and value chain.According to the market structure of resources and resources market behavior in Yunnan,the particularity of resources commodity production has conduced resources market structure and general merchandise market structure many differences.Optimizing the cluster structure and extending the industrial chain have improved the productivity of the cluster and extension the lifecycle of the cluster to achieve sustainable development.
文摘Freeway town in Yunnan is driving to promote the economic development ties.The development along the highway in the town will become the central point of the vertical and horizontal development of the area around the gradient the proliferation Point and Area.The highway town will develop to speed up the urbanization process and China should accelerate the development of the freeway town .Encouraging farmers will shift the highway town where some good conditions will build to form a regional economic development and growth .This will be the promotion and inevitable choice of progress and rational way of China＇s rural economic and social prosperity.In particular,freeway town will bring more added value of other social services of accommodation and catering industry of wholesale and retail of transportation and warehousing.Highway town and agriculture industrialization development will increase agriculture industry chain to improve agricultureal products value and will enhance agricultural efficiency in Yunnan.The concentration of the non-agricultural industries of the specdway town will form pillar industries of highway town and will promote of tertiary industry development of hotels of insurance of finance of business of sports of culture of education of communications of transportation.Rural areas of Yunnan will adjust to optimize the industrial structure.It is estimated that a total 10 construction of the highway town of Yunnan will increase 08-1 billion yuan revenue each year.
文摘Based on the gray theory and GM （1, 1） model, the various indexes in 2013-2020 are predicted using the data of all indexes of the economic development of Yunnan＇ s 8 minority areas in 2013-2020 and also compared with the standard values of all indexes of building a well-off society in 2020, and the differences between them are analyzed. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference basis for Yunnan province＇ s government to analyze the economic development of the minority areas.
基金The Yunnan University of Finance and Economics Graduate Innovation Fund Project(2023YUFEYC118)The Key Project of Philosophyand Social Science Research Base of Yunnan Province(JD2019ZD03).
文摘The present world pattern has undergone major changes,the trend of world multi-polarization is constantly emerging,and peace and development remain the main themes of today’s society.The formal signing and implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP)is important for meeting the needs of peace and development of many countries and regions.China is in a new era of reform and opening-up,and the RCEP content is in line with China’s concept of pursuing a path of rejuvenation.Based on the locations of important borders,Yunnan Province has become one of the key places for China’s opening-up and development regarding Southeast Asia and South Asia,and the high-quality development of its tourism service trade is of great significance.This study first used the grounded theory analysis method to organize,analyze and process the records of international conferences and government press conferences held in Yunnan Province,as well as important related issues since the signing of RCEP.Then,the social network analysis method was used to analyze the social recognition degree of RCEP in promoting the high-quality development of the tourism service trade in Yunnan Province from the perspectives of different levels and group consensus.The results show that cooperation is the key macro driving force for RCEP in promoting the high-quality development of the tourism service trade in Yunnan Province.Regarding the opportunities and environment of the transportation dividend,policy dividend and investment dividend,port construction,border township construction and exhibition-related construction are important cooperation contents,so they are conducive to the recovery of the tourism industry in a broader development space.Competition can improve the driving force of RCEP in promoting the high-quality development of the tourism service trade in Yunnan Province at the micro level,and has more practical significance.For example,RCEP can better rely on its own geographical advantages and international market competitiveness,optimize the use of resources inside and outside ports,and use high-tech products to form a more green,ecological,organic and sustainable development.In different levels of social identity,RCEP’s power of cooperation is more strongly recognized,while the power of competition is less recognized.However,from the perspective of grouping the various groups,RCEP’s powers of cooperation and competition are jointly recognized by the other groups,indicating that cooperation and competition are necessary for the realization of RCEP’s power.The results of this study provide a certain reference for understanding the dynamics of RCEP in more detail from more angles and for the local implementation of RCEP rules and measures.
