随着世界范围内人与野生动物冲突现象的不断加剧,相关学者在该领域展开大量研究。然而,此前一直缺乏对人与野生动物冲突领域研究内容以及成果的归纳总结,这将阻碍人与野生动物冲突领域理论的发展,也会影响冲突的实际解决。因此,以Web of...随着世界范围内人与野生动物冲突现象的不断加剧,相关学者在该领域展开大量研究。然而,此前一直缺乏对人与野生动物冲突领域研究内容以及成果的归纳总结,这将阻碍人与野生动物冲突领域理论的发展,也会影响冲突的实际解决。因此,以Web of Science(WOS)核心合集和中国知网(CNKI)中2002—2022年的文献为研究样本,运用CiteSpace文献计量分析软件,对国内外人与野生动物冲突领域的研究现状、研究热点主题、研究发展脉络以及研究前沿进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)国内外发文量的增长趋势类似,国外在2013年迎来拐点,国内在2017年出现拐点,呈现增长趋势并持续至今;(2)国内外均未形成核心作者群体,且研究机构均以高校与保护区合作为主;(3)国内外研究均是由浅入深的过程,从研究冲突表现形式及特征、野生动物保护与管理、典型冲突物种、利益相关者态度和缓解对策,到研究开始结合野生动物生态和外部社会因素两方面,且在冲突产生的驱动因素方面有所探索,在冲突缓解及补偿策略方面的研究也更加多元;(4)国外的研究前沿趋向于摄食生态学、捕食者控制和运动生态学等,国内的研究前沿主要集中在保护区的冲突特征、放牧管理、补偿、保险和生物多样性保护等。研究结果可为人与野生动物冲突研究的纵深发展提供参考借鉴,并为人与自然和谐共生目标的达成提供科学依据。展开更多
One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large carnivores.Livestock depredation and human fatalities caused by attack...One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large carnivores.Livestock depredation and human fatalities caused by attacks of carnivores are found to be serious obstacles in conflict management.This study aims to explore the patterns,costs,causes and perceptions of human large carnivore conflict in the Nawalpur area of Chitwan National Park.The patterns of livestock loss and human casualties due to large carnivores(Panthera tigris and Panthera pardus)were analysed using the secondary data reported to Chitwan National Park from 2001 to 2019.To understand the people’s perception towards carnivores and wildlife conservation,150 victim respondents were asked,with one household selected from each grid.During 19-year study period,a total of 521 incidents caused by large carnivores were reported,which included 33 human casualties and 488 livestock depredations.Tiger was responsible for the maximum conflict incidents in Nawalpur.The total relief provided for human deaths and injuries was US$17524.41,whereas US$13702.18 was used to compensate for livestock depredation in the Nawalpur area by authorities of the Chitwan National Park.More than 64%of the respondents liked the presence of carnivores in their area and had a positive attitude toward the conservation of large carnivores,even though the carnivores were responsible for livestock depredation and human injury and death.People’s satisfaction with the relief scheme provided by the government depended on ethnicity,gender,age class,occupation,education,insurance,and livestock ownership,but they believed the scheme was not effective.Hence,an effective relief scheme and awareness about the process of relief funding should be conducted in conflict areas.Conducting awareness programs for local communities about large carnivores,their behavior,and preparing predator-proof corrals would be helpful in minimizing conflict in the study area.展开更多
Human-wildlife conflict is one of the biggest conservation challenges throughout the world.Various conservation strategies have been employed to limit these impacts,but often they are not adequately monitored and thei...Human-wildlife conflict is one of the biggest conservation challenges throughout the world.Various conservation strategies have been employed to limit these impacts,but often they are not adequately monitored and their effectiveness assessed.Recently,electric fencing has been constructed as a means to mitigate humanwildlife conflict surrounding many Nepalese protected areas.To date,there are no other studies analyzing the cost effectiveness and efficacy of fencing for conservation.This study aims to examine the cost effectiveness of electric fencing in the eastern sector of Chitwan National Park,Nepal,where the fencing has recently been constructed.Great Indian one-horned rhinoceros（Rhinoceros unicornis）,wild boar（Sus scrofa）,Asian elephant（Elephas maximus）,and tiger（Panthera tigris） were the main wildlife species involved in human-wildlife conflict in the buffer zone area surrounding the park,where the fencing was deployed.Electric fencing was significantly effective in reducing crop damage by 78% and livestock depredation by 30%–60%.Human mortality was not reduced significantly in the study areas and continued at low levels.Our analysis suggested that total net present value of the cost of electric fence in Kagendramalli User Committee（KMUC） and Mrigakunja User Committee（MKUC） was 1 517 959 NPR（Nepalese Rupees,21 685 USD） and 3 530 075 NPR（50 429 USD） respectively up to the fiscal year 2009/10.Net present benefit in KMUC and MKUC was 16 301 105 NPR（232 872 USD） and 38 304 602 NPR（547 208 USD） respectively up to 2009/10.The cost-benefit ratio of electric fence up to base fiscal year 2009/10 in KMUC is 10.73,whereas MKUC is 10.85.These results illustrate that the electric fencing program is economically and socially beneficial in reducing human-wildlife conflict（crop damage and livestock depredation） around the protected areas where large mammals occur.展开更多
Human-wildlife conflict has been one of the most trouble-causing issues in many areas of Nepal including Eastern Nepal. This study assessed the human-wildlife conflict status in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu W...Human-wildlife conflict has been one of the most trouble-causing issues in many areas of Nepal including Eastern Nepal. This study assessed the human-wildlife conflict status in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve(KTWR), Sunsari District, Nepal. Data were collected from 47 respondents of different households through questionnaire surveys and formal and informal interviews. Results revealed that the most destructive wild animals were wild elephants, wild boar,and wild water buffalo and the most raided crops were paddy(63.83 %), maize(19.15%), and potato(17.02%). Most of the encounters between humans and wildlife were recorded at night(after dusk and before dawn)(78.72%). Local people were suffering from damage of physical properties, human harassment or nuisance, and depredation of cropland due to wild animals.A total of 70% of respondents had a positive attitude towards conservation despite disturbing human mortality records(22deaths in the last five years) from the reserve area and surrounding. Awareness of wildlife behavior together with conservation and easy access to compensation schemes were suggested to minimize conflicts in the area.展开更多
文摘随着世界范围内人与野生动物冲突现象的不断加剧,相关学者在该领域展开大量研究。然而,此前一直缺乏对人与野生动物冲突领域研究内容以及成果的归纳总结,这将阻碍人与野生动物冲突领域理论的发展,也会影响冲突的实际解决。因此,以Web of Science(WOS)核心合集和中国知网(CNKI)中2002—2022年的文献为研究样本,运用CiteSpace文献计量分析软件,对国内外人与野生动物冲突领域的研究现状、研究热点主题、研究发展脉络以及研究前沿进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)国内外发文量的增长趋势类似,国外在2013年迎来拐点,国内在2017年出现拐点,呈现增长趋势并持续至今;(2)国内外均未形成核心作者群体,且研究机构均以高校与保护区合作为主;(3)国内外研究均是由浅入深的过程,从研究冲突表现形式及特征、野生动物保护与管理、典型冲突物种、利益相关者态度和缓解对策,到研究开始结合野生动物生态和外部社会因素两方面,且在冲突产生的驱动因素方面有所探索,在冲突缓解及补偿策略方面的研究也更加多元;(4)国外的研究前沿趋向于摄食生态学、捕食者控制和运动生态学等,国内的研究前沿主要集中在保护区的冲突特征、放牧管理、补偿、保险和生物多样性保护等。研究结果可为人与野生动物冲突研究的纵深发展提供参考借鉴,并为人与自然和谐共生目标的达成提供科学依据。
文摘One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large carnivores.Livestock depredation and human fatalities caused by attacks of carnivores are found to be serious obstacles in conflict management.This study aims to explore the patterns,costs,causes and perceptions of human large carnivore conflict in the Nawalpur area of Chitwan National Park.The patterns of livestock loss and human casualties due to large carnivores(Panthera tigris and Panthera pardus)were analysed using the secondary data reported to Chitwan National Park from 2001 to 2019.To understand the people’s perception towards carnivores and wildlife conservation,150 victim respondents were asked,with one household selected from each grid.During 19-year study period,a total of 521 incidents caused by large carnivores were reported,which included 33 human casualties and 488 livestock depredations.Tiger was responsible for the maximum conflict incidents in Nawalpur.The total relief provided for human deaths and injuries was US$17524.41,whereas US$13702.18 was used to compensate for livestock depredation in the Nawalpur area by authorities of the Chitwan National Park.More than 64%of the respondents liked the presence of carnivores in their area and had a positive attitude toward the conservation of large carnivores,even though the carnivores were responsible for livestock depredation and human injury and death.People’s satisfaction with the relief scheme provided by the government depended on ethnicity,gender,age class,occupation,education,insurance,and livestock ownership,but they believed the scheme was not effective.Hence,an effective relief scheme and awareness about the process of relief funding should be conducted in conflict areas.Conducting awareness programs for local communities about large carnivores,their behavior,and preparing predator-proof corrals would be helpful in minimizing conflict in the study area.
基金supported by National Trust for Nature Conservation,Nepal
文摘Human-wildlife conflict is one of the biggest conservation challenges throughout the world.Various conservation strategies have been employed to limit these impacts,but often they are not adequately monitored and their effectiveness assessed.Recently,electric fencing has been constructed as a means to mitigate humanwildlife conflict surrounding many Nepalese protected areas.To date,there are no other studies analyzing the cost effectiveness and efficacy of fencing for conservation.This study aims to examine the cost effectiveness of electric fencing in the eastern sector of Chitwan National Park,Nepal,where the fencing has recently been constructed.Great Indian one-horned rhinoceros（Rhinoceros unicornis）,wild boar（Sus scrofa）,Asian elephant（Elephas maximus）,and tiger（Panthera tigris） were the main wildlife species involved in human-wildlife conflict in the buffer zone area surrounding the park,where the fencing was deployed.Electric fencing was significantly effective in reducing crop damage by 78% and livestock depredation by 30%–60%.Human mortality was not reduced significantly in the study areas and continued at low levels.Our analysis suggested that total net present value of the cost of electric fence in Kagendramalli User Committee（KMUC） and Mrigakunja User Committee（MKUC） was 1 517 959 NPR（Nepalese Rupees,21 685 USD） and 3 530 075 NPR（50 429 USD） respectively up to the fiscal year 2009/10.Net present benefit in KMUC and MKUC was 16 301 105 NPR（232 872 USD） and 38 304 602 NPR（547 208 USD） respectively up to 2009/10.The cost-benefit ratio of electric fence up to base fiscal year 2009/10 in KMUC is 10.73,whereas MKUC is 10.85.These results illustrate that the electric fencing program is economically and socially beneficial in reducing human-wildlife conflict（crop damage and livestock depredation） around the protected areas where large mammals occur.
文摘Human-wildlife conflict has been one of the most trouble-causing issues in many areas of Nepal including Eastern Nepal. This study assessed the human-wildlife conflict status in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve(KTWR), Sunsari District, Nepal. Data were collected from 47 respondents of different households through questionnaire surveys and formal and informal interviews. Results revealed that the most destructive wild animals were wild elephants, wild boar,and wild water buffalo and the most raided crops were paddy(63.83 %), maize(19.15%), and potato(17.02%). Most of the encounters between humans and wildlife were recorded at night(after dusk and before dawn)(78.72%). Local people were suffering from damage of physical properties, human harassment or nuisance, and depredation of cropland due to wild animals.A total of 70% of respondents had a positive attitude towards conservation despite disturbing human mortality records(22deaths in the last five years) from the reserve area and surrounding. Awareness of wildlife behavior together with conservation and easy access to compensation schemes were suggested to minimize conflicts in the area.
