A HeHPC （Helium high pressure chamber） filled up with pure gaseous helium at initial pressure about 1.1 bar was irradiated by braking γ-rays of 10 MeV threshold energy during 1.0 × 10^5 s at the electron beam ...A HeHPC （Helium high pressure chamber） filled up with pure gaseous helium at initial pressure about 1.1 bar was irradiated by braking γ-rays of 10 MeV threshold energy during 1.0 × 10^5 s at the electron beam current 22 - 24 μA. After irradiation, the residual pressure inside was equal to 430 bar. Synthesized foils of black color and other multiple objects were found inside the HeHPC mainly at the entrance window for γ-rays made from beryllium bronze as a plug of beryllium bronze HPC, at the inner surfaces of the reaction chamber made of high purity copper and at the copper collector. The element analysis, using SEM （Scanning electron microscopy） and MPRA （Microprobe roentgen analysis）, allowed us to establish that the foils consist predominantly of carbon and the smaller quantities of other elements from carbon to iron. An explanation for the observed elements is suggested on the basis of helium fusion reactions under the action of y-rays with the reactions taking place in giant stars （thermally activated）. The possible mechanism after 3α reaction is nα reactions and under barrier reactions. A second experiment with initial pressure of 3.05 kbar （with pressure drop by about 65 bar - after almost the same procedure of y-rays irradiation and with fully beryl bronze environment） suggests another possible nuclear reactions - He（Be, p）C, He（C, γ）O, and so on. The developed approach agrees well with a series of studies carried out by the authors where dense hydrogen and deuterium gases are acted on by γ-rays in the presence or absence of metals in the reaction chambers.展开更多
Distribution networks face an increasing penetration of solar PV （photovoltaic） and small WTG （wind turbine generator） as well as other forms of micro-generation. To this scenario, one must add the dissemination o...Distribution networks face an increasing penetration of solar PV （photovoltaic） and small WTG （wind turbine generator） as well as other forms of micro-generation. To this scenario, one must add the dissemination of non-linear loads such as EV （electric vehicles）. There is something in common between those loads and sources： the extensive use of power electronic converters with commutated switches. These devices may be a source of medium-to-high frequency harmonic distortion and their impact on the local distribution grid must be carefully assessed in order to evaluate their negative impacts on the network, on the existing conventional loads and also on other active devices. In this paper, methodologies to characterize effects such as： harmonics, network unbalances, damaging power line resonance conditions, and over/under voltages are described and applied to a real local grid configuration.展开更多
文摘A HeHPC （Helium high pressure chamber） filled up with pure gaseous helium at initial pressure about 1.1 bar was irradiated by braking γ-rays of 10 MeV threshold energy during 1.0 × 10^5 s at the electron beam current 22 - 24 μA. After irradiation, the residual pressure inside was equal to 430 bar. Synthesized foils of black color and other multiple objects were found inside the HeHPC mainly at the entrance window for γ-rays made from beryllium bronze as a plug of beryllium bronze HPC, at the inner surfaces of the reaction chamber made of high purity copper and at the copper collector. The element analysis, using SEM （Scanning electron microscopy） and MPRA （Microprobe roentgen analysis）, allowed us to establish that the foils consist predominantly of carbon and the smaller quantities of other elements from carbon to iron. An explanation for the observed elements is suggested on the basis of helium fusion reactions under the action of y-rays with the reactions taking place in giant stars （thermally activated）. The possible mechanism after 3α reaction is nα reactions and under barrier reactions. A second experiment with initial pressure of 3.05 kbar （with pressure drop by about 65 bar - after almost the same procedure of y-rays irradiation and with fully beryl bronze environment） suggests another possible nuclear reactions - He（Be, p）C, He（C, γ）O, and so on. The developed approach agrees well with a series of studies carried out by the authors where dense hydrogen and deuterium gases are acted on by γ-rays in the presence or absence of metals in the reaction chambers.
文摘Distribution networks face an increasing penetration of solar PV （photovoltaic） and small WTG （wind turbine generator） as well as other forms of micro-generation. To this scenario, one must add the dissemination of non-linear loads such as EV （electric vehicles）. There is something in common between those loads and sources： the extensive use of power electronic converters with commutated switches. These devices may be a source of medium-to-high frequency harmonic distortion and their impact on the local distribution grid must be carefully assessed in order to evaluate their negative impacts on the network, on the existing conventional loads and also on other active devices. In this paper, methodologies to characterize effects such as： harmonics, network unbalances, damaging power line resonance conditions, and over/under voltages are described and applied to a real local grid configuration.
