盖梯尔难题的问世,对传统意义上知识的三元定义(S相信P,P是真的,当且仅当S持有的信念是被辩护的)造成了巨大的挑战,JTB理论已无力支撑起对知识的定义,基于信念基础上的知识和真信念本身之间的关系研究成为了当下知识论研究的一个重要主...盖梯尔难题的问世,对传统意义上知识的三元定义(S相信P,P是真的,当且仅当S持有的信念是被辩护的)造成了巨大的挑战,JTB理论已无力支撑起对知识的定义,基于信念基础上的知识和真信念本身之间的关系研究成为了当下知识论研究的一个重要主题。为了排除盖梯尔反例中的认知运气,研究者们从辩护条件入手,通过对认知主体内部和外部的研究进路来解读知识的确证标准和辩护信念,而将相关研究者分成内在主义和外在主义两派。两派基于对认知辩护的内外维度的理解的不同,而展开了旷日持久的学术争论。本文基于外在主义的立场,尝试利用克拉克和查尔莫斯提出的延展认知理论来进一步优化过程可靠主义。延展认识论把知识的可靠性从认知过程转移到认知主体,知识不再是个体心灵的产物,而是交往空间中的实践。这样一来就能巧妙地避开内在主义的诘难。但不可否认的是,当代越来越多的学者认为过程可靠主义可以和第二代认知科学相结合,“延展认知–过程可靠论”代表了当代过程可靠主义的新向标,通过对它的研究和诠释,不仅原有的内在主义对过程可靠论的充要性诘难问题得到了解决,而且脑机接口技术也成为了它最具代表性的一个论题,在利用该理论审视脑机接口时我们完全有机会进一步深化对脑机接口的认识。可以说,盖梯尔难题作为当代知识论的一个核心问题,不仅破开了传统JTB理论的缺陷,还在不断引导着知识论的更新与换代。The emergence of the Gestalt problem has posed a huge challenge to the traditional tripartite definition of knowledge (when S believes P, P is true, and only when S holds a defended belief). JTB theory is no longer able to support the definition of knowledge, and the study of the relationship between knowledge based on belief and true belief itself has become an important topic in current epistemological research. In order to eliminate the cognitive luck in the Gettier counterexample, researchers start with the defense conditions and interpret the confirmation criteria and defense beliefs of knowledge through the research approach of the internal and external aspects of the cognitive subject and divide relevant researchers into two schools: internalism and externalism. The two factions engaged in a prolonged academic debate based on their different understandings of the internal and external dimensions of cognitive defense. This article is based on the position of externalism and attempts to use Clark and Chalmers’ theory of extended cognition to further optimize process reliability. Extended epistemology transfers the reliability of knowledge from the cognitive process to the cognitive subject, and knowledge is no longer a product of the individual’s mind but a practice in the communicative space. In this way, we can cleverly avoid the challenge of internalism. However, it cannot be denied that more and more contemporary scholars believe that process reliability can be combined with second-generation cognitive science. “Extended cognition process reliability theory” represents a new direction of contemporary process reliability theory. Through its research and interpretation, not only has the problem of the necessity and sufficiency of process reliability theory been solved by the original internalism, but brain-computer interface technology has also become its most representative topic. When using this theory to examine brain-computer interfaces, we have the opportunity to further deepen our understanding of brain-computer interfaces. It can be said that the Gestalt problem, as a core issue in contemporary epistemology, not only breaks through the shortcomings of traditional JTB theory but also continuously guides the updating and replacement of epistemology.展开更多
文摘盖梯尔难题的问世,对传统意义上知识的三元定义(S相信P,P是真的,当且仅当S持有的信念是被辩护的)造成了巨大的挑战,JTB理论已无力支撑起对知识的定义,基于信念基础上的知识和真信念本身之间的关系研究成为了当下知识论研究的一个重要主题。为了排除盖梯尔反例中的认知运气,研究者们从辩护条件入手,通过对认知主体内部和外部的研究进路来解读知识的确证标准和辩护信念,而将相关研究者分成内在主义和外在主义两派。两派基于对认知辩护的内外维度的理解的不同,而展开了旷日持久的学术争论。本文基于外在主义的立场,尝试利用克拉克和查尔莫斯提出的延展认知理论来进一步优化过程可靠主义。延展认识论把知识的可靠性从认知过程转移到认知主体,知识不再是个体心灵的产物,而是交往空间中的实践。这样一来就能巧妙地避开内在主义的诘难。但不可否认的是,当代越来越多的学者认为过程可靠主义可以和第二代认知科学相结合,“延展认知–过程可靠论”代表了当代过程可靠主义的新向标,通过对它的研究和诠释,不仅原有的内在主义对过程可靠论的充要性诘难问题得到了解决,而且脑机接口技术也成为了它最具代表性的一个论题,在利用该理论审视脑机接口时我们完全有机会进一步深化对脑机接口的认识。可以说,盖梯尔难题作为当代知识论的一个核心问题,不仅破开了传统JTB理论的缺陷,还在不断引导着知识论的更新与换代。The emergence of the Gestalt problem has posed a huge challenge to the traditional tripartite definition of knowledge (when S believes P, P is true, and only when S holds a defended belief). JTB theory is no longer able to support the definition of knowledge, and the study of the relationship between knowledge based on belief and true belief itself has become an important topic in current epistemological research. In order to eliminate the cognitive luck in the Gettier counterexample, researchers start with the defense conditions and interpret the confirmation criteria and defense beliefs of knowledge through the research approach of the internal and external aspects of the cognitive subject and divide relevant researchers into two schools: internalism and externalism. The two factions engaged in a prolonged academic debate based on their different understandings of the internal and external dimensions of cognitive defense. This article is based on the position of externalism and attempts to use Clark and Chalmers’ theory of extended cognition to further optimize process reliability. Extended epistemology transfers the reliability of knowledge from the cognitive process to the cognitive subject, and knowledge is no longer a product of the individual’s mind but a practice in the communicative space. In this way, we can cleverly avoid the challenge of internalism. However, it cannot be denied that more and more contemporary scholars believe that process reliability can be combined with second-generation cognitive science. “Extended cognition process reliability theory” represents a new direction of contemporary process reliability theory. Through its research and interpretation, not only has the problem of the necessity and sufficiency of process reliability theory been solved by the original internalism, but brain-computer interface technology has also become its most representative topic. When using this theory to examine brain-computer interfaces, we have the opportunity to further deepen our understanding of brain-computer interfaces. It can be said that the Gestalt problem, as a core issue in contemporary epistemology, not only breaks through the shortcomings of traditional JTB theory but also continuously guides the updating and replacement of epistemology.
