Ultrasonic velocities of a set of saturated sandstone samples were measured at simulated in-situ pressures in the laboratory.The samples were obtained from the W formation of the WXS Depression and covered low to near...Ultrasonic velocities of a set of saturated sandstone samples were measured at simulated in-situ pressures in the laboratory.The samples were obtained from the W formation of the WXS Depression and covered low to nearly high porosity and permeability ranges.The brine and four different density oils were used as pore fluids,which provided a good chance to investigate fluid viscosity-induced velocity dispersion.The analysis of experimental observations of velocity dispersion indicates that（1）the Biot model can explain most of the small discrepancy（about 2–3%）between ultrasonic measurements and zero frequency Gassmann predictions for high porosity and permeability samples saturated by all the fluids used in this experiment and is also valid for medium porosity and permeability samples saturated with low viscosity fluids（less than approximately 3 mP·S）and（2）the squirt flow mechanism dominates the low to medium porosity and permeability samples when fluid viscosity increases and produces large velocity dispersions as high as about 8%. The microfracture aspect ratios were also estimated for the reservoir sandstones and applied to calculate the characteristic frequency of the squirt flow model,above which the Gassmann’ s assumptions are violated and the measured high frequency velocities cannot be directly used for Gassmann’s fluid replacement at the exploration seismic frequency band for W formation sandstones.展开更多
We report a first-principles calculation to investigate the structural instability of rutile TiO2. The high pressure structural parameters are well reproduced. The calculated phonon disper-sion curves agree with exper...We report a first-principles calculation to investigate the structural instability of rutile TiO2. The high pressure structural parameters are well reproduced. The calculated phonon disper-sion curves agree with experiments at zero pressure. Under compression, we capture a large softening around Γ point, which indicates the structural instability. From the high pressure elastic constants, we find that the rutile TiO2 is unstable when the applied pressure is larger than 17.7 GPa. Within the quasi-harmonic approximation, the thermal equation of state, thermal expansion oefficient, bulk modulus, and entropy are well reproduced. The thermal properties confirm the available experimental data and are extended to a wider pressure and temperature range.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the effects of a probe and a cup horn on the de-agglomeration efficiency in ultrasound vibration processes. TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticle dispersions were prepared in distilled water at a ...This study aims to investigate the effects of a probe and a cup horn on the de-agglomeration efficiency in ultrasound vibration processes. TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticle dispersions were prepared in distilled water at a concentration of 50.0 mg/mL followed by treatment with a dispersion stabilizer （100% FBS） and ultrasound vibration at 20 kHz and 35% amplitude for 10 min by a probe and a cup horn, respectively. The average sizes of dispersed TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles were measured by a dynamic light scattering device. Compared to dispersion with the probe sonicating, the average sizes of TiO2 and Al2O3 particles sonicated by the cup horn are markedly smaller at time points of 30, 60, 120, and 180 min. The TiOe and Al2O3 particle size distributions of cup horn-treated suspensions were narrower than those of probe-treated suspensions at time points of 120 and 180 min. It is suggested that the cup horn has a higher efficiency than the probe in dispersing nanoparticles, The cup horn is better than the probe for processing multiple small sample vessels simultaneously. Indirect cup horn sonication is ideal for processing pathogenic and sterile samples.展开更多
Aim To research on a stable microbubble with good acoustic properties and excellent imaging enhancing effect, and to make it to be a promising agent for the enhancement of ultrasound imaging in the ultrasound diagnosi...Aim To research on a stable microbubble with good acoustic properties and excellent imaging enhancing effect, and to make it to be a promising agent for the enhancement of ultrasound imaging in the ultrasound diagnosis of cardiovascular system diseases. Methods The morphology, size and zeta potential of lipid-coated microbubbles （LCM）, the acoustic properties of backscatter, and the second harmonic scatter of LCM were determined. Furthermore, the relationship between the concentrations and the amplitude values of the second harmonic was investigated by testing the intensities of the second harmonic at different concentrations. The imaging effect of LCM was also studied in vitro. Results The mean diameter of LCM was 3.38 μm with 95% of the bubbles under 5 μm. The scatter signal generated by microbubbles was observed under different concentrations in the bistatic modes while the position of transmitting transducer and receiving transducer was orthogonal. The intensity of the second harmonic scatter fell with the decrease of microbubble concentration. The increase rate of the second harmonic amplitude values generated by the microbubbles versus that by physiological saline was linear with the natural logarithm of bubble concentrations. The LCM could enhance the ultrasound image of thrombus. Conclusion The LCM exhibited good physical state and acoustic properties, which could increase the imaging quality.展开更多
Al/Co co-doped α-Ni（OH）2 samples were prepared by either ultrasonic co-precipitation method （Sample B） or co-precipitation method （Sample A）. The crystal structure and particle size distribution of the prepared...Al/Co co-doped α-Ni（OH）2 samples were prepared by either ultrasonic co-precipitation method （Sample B） or co-precipitation method （Sample A）. The crystal structure and particle size distribution of the prepared samples were examined by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and laser particle size analyzer, respectively. The results show that Sample B has more crystalline defects and smaller average diameter than Sample A. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements indicate that Sample B has better electrochemical performance than Sample A, such as better reaction reversibility, lower charge-transfer resistance and better cyclic stability. Proton diffusion coefficient of Sample B is 1.96×10-10cm2/s, which is two times as large as that （9.78×10-11cm2/s） of Sample A. The charge-discharge tests show that the discharge capacity （308 mA·h/g） of Sample B is 25 mA·h/g higher than that of Sample A （283 mA·h/g）.展开更多
Measurements of the effects of tensile stress on magnetic field properties, infrared thermography and (acoustic) emission of a cuboid sample with an elliptical hole in its center were presented. The tensile stress was...Measurements of the effects of tensile stress on magnetic field properties, infrared thermography and (acoustic) emission of a cuboid sample with an elliptical hole in its center were presented. The tensile stress was applied perpendicularly to the sample by electro-tension machine according to a step-loading curve. The changes of the sample temperature was recorded by an infrared thermography system and the noise of domain reversal was inspected by two acoustic probes, which were placed on each end of the sample near the collets of the electro-tension machine, when the sample was in loading process. The magnetic fields on the surface of the sample were inspected with 8 mm lift-off when the loads were held. Valuable information about the changes of domains was obtained from analysis of acoustic emission signals in loading process. Infrared images of the sample provided complementary information about the state of the sample. The results show that stress concentration in ferromagnetic material affects the direction and structure of domain and generates net magnetic moment on its surface. The distribution and magnitude of the net magnetic moment are correlative with those of stress.展开更多
The corrosion behaviors of zinc alloy （ZnAl4Cul） in 3.5% （mass fraction） NaCl, 7.3% （mass fraction） Na2SO4 and simulated acid rain solutions were investigated using electrochemical measurements. The potential no...The corrosion behaviors of zinc alloy （ZnAl4Cul） in 3.5% （mass fraction） NaCl, 7.3% （mass fraction） Na2SO4 and simulated acid rain solutions were investigated using electrochemical measurements. The potential noise during dry-wet cycle was monitored and analyzed by fast Fourier transform （FFT）, fast wavelet transform （FWT）, shot noise theory and stochastic theory. Cumulative probability curves of event frequency fn indicate that the corrosion events in the dry cycles are greater than those in the wet cycles. Uniform corrosion was observed in the NaCl solution compared with more localized corrosion in the Na2SO4 solution, which is evidenced by FWT and SEM. Conditional events generation rate r（t） for diffusion controlled reactions decreases with increasing the time. r（t） values for uniform corrosion and diffusion controlled process are the largest in the wet cycle in 3.5% NaCl solution. The values of r（t） for pitting corrosion in Na2SO4 solution are observed to become large during spraying periods, and r（t） for pitting corrosion has the largest value in the Na2SO4 solution. The intergranular corrosion of zinc is serious in simulated acid rain solution.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40830423and40904029)CNOOC Zhanjiang Research Project(Contract No.Z2008SLZJ-FN0158)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry
文摘Ultrasonic velocities of a set of saturated sandstone samples were measured at simulated in-situ pressures in the laboratory.The samples were obtained from the W formation of the WXS Depression and covered low to nearly high porosity and permeability ranges.The brine and four different density oils were used as pore fluids,which provided a good chance to investigate fluid viscosity-induced velocity dispersion.The analysis of experimental observations of velocity dispersion indicates that（1）the Biot model can explain most of the small discrepancy（about 2–3%）between ultrasonic measurements and zero frequency Gassmann predictions for high porosity and permeability samples saturated by all the fluids used in this experiment and is also valid for medium porosity and permeability samples saturated with low viscosity fluids（less than approximately 3 mP·S）and（2）the squirt flow mechanism dominates the low to medium porosity and permeability samples when fluid viscosity increases and produces large velocity dispersions as high as about 8%. The microfracture aspect ratios were also estimated for the reservoir sandstones and applied to calculate the characteristic frequency of the squirt flow model,above which the Gassmann’ s assumptions are violated and the measured high frequency velocities cannot be directly used for Gassmann’s fluid replacement at the exploration seismic frequency band for W formation sandstones.
基金ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.11247316, No.11247317, and No.11304408）, the Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Committee （No.K J120613 and No.K J130607）, and the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City （No.cstc2012jjA50019 and No.cstc2013jcyjA073a）.
文摘We report a first-principles calculation to investigate the structural instability of rutile TiO2. The high pressure structural parameters are well reproduced. The calculated phonon disper-sion curves agree with experiments at zero pressure. Under compression, we capture a large softening around Γ point, which indicates the structural instability. From the high pressure elastic constants, we find that the rutile TiO2 is unstable when the applied pressure is larger than 17.7 GPa. Within the quasi-harmonic approximation, the thermal equation of state, thermal expansion oefficient, bulk modulus, and entropy are well reproduced. The thermal properties confirm the available experimental data and are extended to a wider pressure and temperature range.
基金The National Basic Research Program of China(No.2011CB933404)the Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices(No.2010LBMD05)
文摘This study aims to investigate the effects of a probe and a cup horn on the de-agglomeration efficiency in ultrasound vibration processes. TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticle dispersions were prepared in distilled water at a concentration of 50.0 mg/mL followed by treatment with a dispersion stabilizer （100% FBS） and ultrasound vibration at 20 kHz and 35% amplitude for 10 min by a probe and a cup horn, respectively. The average sizes of dispersed TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles were measured by a dynamic light scattering device. Compared to dispersion with the probe sonicating, the average sizes of TiO2 and Al2O3 particles sonicated by the cup horn are markedly smaller at time points of 30, 60, 120, and 180 min. The TiOe and Al2O3 particle size distributions of cup horn-treated suspensions were narrower than those of probe-treated suspensions at time points of 120 and 180 min. It is suggested that the cup horn has a higher efficiency than the probe in dispersing nanoparticles, The cup horn is better than the probe for processing multiple small sample vessels simultaneously. Indirect cup horn sonication is ideal for processing pathogenic and sterile samples.
文摘Aim To research on a stable microbubble with good acoustic properties and excellent imaging enhancing effect, and to make it to be a promising agent for the enhancement of ultrasound imaging in the ultrasound diagnosis of cardiovascular system diseases. Methods The morphology, size and zeta potential of lipid-coated microbubbles （LCM）, the acoustic properties of backscatter, and the second harmonic scatter of LCM were determined. Furthermore, the relationship between the concentrations and the amplitude values of the second harmonic was investigated by testing the intensities of the second harmonic at different concentrations. The imaging effect of LCM was also studied in vitro. Results The mean diameter of LCM was 3.38 μm with 95% of the bubbles under 5 μm. The scatter signal generated by microbubbles was observed under different concentrations in the bistatic modes while the position of transmitting transducer and receiving transducer was orthogonal. The intensity of the second harmonic scatter fell with the decrease of microbubble concentration. The increase rate of the second harmonic amplitude values generated by the microbubbles versus that by physiological saline was linear with the natural logarithm of bubble concentrations. The LCM could enhance the ultrasound image of thrombus. Conclusion The LCM exhibited good physical state and acoustic properties, which could increase the imaging quality.
基金Project (10774030) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2008J1-C161) supported by the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou City of China
文摘Al/Co co-doped α-Ni（OH）2 samples were prepared by either ultrasonic co-precipitation method （Sample B） or co-precipitation method （Sample A）. The crystal structure and particle size distribution of the prepared samples were examined by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and laser particle size analyzer, respectively. The results show that Sample B has more crystalline defects and smaller average diameter than Sample A. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements indicate that Sample B has better electrochemical performance than Sample A, such as better reaction reversibility, lower charge-transfer resistance and better cyclic stability. Proton diffusion coefficient of Sample B is 1.96×10-10cm2/s, which is two times as large as that （9.78×10-11cm2/s） of Sample A. The charge-discharge tests show that the discharge capacity （308 mA·h/g） of Sample B is 25 mA·h/g higher than that of Sample A （283 mA·h/g）.
文摘Measurements of the effects of tensile stress on magnetic field properties, infrared thermography and (acoustic) emission of a cuboid sample with an elliptical hole in its center were presented. The tensile stress was applied perpendicularly to the sample by electro-tension machine according to a step-loading curve. The changes of the sample temperature was recorded by an infrared thermography system and the noise of domain reversal was inspected by two acoustic probes, which were placed on each end of the sample near the collets of the electro-tension machine, when the sample was in loading process. The magnetic fields on the surface of the sample were inspected with 8 mm lift-off when the loads were held. Valuable information about the changes of domains was obtained from analysis of acoustic emission signals in loading process. Infrared images of the sample provided complementary information about the state of the sample. The results show that stress concentration in ferromagnetic material affects the direction and structure of domain and generates net magnetic moment on its surface. The distribution and magnitude of the net magnetic moment are correlative with those of stress.
基金Projects (51131005, 51171172, J0830413) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (Y4110074) supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China
文摘The corrosion behaviors of zinc alloy （ZnAl4Cul） in 3.5% （mass fraction） NaCl, 7.3% （mass fraction） Na2SO4 and simulated acid rain solutions were investigated using electrochemical measurements. The potential noise during dry-wet cycle was monitored and analyzed by fast Fourier transform （FFT）, fast wavelet transform （FWT）, shot noise theory and stochastic theory. Cumulative probability curves of event frequency fn indicate that the corrosion events in the dry cycles are greater than those in the wet cycles. Uniform corrosion was observed in the NaCl solution compared with more localized corrosion in the Na2SO4 solution, which is evidenced by FWT and SEM. Conditional events generation rate r（t） for diffusion controlled reactions decreases with increasing the time. r（t） values for uniform corrosion and diffusion controlled process are the largest in the wet cycle in 3.5% NaCl solution. The values of r（t） for pitting corrosion in Na2SO4 solution are observed to become large during spraying periods, and r（t） for pitting corrosion has the largest value in the Na2SO4 solution. The intergranular corrosion of zinc is serious in simulated acid rain solution.
