Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) parasitize nests of small passerines.e Cuckoo chicks cause the death of their nest-mates when evicting eggs or nestlings from the nests;consequently,hosts su er from a high loss of repr...Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) parasitize nests of small passerines.e Cuckoo chicks cause the death of their nest-mates when evicting eggs or nestlings from the nests;consequently,hosts su er from a high loss of reproduction.Host adaptations against parasitism,e.g.,by egg discrimination behavior,and cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts,e.g.,by mimetic eggs,are often regarded as a result of the arms race between the two interacting species.In Hungary Great Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus arundinaceus) are the main hosts of cuckoos,su ering from heavy parasitism(ca.40-65%).e Oriental Reed Warbler(A.orientalis),formerly a subspecies of the Great Reed Warbler(A.a.orientalis),is also a highly parasitized host in Japan(25-40%).We compared main characteristics of Cuckoo parasitism in these two distant areas from the Western and Eastern Palearctic by comparing cuckoo egg mimicry.We measured color characteristics of host and parasitic eggs by spectrophotometer.Visual modeling revealed lower chromatic distances between Cuckoo and host eggs in Hungary than in Japan,but high variation both in host and Cuckoo eggs may cause matching problems in Hungary.Achromatic(brightness) di erence between host and Cuckoo eggs were lower in Japan than in Hungary,and it proved to be the most important factor a ecting egg rejection.Hosts rejected Cuckoo eggs at similar frequencies(37% and 35% in Hungary and Japan,respectively).Host adaptation,i.e.,egg rejection behavior,seems to be preceding Cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts in Japan.We suggest that the Cuckoo-Great/Oriental Reed Warbler relationships developed in alternative ways in Japan and Hungary,and they represent di erent stages of their arms race.展开更多
In Europe, eggs of the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) have been found in more than 125 different host species. However, very few species are frequently parasitized. The Cuckoo is divided into several distinct races t...In Europe, eggs of the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) have been found in more than 125 different host species. However, very few species are frequently parasitized. The Cuckoo is divided into several distinct races termed gentes. Females of each gens specialize in parasitizing a particular host species. More than 20 such gentes are recognized in Europe. Each female Cuckoo lays eggs of constant appearance. Most gentes can be separated based on their distinct egg types, which in many cases mimic those of their hosts. Different gentes may occur in sympatry or may be separated geographically. Some gentes may occur in restricted parts of the host’s distribution area. These patterns raise some fundamental questions like: Why are some passerine species preferred as hosts while others are not? Why does a host population consist of individuals either accepting or rejecting Cuckoo eggs? Why is there marked variation in egg rejection behavior between various host populations? How distinct and host-specialized are Cuckoo gentes? These questions are discussed in relation to existing knowledge and future perspectives.展开更多
The paper discusses how the inventory control of army equipment material runs sytematically under the two-level maintenance system,and establishes the inventory control model based on system dynamics.On the basis of m...The paper discusses how the inventory control of army equipment material runs sytematically under the two-level maintenance system,and establishes the inventory control model based on system dynamics.On the basis of modeling and simulation,the influence of different inventory upper limit on the whole system is studied,and the optimal inventory control mechanism under the model condition is foud.In addition,through the simulation of two replenishment strategies(s,S) and(T,s,S),the advantages and disadvantages and feasibility of each replenishment strategy are analyzed.展开更多
e coevolutionary arms race between cuckoos and their hosts predicts that low variation in egg features within a host clutch would facilitate discrimination of mimetic parasite eggs.Here,we experimentally examine this ...e coevolutionary arms race between cuckoos and their hosts predicts that low variation in egg features within a host clutch would facilitate discrimination of mimetic parasite eggs.Here,we experimentally examine this prediction by using arti cial and natural parasite eggs showing contrasting level of matching with host eggs.We quanti ed,based on human assessment,intra-clutch variation in egg appearance and egg discrimination in the Iberian Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus),a presumed former host of the Great Spotted Cuckoo(Clamator glandarius).Azure-winged Magpies rejected parasitic eggs in relation to their degree of dissimilarity with own eggs:Great Spotted Cuckoo model eggs were relatively more o en rejected(73.7%) than real Great Spotted Cuckoo eggs(44.4%) and the less contrasting conspeci c eggs(35.5%).Contrary to our predictions,we found that,irrespective of mimicry level of parasitic eggs,intra-clutch variation in host egg appearance did not di er signi cantly between rejecters and acceptors.We found,however,that individuals with higher variation in egg-size were almost signi cantly more prone to be rejecters than individuals showing lower variation in egg size.Our results do not support the hypothesis that the extent of intraclutch variation in egg discrimination varied with parasite egg mimicry in this particular system,and add to previous ndings suggesting that perhaps an increase in intra-clutch variation in egg appearance,rather than a decrease,might be advantageous when discriminating against non-mimetic Great Spotted Cuckoo eggs.展开更多
Alpine-cold regions are characterized as hypoxia,strong wind,heavy rain,cold climate,huge temperature difference between day and night,and vertical climate. All these make it difficult for an emergency rescue when a n...Alpine-cold regions are characterized as hypoxia,strong wind,heavy rain,cold climate,huge temperature difference between day and night,and vertical climate. All these make it difficult for an emergency rescue when a natural disaster such as earthquake happens. Based on the characteristics of emergency rescue in alpinecold region,several multifunctional protective equipments have been developed by the Quartermaster Equipment Institute of General Logistics Departmen(tGLD)of the Chinese People's Liberation Army(CPLA). These equipments are lightweight,durable and environment adaptable.展开更多
Military talents are those who have higher culture and scientific quality, much strong innovation consciousness and thinking ability. The overall objective of military talent training is to cultivate the comprehensive...Military talents are those who have higher culture and scientific quality, much strong innovation consciousness and thinking ability. The overall objective of military talent training is to cultivate the comprehensive-quality military personnel that meet the requirements of military modernization and preparations for military struggle. In this paper, we construct the military talent training objectives model, and on this basis, we propose the innovative military talent training mode, from the perspective of curriculum content system and talent quality assurance system.展开更多
基金supported by the bilateral project of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)the Hungarian Academy of Sciences to F.T. and C.M. 2003-2005+1 种基金by the Hungarian Scienti c Research Fund (OTKAgrant No.T35015,48397 and 83217) to C.M. e Duna-Ipoly and Kiskunság National Parks provided permissions for research
文摘Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) parasitize nests of small passerines.e Cuckoo chicks cause the death of their nest-mates when evicting eggs or nestlings from the nests;consequently,hosts su er from a high loss of reproduction.Host adaptations against parasitism,e.g.,by egg discrimination behavior,and cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts,e.g.,by mimetic eggs,are often regarded as a result of the arms race between the two interacting species.In Hungary Great Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus arundinaceus) are the main hosts of cuckoos,su ering from heavy parasitism(ca.40-65%).e Oriental Reed Warbler(A.orientalis),formerly a subspecies of the Great Reed Warbler(A.a.orientalis),is also a highly parasitized host in Japan(25-40%).We compared main characteristics of Cuckoo parasitism in these two distant areas from the Western and Eastern Palearctic by comparing cuckoo egg mimicry.We measured color characteristics of host and parasitic eggs by spectrophotometer.Visual modeling revealed lower chromatic distances between Cuckoo and host eggs in Hungary than in Japan,but high variation both in host and Cuckoo eggs may cause matching problems in Hungary.Achromatic(brightness) di erence between host and Cuckoo eggs were lower in Japan than in Hungary,and it proved to be the most important factor a ecting egg rejection.Hosts rejected Cuckoo eggs at similar frequencies(37% and 35% in Hungary and Japan,respectively).Host adaptation,i.e.,egg rejection behavior,seems to be preceding Cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts in Japan.We suggest that the Cuckoo-Great/Oriental Reed Warbler relationships developed in alternative ways in Japan and Hungary,and they represent di erent stages of their arms race.
文摘In Europe, eggs of the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) have been found in more than 125 different host species. However, very few species are frequently parasitized. The Cuckoo is divided into several distinct races termed gentes. Females of each gens specialize in parasitizing a particular host species. More than 20 such gentes are recognized in Europe. Each female Cuckoo lays eggs of constant appearance. Most gentes can be separated based on their distinct egg types, which in many cases mimic those of their hosts. Different gentes may occur in sympatry or may be separated geographically. Some gentes may occur in restricted parts of the host’s distribution area. These patterns raise some fundamental questions like: Why are some passerine species preferred as hosts while others are not? Why does a host population consist of individuals either accepting or rejecting Cuckoo eggs? Why is there marked variation in egg rejection behavior between various host populations? How distinct and host-specialized are Cuckoo gentes? These questions are discussed in relation to existing knowledge and future perspectives.
文摘The paper discusses how the inventory control of army equipment material runs sytematically under the two-level maintenance system,and establishes the inventory control model based on system dynamics.On the basis of modeling and simulation,the influence of different inventory upper limit on the whole system is studied,and the optimal inventory control mechanism under the model condition is foud.In addition,through the simulation of two replenishment strategies(s,S) and(T,s,S),the advantages and disadvantages and feasibility of each replenishment strategy are analyzed.
文摘e coevolutionary arms race between cuckoos and their hosts predicts that low variation in egg features within a host clutch would facilitate discrimination of mimetic parasite eggs.Here,we experimentally examine this prediction by using arti cial and natural parasite eggs showing contrasting level of matching with host eggs.We quanti ed,based on human assessment,intra-clutch variation in egg appearance and egg discrimination in the Iberian Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus),a presumed former host of the Great Spotted Cuckoo(Clamator glandarius).Azure-winged Magpies rejected parasitic eggs in relation to their degree of dissimilarity with own eggs:Great Spotted Cuckoo model eggs were relatively more o en rejected(73.7%) than real Great Spotted Cuckoo eggs(44.4%) and the less contrasting conspeci c eggs(35.5%).Contrary to our predictions,we found that,irrespective of mimicry level of parasitic eggs,intra-clutch variation in host egg appearance did not di er signi cantly between rejecters and acceptors.We found,however,that individuals with higher variation in egg-size were almost signi cantly more prone to be rejecters than individuals showing lower variation in egg size.Our results do not support the hypothesis that the extent of intraclutch variation in egg discrimination varied with parasite egg mimicry in this particular system,and add to previous ndings suggesting that perhaps an increase in intra-clutch variation in egg appearance,rather than a decrease,might be advantageous when discriminating against non-mimetic Great Spotted Cuckoo eggs.
文摘Alpine-cold regions are characterized as hypoxia,strong wind,heavy rain,cold climate,huge temperature difference between day and night,and vertical climate. All these make it difficult for an emergency rescue when a natural disaster such as earthquake happens. Based on the characteristics of emergency rescue in alpinecold region,several multifunctional protective equipments have been developed by the Quartermaster Equipment Institute of General Logistics Departmen(tGLD)of the Chinese People's Liberation Army(CPLA). These equipments are lightweight,durable and environment adaptable.
文摘Military talents are those who have higher culture and scientific quality, much strong innovation consciousness and thinking ability. The overall objective of military talent training is to cultivate the comprehensive-quality military personnel that meet the requirements of military modernization and preparations for military struggle. In this paper, we construct the military talent training objectives model, and on this basis, we propose the innovative military talent training mode, from the perspective of curriculum content system and talent quality assurance system.
