The influence of oxygen supply mode on the KIVCET (a Russian acronym for flash?cyclone?oxygen?electric?smelting) process was investigated using numerical simulation. The mass rate ratio (MRR) of central oxygen to late...The influence of oxygen supply mode on the KIVCET (a Russian acronym for flash?cyclone?oxygen?electric?smelting) process was investigated using numerical simulation. The mass rate ratio (MRR) of central oxygen to lateral oxygen of the central jet distributor (CJD) burner was defined to express the oxygen supply mode, and the KIVCET process with an MRR ranging from 0.09 to 0.39 was simulated. The results show that there are four efficient reaction regions that correspond to four CJD burners. A higher central oxygen flow improves the mixing between particles and oxygen, thus enhancing reactions and shortening the reaction regions. However, a higher dust rate is induced due to the spread of the particle columns. The optimal MRR for a KIVCET furnace with a smelting capacity of 50000 kg/h is suggested to be 0.31. In this case, the chemical reactions associated with the feed are completed with an acceptable dust rate.展开更多
The Merguellil catchment （central Tunisia） has undergone rapid hydrological changes over the last decades. The most visible signs are a marked decrease in surface runoff in the upstream catchment and a complete chan...The Merguellil catchment （central Tunisia） has undergone rapid hydrological changes over the last decades. The most visible signs are a marked decrease in surface runoff in the upstream catchment and a complete change in the recharge processes of the Kairouan aquifer downstream. Fluctuations in rainfall have had a real but limited hydrological impact. Much more important are the consequences of human activities such as soil and water conservation works, small and large dams, pumping for irrigation. Several independent approaches were implemented： hydrodynamics, thermal surveys, geochemistry including isotopes. They helped to identify the different terms of the regional water balance and to characterize their changes over time.展开更多
Two types of mafic intrusions have been recognized in the north of the Bafq district, Central Iran. A number of olivine-gabbroic to gabbroic sills intruded the Rizu Formation, comprised of alternating carbonate and vo...Two types of mafic intrusions have been recognized in the north of the Bafq district, Central Iran. A number of olivine-gabbroic to gabbroic sills intruded the Rizu Formation, comprised of alternating carbonate and volcanic rocks. Mineralogical data show that olivine + pyroxene +brown amphibole(kaersutite) + calcic plagioclase +opaque comprise the olivine-gabbroic rocks, and intermediate(or sodic) plagioclase + altered pyroxene and altered amphibole to biotite + opaque minerals the gabbroic rocks.Both rock types have shown within-plate and alkaline characters and have been presumed to be related to rift formation. The mafic-alkaline magma source of the sills is proposed to have been derived from enriched mantle.Regionally, two Gabbro–Diorite intrusions have been identified in the metamorphic complexes. Mineralogical data suggest that the pyroxene + amphibole(hornblende) +plagioclase + biotite + opaque minerals formed the gabbro to diorite intrusions. These rocks have shown characteristics of calc-alkaline and volcanic arc magmatism.展开更多
This study focuses on the geochemistry of trace elements and parameters of coal quality of bituminous coal belonging to the upper Triassic-lower Jurassic era, collected from the Galandrud region in Central Alborz, nor...This study focuses on the geochemistry of trace elements and parameters of coal quality of bituminous coal belonging to the upper Triassic-lower Jurassic era, collected from the Galandrud region in Central Alborz, northern Iran. Galandrud coal on an air-dried basis are characterized by broad variation in the amount of ash （ranging from 6.49g to 12.73%）, a high content of volatile matter （33,32-37.45%） and high gross calorific values （7430-8880 kcal/kg）. The mineral matter of the coal samples studied is made up of dolomite （〉909g）, quartz, sphalerite, galena, pyrite and clay minerals. Major elements are positively cor- related with ash content suggesting an association with inorganic constituents. Based on statistical anal- yses, concentrations of trace elements such as Co （51.3 ×10^-6-152.9× 10^-6）, Ba （368× 10^-6-3297.4×10^-6）, Cr （65.5 ×10^-6-194.2 × 10^-6）, Mo （5.6 × 10^-6-18.2× 10^-6）, Hi （72.9 × 10^-6-152.9 × 10^-6） and V （245.5 × 10^-6-520 ×10^-6） are higher than world coal averages. However, low concentration of some vol- atile elements such as As, Hg and U are present in low concentrations of the various types of coal studied.展开更多
Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and geochemical analyses are undertaken for the garnet-bear-ing muscovite monzogranite in Yitong area, central Jilin Province. The formation age and petrogenesis of the granite are ...Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and geochemical analyses are undertaken for the garnet-bear-ing muscovite monzogranite in Yitong area, central Jilin Province. The formation age and petrogenesis of the granite are determined, and the regional tectonic background is discussed. Zircons from the granite are euhe-dral-subhedral in shape, and display fine-scale oscillatory growth zoning, indicating a magmatie origin. LA- ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating result indicates that the garnet-bearing muscovite monzogranites formed in the mid-dle Triassic （243 Ma ）. The garnet-bearing muscovite monzogranites have high SiO2 （SiO2 = 74.1%- 76.49% ）, rich aluminum （A1203 = 14.47%-14.68% ） and alkali （ NazO ＋ K20 = 4.31%-7.9% ）, low Fe203T and MgO （MgO =0.1%-0. 13% , Fe203T =0.46%-1.02% ）. The ratio of CaO/Na20 is between 0.17--0. 21. The garnet-bearing muscovite monzogranites in Yitong region are relatively enriched in light rare earth elements （LREEs） and large ion lithophile elements （LILEs） , and depleted of heavy rare earth elements （HREEs） and high field strength elements （HFSEs）. They are characterized by high Sr and Ba, poor Rb and Y, and negative Eu abnormally （δEu =0.48-0.62） , with Rb/Sr 〈 1. The εHf（t） values and TDM2 of zircons range from ＋ 6. 10 to ＋ 8.00 and from 725 Ma to 814 Ma, respectively. The above features indicate that gar- net-bearing muscovite monzogranites in Yitong area were derived from partial melting of metasedimentary rock. These granites have high Sr/Y ratios, which suggest they formed in a thickened continental crust. Combined with the coeval granitic rocks in central Jilin Province, we suggested that a significant eollisional and thickening event took place during the Middle Triassic.展开更多
During cell division, chromosome segregation is orchestrated by the interaction of spindle microtubules with the centromere. A dramatic remodeling of interpolar microtubules into an organized central spindle between t...During cell division, chromosome segregation is orchestrated by the interaction of spindle microtubules with the centromere. A dramatic remodeling of interpolar microtubules into an organized central spindle between the separating chromatids is required for the initiation and execution ofcytokinesis. Central spindle organization requires mitotic kinesins, the chromosomal passenger protein complex, and microtubule bundling protein PRC 1. PRC 1 is phosphorylated by Cdc2 at Thr470 and Thr481 during mitosis. However, the functional relevance of PRC 1 phosphorylation at Thr470 has remained elusive. Here we show that expression of the non-phosphorylatable mutant PRC 1T470A but not the phospho-mimicking mutant PRC 1^T470E causes aberrant organization of the central spindle. Immunoprecipitation experiment indicates that both PRC 1^T470A and PRC 1^T470E mutant proteins associate with wild-type PRC 1, suggesting that phosphorylation of Thr470 does not alter PRC 1 self-association. In addition, in vitro co-sedimentation experiment showed that PRC 1 binds to microtubule independent of the phosphorylation state of Thr470. Gel-filtration experiment suggested that phosphorylation of Thr470 promotes oligomerization of PRC 1. Given the fact that prevention of the Thr470 phosphorylation inhibits PRC 1 oligomerization in vitro and causes an aberrant organization of central spindle in vivo, we propose that this phosphorylation-dependent PRC 1 oligomerization ensures that central spindle assembly occurs at the appropriate time in the cell cycle.展开更多
Building envelopes include facades and roof, which have the most interaction and exchange with outside and natural environment. In the future, meeting buildings various complicated needs with new technological advance...Building envelopes include facades and roof, which have the most interaction and exchange with outside and natural environment. In the future, meeting buildings various complicated needs with new technological advances necessitates a change and evolution in building envelopes. Controlling the energy consumption of the buildings is mostly through controlling the energy performance of the building envelopes. New technologies lead to the intelligent facades and envelopes. The envelope can be designed to be a part of the whole building＇s metabolism （energy production, storage and consumption） and morphology. The envelope would be a controlled part of the building which is managed through the central control system of the building, which connects it to other parts. It caused building envelope design to be changed fundamentally, so that there is a need to interact with engineering disciplines including computer engineering, mechanical engineering, material engineering and so on. All of these caused building envelope to get closer to biological and living systems. The physical restrictions which affect buildings system and living systems are the same. So they cause the same forces to shape the structure and form of the systems and the same rules to interact with the environment. The restrictions of material and energy resources caused living systems to be energy efficient and consuming less material. But the most important difference between living systems and building systems is in maximum use of different resources. As living systems use information maximally, the building system technology is based on using maximum energy. Now, there are many reasons and restrictions that building envelopes cannot act like living systems. But technological developments and contributing more disciplines in design and construction of building envelopes caused the future way of these envelopes get close to living systems for their energy efficiency. Some of living systems characteristics which the future building envelopes would have partially or benefit for the design process or construction are self-organization, evolution principles, hierarchical levels, processing energy, reaction to environmental stimuli and self-adjustment. Self-organization is achieved in some design software and in building material production for creating formal patterns. Evolution principles provide infrastructure for soft wares for optimization purposes and form creation. Hierarchical levels refer to giving hierarchical structure to the building envelopes through layering and designing different scales. Processing energy （metabolism） would be achieved through photovoltaic and solar collectors to produce energy and in passive systems for energy storage and distribution. Controlling solar radiation absorption and transmittance would help energy transfer from outside to building and vice versa. Reaction to environmental stimuli which is one of the most important characteristics of future building envelopes would use different types of active and passive sensors to create envelope mechanical reactions through material properties or collect data for processing in the control center to determine the right reaction. The reaction would be through different strategies such as changing properties and moving. Reaction could be passive or active. Self-adjustment can be achieved by control systems and processing units. All of these mean intelligent envelopes are essential parts of future buildings. Though it is now started with new design soft wares based on biological principles to optimize different parameters affecting the envelope function or to create the most efficient form.展开更多
The Proximity between the central business district and the settlement has led to many changes in the local Bantik community. These include changes in the function of settlements, population size, location of residenc...The Proximity between the central business district and the settlement has led to many changes in the local Bantik community. These include changes in the function of settlements, population size, location of residence, and the movement of local culture. This study aims to examine the spatial changes that occur in local neighborhoods with a focus on the Bantik tribal community in Malalayang. Data were obtained from a series of field observations, questionnaires and structured interviews. This study conducted a series of analyses on spatial patterns, sociocultural factors and urban policy. The results show that the dynamic changes are natural and hard to avoid, since they are related to the community＇s needs and development of the city. In order to face the changes, adjustments in the values of the local community towards the settlement terms and conditions are necessary. In addition, an increase in internal resources for those local communities is needed.展开更多
The problem of relationships between the center and outlying regions of the Russian Empire had always particular acuteness. Both historically determined ethno-cultural and socio-political mosaicity of Russia and natur...The problem of relationships between the center and outlying regions of the Russian Empire had always particular acuteness. Both historically determined ethno-cultural and socio-political mosaicity of Russia and nature of the Russian state defined priorities of its national policy, aimed at preserving unity and integrity of the country. An ideological basis for forming the imperial universe was the idea of ＂Russification＂. The fulfillment of the ＂Russification＂ policy in the North Caucasus was to a large extent bound up with an administrative practice, aimed at rearrangement of the local social structures and standardization of the variety of local organizational forms of management. One of the elements of ＂Russification＂ was also colonization, so far as the Russian settlers not only changed the regional socio-demographic background, but brought with them a certain ＂imperial complex＂. Patterns of positive motivation for ＂Russification＂ among local population are found in the field of education, which gave for the mountaineers an opportunity to successful integration into another civilization. However, the processes of imperial unification were fraught with a high conflict potential. The meeting of indigenous social structures with the Russian statehood was inevitably accompanied with the break-up of the whole system of established traditional relations and social roles.展开更多
Present paper deals with the study of some physico-chemical parameters in Newaj River Water in Rajgarh District, Madhya Pradesh in the month of November and December 2008.The parameters like temperature, pH, electrica...Present paper deals with the study of some physico-chemical parameters in Newaj River Water in Rajgarh District, Madhya Pradesh in the month of November and December 2008.The parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, Ca- hardness, Mg-hardness and chloride were determined. The results were compared with standards of IS： 10500 and WHO. From the results it was found that the most of the parameters of Newaj River water were within the permissible limit.展开更多
This paper discusses the vein rocks located in the central part of Khibina Mts.. These rocks are located on the border of two zones： ore and external. In the ore, zone is present titanite-nepheline bodies whilst in t...This paper discusses the vein rocks located in the central part of Khibina Mts.. These rocks are located on the border of two zones： ore and external. In the ore, zone is present titanite-nepheline bodies whilst in the outer zone are massive-syenites ＂khibinites＂. The veins can be divided into： mikrosyenites, melteigites and other rock types （e.g., tinguaites）. The results of LA-ICP MS （laser ablation of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry） indicate that these rocks are associated with deep zones which formed as a result of injection of primary magma and contamination of fluids during migration, where there have hydrothermal processes. Rock-forming minerals, their corrosion and accessory minerals indicate these processes, too.展开更多
This paper examines the appropriateness of the adoption of Anglo-American type of reorganization provisions into national bankruptcy law using Thailand as a sample. It argues that such adoption shall be cautious. Sinc...This paper examines the appropriateness of the adoption of Anglo-American type of reorganization provisions into national bankruptcy law using Thailand as a sample. It argues that such adoption shall be cautious. Since Thailand started to accommodate such provisions, reorganization, apparently, has limited usefulness--benefitting only large-scale debtors because it does not fit with the nature of Thai business culture, i.e., the borrowing-lending relationship and less-than-arm＇s length business connections. On average, only every one in 200 bankruptcy cases employs reorganization; the rest goes for liquidation but the average outstanding debt in reorganization is over 30 times higher than liquidation. Interestingly, the adjudication rate of reorganization is faster than those of liquidation. Debtors＇ strategic use of the law and the procedural bias are suspected. Debt restructuring led by the central bank in cooperation with commercial banks, instead, is overwhelmingly more successful, equally efficient, and effective because any ailing firm can renegotiate its borrowing contract rather easily in the low transaction cost environment. Debt restructuring outperformed reorganization roughly 800 and two times in terms of cases and debt amount respectively. Thus, the adoption of non-indigenous provisions shall be made prudently. This argument applies towards the standardization of insolvency legislation. Standardizing bankruptcy procedures shall be made carefully and national economic conditions including local business nature and uniqueness are worth examined before any enactment or amendment. Otherwise, benefits of international trade and investment would be achieved at the expense of economic efficiency.展开更多
From observing cores of 18 wells,identifying 175 ordinary thin sections and 61 thin casting sections,energy spectrum analyses of 37 samples,homogenization temperature measurement of fluid inclusions of 11 samples,we d...From observing cores of 18 wells,identifying 175 ordinary thin sections and 61 thin casting sections,energy spectrum analyses of 37 samples,homogenization temperature measurement of fluid inclusions of 11 samples,we determine the types of diagenesis and pores of the Fuyu oil reservoir in the north Qijia region.We classified the pores and measured their plane porosity using CIA 2000,the software of rock image analysis,calculated the effect of different kinds of diagenesis on porosity,studied the controlling actions of diagenesis to pore evolution quantitatively,combined with burial history,thermal history and their diagenetic environments.Our results show that mechanical compaction and carbonate cementation are the major destructive diagenesed,developed during early diagenesis stages.The reduction in porosity by mechanical compaction and carbonate cementation are about 25% and 8%,while the destructive intensity of siliceous cementation and clay mineral cementation is relatively much smaller,i.e.,the reduction of porosity is about 2% and 0.2% Dissolution is constructive diagenesis,the increment of porosity is about 6%.There are four diagenesis evolution stages,during which the porosity reduced from 30%～38% to 2%～20%.Mechanical compaction and early cementation are the main diageneses in the early diagenesis stages,when porosity was reduced to 2%～10%.Dissolution is the main diagenesis of an A I substage of the middle diagenesis stage,when porosity increased 1%～8%.The dissolution of the A Ⅱ substage of the middle diagenesis stage affected by late cementation,raised porosity 1%～5%.The porosity varied slightly during the middle stage B.展开更多
Orexin-A （OxA） is a key neuropeptide involved in the central control of appetite and the maintenance of energy homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of glycemia. In the present study, OxA receptors, OXtR and OX2...Orexin-A （OxA） is a key neuropeptide involved in the central control of appetite and the maintenance of energy homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of glycemia. In the present study, OxA receptors, OXtR and OX2R were identified to be highly expressed in porcine hepatocytes. 100 nM OxA could rapidly stimulate the glucose output of porcine hepatocytes in 10min. Primary hepatocytes treated by 1 nM-500 nM OxA for 24 h significantly increase the released glucose and the concentration of albumin, total bile acids and triglyceride in the supernatant. The mRNA expression level of such gluconeogenesis and fat mobilization related genes as acetyl-coA carboxylase, glycogen phosphorylase, fatty acid translocase and phosphoenolpyrurate carboxykinase were also up-regulated accordingly. The results first demonstrated that OxA had direct effect on the hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, which was an aspect for OxA to exert its maintenance function of energy homeostasis.展开更多
Let X_1, X_2,... be a sequence of independent random variables and S_n=sum X_1 from i=1 to n and V_n^2=sum X_1~2 from i=1 to n . When the elements of the sequence are i.i.d., it is known that the self-normalized sum S...Let X_1, X_2,... be a sequence of independent random variables and S_n=sum X_1 from i=1 to n and V_n^2=sum X_1~2 from i=1 to n . When the elements of the sequence are i.i.d., it is known that the self-normalized sum S_n/V_n converges to a standard normal distribution if and only if max1≤i≤n|X_i|/V_n → 0 in probability and the mean of X_1 is zero. In this paper, sufficient conditions for the self-normalized central limit theorem are obtained for general independent random variables. It is also shown that if max1≤i≤n|X_i|/V_n → 0 in probability, then these sufficient conditions are necessary.展开更多
基金Project(61621062)supported by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The influence of oxygen supply mode on the KIVCET (a Russian acronym for flash?cyclone?oxygen?electric?smelting) process was investigated using numerical simulation. The mass rate ratio (MRR) of central oxygen to lateral oxygen of the central jet distributor (CJD) burner was defined to express the oxygen supply mode, and the KIVCET process with an MRR ranging from 0.09 to 0.39 was simulated. The results show that there are four efficient reaction regions that correspond to four CJD burners. A higher central oxygen flow improves the mixing between particles and oxygen, thus enhancing reactions and shortening the reaction regions. However, a higher dust rate is induced due to the spread of the particle columns. The optimal MRR for a KIVCET furnace with a smelting capacity of 50000 kg/h is suggested to be 0.31. In this case, the chemical reactions associated with the feed are completed with an acceptable dust rate.
文摘The Merguellil catchment （central Tunisia） has undergone rapid hydrological changes over the last decades. The most visible signs are a marked decrease in surface runoff in the upstream catchment and a complete change in the recharge processes of the Kairouan aquifer downstream. Fluctuations in rainfall have had a real but limited hydrological impact. Much more important are the consequences of human activities such as soil and water conservation works, small and large dams, pumping for irrigation. Several independent approaches were implemented： hydrodynamics, thermal surveys, geochemistry including isotopes. They helped to identify the different terms of the regional water balance and to characterize their changes over time.
文摘Two types of mafic intrusions have been recognized in the north of the Bafq district, Central Iran. A number of olivine-gabbroic to gabbroic sills intruded the Rizu Formation, comprised of alternating carbonate and volcanic rocks. Mineralogical data show that olivine + pyroxene +brown amphibole(kaersutite) + calcic plagioclase +opaque comprise the olivine-gabbroic rocks, and intermediate(or sodic) plagioclase + altered pyroxene and altered amphibole to biotite + opaque minerals the gabbroic rocks.Both rock types have shown within-plate and alkaline characters and have been presumed to be related to rift formation. The mafic-alkaline magma source of the sills is proposed to have been derived from enriched mantle.Regionally, two Gabbro–Diorite intrusions have been identified in the metamorphic complexes. Mineralogical data suggest that the pyroxene + amphibole(hornblende) +plagioclase + biotite + opaque minerals formed the gabbro to diorite intrusions. These rocks have shown characteristics of calc-alkaline and volcanic arc magmatism.
基金supported by the Iranian Institute for Geological Surveys and Mineral Exploration
文摘This study focuses on the geochemistry of trace elements and parameters of coal quality of bituminous coal belonging to the upper Triassic-lower Jurassic era, collected from the Galandrud region in Central Alborz, northern Iran. Galandrud coal on an air-dried basis are characterized by broad variation in the amount of ash （ranging from 6.49g to 12.73%）, a high content of volatile matter （33,32-37.45%） and high gross calorific values （7430-8880 kcal/kg）. The mineral matter of the coal samples studied is made up of dolomite （〉909g）, quartz, sphalerite, galena, pyrite and clay minerals. Major elements are positively cor- related with ash content suggesting an association with inorganic constituents. Based on statistical anal- yses, concentrations of trace elements such as Co （51.3 ×10^-6-152.9× 10^-6）, Ba （368× 10^-6-3297.4×10^-6）, Cr （65.5 ×10^-6-194.2 × 10^-6）, Mo （5.6 × 10^-6-18.2× 10^-6）, Hi （72.9 × 10^-6-152.9 × 10^-6） and V （245.5 × 10^-6-520 ×10^-6） are higher than world coal averages. However, low concentration of some vol- atile elements such as As, Hg and U are present in low concentrations of the various types of coal studied.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China(No.41572043)
文摘Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and geochemical analyses are undertaken for the garnet-bear-ing muscovite monzogranite in Yitong area, central Jilin Province. The formation age and petrogenesis of the granite are determined, and the regional tectonic background is discussed. Zircons from the granite are euhe-dral-subhedral in shape, and display fine-scale oscillatory growth zoning, indicating a magmatie origin. LA- ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating result indicates that the garnet-bearing muscovite monzogranites formed in the mid-dle Triassic （243 Ma ）. The garnet-bearing muscovite monzogranites have high SiO2 （SiO2 = 74.1%- 76.49% ）, rich aluminum （A1203 = 14.47%-14.68% ） and alkali （ NazO ＋ K20 = 4.31%-7.9% ）, low Fe203T and MgO （MgO =0.1%-0. 13% , Fe203T =0.46%-1.02% ）. The ratio of CaO/Na20 is between 0.17--0. 21. The garnet-bearing muscovite monzogranites in Yitong region are relatively enriched in light rare earth elements （LREEs） and large ion lithophile elements （LILEs） , and depleted of heavy rare earth elements （HREEs） and high field strength elements （HFSEs）. They are characterized by high Sr and Ba, poor Rb and Y, and negative Eu abnormally （δEu =0.48-0.62） , with Rb/Sr 〈 1. The εHf（t） values and TDM2 of zircons range from ＋ 6. 10 to ＋ 8.00 and from 725 Ma to 814 Ma, respectively. The above features indicate that gar- net-bearing muscovite monzogranites in Yitong area were derived from partial melting of metasedimentary rock. These granites have high Sr/Y ratios, which suggest they formed in a thickened continental crust. Combined with the coeval granitic rocks in central Jilin Province, we suggested that a significant eollisional and thickening event took place during the Middle Triassic.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China （39925018, 90508002 , 30121001） Chinese Academy of Science （KSCX 1-R65 and RSCX2-H10）+2 种基金 National Basic Research Program of China （973 project, 2002CB713700） American Cancer Society （RPG-99-173-01） a Gcc Breast Cancer Research award and National Institutes of Health grants DK56292 and CA89019 to XY （a GCC Eminent Scholar） and NS36194 （JW）.
文摘During cell division, chromosome segregation is orchestrated by the interaction of spindle microtubules with the centromere. A dramatic remodeling of interpolar microtubules into an organized central spindle between the separating chromatids is required for the initiation and execution ofcytokinesis. Central spindle organization requires mitotic kinesins, the chromosomal passenger protein complex, and microtubule bundling protein PRC 1. PRC 1 is phosphorylated by Cdc2 at Thr470 and Thr481 during mitosis. However, the functional relevance of PRC 1 phosphorylation at Thr470 has remained elusive. Here we show that expression of the non-phosphorylatable mutant PRC 1T470A but not the phospho-mimicking mutant PRC 1^T470E causes aberrant organization of the central spindle. Immunoprecipitation experiment indicates that both PRC 1^T470A and PRC 1^T470E mutant proteins associate with wild-type PRC 1, suggesting that phosphorylation of Thr470 does not alter PRC 1 self-association. In addition, in vitro co-sedimentation experiment showed that PRC 1 binds to microtubule independent of the phosphorylation state of Thr470. Gel-filtration experiment suggested that phosphorylation of Thr470 promotes oligomerization of PRC 1. Given the fact that prevention of the Thr470 phosphorylation inhibits PRC 1 oligomerization in vitro and causes an aberrant organization of central spindle in vivo, we propose that this phosphorylation-dependent PRC 1 oligomerization ensures that central spindle assembly occurs at the appropriate time in the cell cycle.
文摘Building envelopes include facades and roof, which have the most interaction and exchange with outside and natural environment. In the future, meeting buildings various complicated needs with new technological advances necessitates a change and evolution in building envelopes. Controlling the energy consumption of the buildings is mostly through controlling the energy performance of the building envelopes. New technologies lead to the intelligent facades and envelopes. The envelope can be designed to be a part of the whole building＇s metabolism （energy production, storage and consumption） and morphology. The envelope would be a controlled part of the building which is managed through the central control system of the building, which connects it to other parts. It caused building envelope design to be changed fundamentally, so that there is a need to interact with engineering disciplines including computer engineering, mechanical engineering, material engineering and so on. All of these caused building envelope to get closer to biological and living systems. The physical restrictions which affect buildings system and living systems are the same. So they cause the same forces to shape the structure and form of the systems and the same rules to interact with the environment. The restrictions of material and energy resources caused living systems to be energy efficient and consuming less material. But the most important difference between living systems and building systems is in maximum use of different resources. As living systems use information maximally, the building system technology is based on using maximum energy. Now, there are many reasons and restrictions that building envelopes cannot act like living systems. But technological developments and contributing more disciplines in design and construction of building envelopes caused the future way of these envelopes get close to living systems for their energy efficiency. Some of living systems characteristics which the future building envelopes would have partially or benefit for the design process or construction are self-organization, evolution principles, hierarchical levels, processing energy, reaction to environmental stimuli and self-adjustment. Self-organization is achieved in some design software and in building material production for creating formal patterns. Evolution principles provide infrastructure for soft wares for optimization purposes and form creation. Hierarchical levels refer to giving hierarchical structure to the building envelopes through layering and designing different scales. Processing energy （metabolism） would be achieved through photovoltaic and solar collectors to produce energy and in passive systems for energy storage and distribution. Controlling solar radiation absorption and transmittance would help energy transfer from outside to building and vice versa. Reaction to environmental stimuli which is one of the most important characteristics of future building envelopes would use different types of active and passive sensors to create envelope mechanical reactions through material properties or collect data for processing in the control center to determine the right reaction. The reaction would be through different strategies such as changing properties and moving. Reaction could be passive or active. Self-adjustment can be achieved by control systems and processing units. All of these mean intelligent envelopes are essential parts of future buildings. Though it is now started with new design soft wares based on biological principles to optimize different parameters affecting the envelope function or to create the most efficient form.
文摘The Proximity between the central business district and the settlement has led to many changes in the local Bantik community. These include changes in the function of settlements, population size, location of residence, and the movement of local culture. This study aims to examine the spatial changes that occur in local neighborhoods with a focus on the Bantik tribal community in Malalayang. Data were obtained from a series of field observations, questionnaires and structured interviews. This study conducted a series of analyses on spatial patterns, sociocultural factors and urban policy. The results show that the dynamic changes are natural and hard to avoid, since they are related to the community＇s needs and development of the city. In order to face the changes, adjustments in the values of the local community towards the settlement terms and conditions are necessary. In addition, an increase in internal resources for those local communities is needed.
文摘The problem of relationships between the center and outlying regions of the Russian Empire had always particular acuteness. Both historically determined ethno-cultural and socio-political mosaicity of Russia and nature of the Russian state defined priorities of its national policy, aimed at preserving unity and integrity of the country. An ideological basis for forming the imperial universe was the idea of ＂Russification＂. The fulfillment of the ＂Russification＂ policy in the North Caucasus was to a large extent bound up with an administrative practice, aimed at rearrangement of the local social structures and standardization of the variety of local organizational forms of management. One of the elements of ＂Russification＂ was also colonization, so far as the Russian settlers not only changed the regional socio-demographic background, but brought with them a certain ＂imperial complex＂. Patterns of positive motivation for ＂Russification＂ among local population are found in the field of education, which gave for the mountaineers an opportunity to successful integration into another civilization. However, the processes of imperial unification were fraught with a high conflict potential. The meeting of indigenous social structures with the Russian statehood was inevitably accompanied with the break-up of the whole system of established traditional relations and social roles.
文摘Present paper deals with the study of some physico-chemical parameters in Newaj River Water in Rajgarh District, Madhya Pradesh in the month of November and December 2008.The parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, Ca- hardness, Mg-hardness and chloride were determined. The results were compared with standards of IS： 10500 and WHO. From the results it was found that the most of the parameters of Newaj River water were within the permissible limit.
文摘This paper discusses the vein rocks located in the central part of Khibina Mts.. These rocks are located on the border of two zones： ore and external. In the ore, zone is present titanite-nepheline bodies whilst in the outer zone are massive-syenites ＂khibinites＂. The veins can be divided into： mikrosyenites, melteigites and other rock types （e.g., tinguaites）. The results of LA-ICP MS （laser ablation of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry） indicate that these rocks are associated with deep zones which formed as a result of injection of primary magma and contamination of fluids during migration, where there have hydrothermal processes. Rock-forming minerals, their corrosion and accessory minerals indicate these processes, too.
文摘This paper examines the appropriateness of the adoption of Anglo-American type of reorganization provisions into national bankruptcy law using Thailand as a sample. It argues that such adoption shall be cautious. Since Thailand started to accommodate such provisions, reorganization, apparently, has limited usefulness--benefitting only large-scale debtors because it does not fit with the nature of Thai business culture, i.e., the borrowing-lending relationship and less-than-arm＇s length business connections. On average, only every one in 200 bankruptcy cases employs reorganization; the rest goes for liquidation but the average outstanding debt in reorganization is over 30 times higher than liquidation. Interestingly, the adjudication rate of reorganization is faster than those of liquidation. Debtors＇ strategic use of the law and the procedural bias are suspected. Debt restructuring led by the central bank in cooperation with commercial banks, instead, is overwhelmingly more successful, equally efficient, and effective because any ailing firm can renegotiate its borrowing contract rather easily in the low transaction cost environment. Debt restructuring outperformed reorganization roughly 800 and two times in terms of cases and debt amount respectively. Thus, the adoption of non-indigenous provisions shall be made prudently. This argument applies towards the standardization of insolvency legislation. Standardizing bankruptcy procedures shall be made carefully and national economic conditions including local business nature and uniqueness are worth examined before any enactment or amendment. Otherwise, benefits of international trade and investment would be achieved at the expense of economic efficiency.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2009 CB219306)the Important National Science & Technology Specific Projects (No.2009GYXQ14)
文摘From observing cores of 18 wells,identifying 175 ordinary thin sections and 61 thin casting sections,energy spectrum analyses of 37 samples,homogenization temperature measurement of fluid inclusions of 11 samples,we determine the types of diagenesis and pores of the Fuyu oil reservoir in the north Qijia region.We classified the pores and measured their plane porosity using CIA 2000,the software of rock image analysis,calculated the effect of different kinds of diagenesis on porosity,studied the controlling actions of diagenesis to pore evolution quantitatively,combined with burial history,thermal history and their diagenetic environments.Our results show that mechanical compaction and carbonate cementation are the major destructive diagenesed,developed during early diagenesis stages.The reduction in porosity by mechanical compaction and carbonate cementation are about 25% and 8%,while the destructive intensity of siliceous cementation and clay mineral cementation is relatively much smaller,i.e.,the reduction of porosity is about 2% and 0.2% Dissolution is constructive diagenesis,the increment of porosity is about 6%.There are four diagenesis evolution stages,during which the porosity reduced from 30%～38% to 2%～20%.Mechanical compaction and early cementation are the main diageneses in the early diagenesis stages,when porosity was reduced to 2%～10%.Dissolution is the main diagenesis of an A I substage of the middle diagenesis stage,when porosity increased 1%～8%.The dissolution of the A Ⅱ substage of the middle diagenesis stage affected by late cementation,raised porosity 1%～5%.The porosity varied slightly during the middle stage B.
基金Acknowledgements： This work was supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. u0731004）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30871845） and Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China （No. 07118116）.
文摘Orexin-A （OxA） is a key neuropeptide involved in the central control of appetite and the maintenance of energy homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of glycemia. In the present study, OxA receptors, OXtR and OX2R were identified to be highly expressed in porcine hepatocytes. 100 nM OxA could rapidly stimulate the glucose output of porcine hepatocytes in 10min. Primary hepatocytes treated by 1 nM-500 nM OxA for 24 h significantly increase the released glucose and the concentration of albumin, total bile acids and triglyceride in the supernatant. The mRNA expression level of such gluconeogenesis and fat mobilization related genes as acetyl-coA carboxylase, glycogen phosphorylase, fatty acid translocase and phosphoenolpyrurate carboxykinase were also up-regulated accordingly. The results first demonstrated that OxA had direct effect on the hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, which was an aspect for OxA to exert its maintenance function of energy homeostasis.
基金supported by Hong Kong Research Grants Council General Research Fund(Grant Nos.14302515 and 14304917)
文摘Let X_1, X_2,... be a sequence of independent random variables and S_n=sum X_1 from i=1 to n and V_n^2=sum X_1~2 from i=1 to n . When the elements of the sequence are i.i.d., it is known that the self-normalized sum S_n/V_n converges to a standard normal distribution if and only if max1≤i≤n|X_i|/V_n → 0 in probability and the mean of X_1 is zero. In this paper, sufficient conditions for the self-normalized central limit theorem are obtained for general independent random variables. It is also shown that if max1≤i≤n|X_i|/V_n → 0 in probability, then these sufficient conditions are necessary.
