Freeze drying or lyophilization of aqueous solutions is widely used in pharmaceutical industry. The in-creased importance Of the process is gaining a worldwide interest of research. A growing body of literature has de...Freeze drying or lyophilization of aqueous solutions is widely used in pharmaceutical industry. The in-creased importance Of the process is gaining a worldwide interest of research. A growing body of literature has demonstrated that the scientific approach can result in improved product quality with minimum trial and error em-piricism. Formulation and process development need a systematical understanding of the physical chemistry of freezing and freeze drying, material science and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This paper presents an overview on freeze ding of aqueous solutions based on publications in the past few decades. The important issuesof the process are analyzed.展开更多
Charophytes or stoneworts constitute a group of macrophytes that occur mostly in fresh-water environments but can also be found in brackish waters. Knowledge about stoneworts in Albania is still scarce and incomplete....Charophytes or stoneworts constitute a group of macrophytes that occur mostly in fresh-water environments but can also be found in brackish waters. Knowledge about stoneworts in Albania is still scarce and incomplete. According to published data on charoflora of Albania, there are 24 species and four genera known from different freshwater habitats. The present work is based on plant material sampled from 5 slightly brackish-water temporary ponds in the coastal area of Velipoja （north Albania）. During spring and summer of 2013-2015, field surveys were carried out with the main purpose of filling knowledge gaps concerning brackish water charophytes. Altogether seven species were identified： four typical of brackish water habitat （Chara baltica, Chara canescens, Chara galioides and Chara connivens） and three of broader tolerance （ Chara aspera, Chara vulgaris and Tolypella glomerata）. The first three species, which considered as the rarest and most threatened on the Balkans were found for the first time in Albania.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21076042)Research Grants Council of Hong Kong SAR (RGC 600704)
文摘Freeze drying or lyophilization of aqueous solutions is widely used in pharmaceutical industry. The in-creased importance Of the process is gaining a worldwide interest of research. A growing body of literature has demonstrated that the scientific approach can result in improved product quality with minimum trial and error em-piricism. Formulation and process development need a systematical understanding of the physical chemistry of freezing and freeze drying, material science and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This paper presents an overview on freeze ding of aqueous solutions based on publications in the past few decades. The important issuesof the process are analyzed.
文摘Charophytes or stoneworts constitute a group of macrophytes that occur mostly in fresh-water environments but can also be found in brackish waters. Knowledge about stoneworts in Albania is still scarce and incomplete. According to published data on charoflora of Albania, there are 24 species and four genera known from different freshwater habitats. The present work is based on plant material sampled from 5 slightly brackish-water temporary ponds in the coastal area of Velipoja （north Albania）. During spring and summer of 2013-2015, field surveys were carried out with the main purpose of filling knowledge gaps concerning brackish water charophytes. Altogether seven species were identified： four typical of brackish water habitat （Chara baltica, Chara canescens, Chara galioides and Chara connivens） and three of broader tolerance （ Chara aspera, Chara vulgaris and Tolypella glomerata）. The first three species, which considered as the rarest and most threatened on the Balkans were found for the first time in Albania.
