Stochastic characteristics of the Benue River streamflow process are examined under conditions of data austerity. The streamflow process is investigated for trend, non-stationarity and seasonality for a time period of...Stochastic characteristics of the Benue River streamflow process are examined under conditions of data austerity. The streamflow process is investigated for trend, non-stationarity and seasonality for a time period of 26 years. Results of trend analyses with Mann-Kendall test show that there is no trend in the annual mean discharges. Monthly flow series examined with seasonal Kendall test indicate the presence of positive change in the trend for some months, especially the months of August, January, and February. For the stationarity test, daily and monthly flow series appear to be stationary whereas at 1%, 5%, and 10% significant levels, the stationarity alternative hypothesis is rejected for the annual flow series. Though monthly flow appears to be stationary going by this test, because of high seasonality, it could be said to exhibit periodic stationarity based on the seasonality analysis. The following conclusions are drawn： （1） There is seasonality in both the mean and variance with unimodal distribution. （2） Days with high mean also have high variance. （3） Skewness coefficients for the months within the dry season period are greater than those of the wet season period, and seasonal autocorrelations for streamflow during dry season are generally larger than those of the wet season. Precisely, they are significantly different for most of the months. （4） The autocorrelation functions estimated ＂over time＂ are greater in the absolute value for data that have not been deseasonalised but were initially normalised by logarithmic transformation only, while autocorrelation functions for i = 1, 2 365 estimated ＂over realisations＂ have their coefficients significantly different from other coefficients.展开更多
Nowadays, most people＇ s financial literacy is not high enough in face with the rapid development of economic situation.And currently the popularity of financial education is in a state of scarcity.Thus many countrie...Nowadays, most people＇ s financial literacy is not high enough in face with the rapid development of economic situation.And currently the popularity of financial education is in a state of scarcity.Thus many countries have taken measures to make financial education more effective. Financial education can not only help financial consumers make wise choice, but also beneficial to the smooth operation of market economy.To some degree, it can also avoid financial crisis.This article introduces the content of financial education and the basic situation of financial education in some developed countries in the first place, and then describes the evaluation of its effectives to raise people＇ s awareness of financial education and to emphasize the necessity of the evaluation of its effectiveness.展开更多
equalization of public services is not only conducive to the promotion of social justice; it maintains social stability and national unity, but also helps to promote the coordinated development of economy and society....equalization of public services is not only conducive to the promotion of social justice; it maintains social stability and national unity, but also helps to promote the coordinated development of economy and society. States should give full play to the role of taxation mechanisms to actively promote the use of transfer payments to the equalization of basic public services. In this paper, we focus on China＇ s current system of transfer payments problems and we should deepen mode of transfer payment system＇ s equalization of basic public services under the trend of design.展开更多
基金Supported by the Post Graduate Research Fund from Federal Government of Nigeria under the BEA Scholarship Program （No.CSC2005566002）
文摘Stochastic characteristics of the Benue River streamflow process are examined under conditions of data austerity. The streamflow process is investigated for trend, non-stationarity and seasonality for a time period of 26 years. Results of trend analyses with Mann-Kendall test show that there is no trend in the annual mean discharges. Monthly flow series examined with seasonal Kendall test indicate the presence of positive change in the trend for some months, especially the months of August, January, and February. For the stationarity test, daily and monthly flow series appear to be stationary whereas at 1%, 5%, and 10% significant levels, the stationarity alternative hypothesis is rejected for the annual flow series. Though monthly flow appears to be stationary going by this test, because of high seasonality, it could be said to exhibit periodic stationarity based on the seasonality analysis. The following conclusions are drawn： （1） There is seasonality in both the mean and variance with unimodal distribution. （2） Days with high mean also have high variance. （3） Skewness coefficients for the months within the dry season period are greater than those of the wet season period, and seasonal autocorrelations for streamflow during dry season are generally larger than those of the wet season. Precisely, they are significantly different for most of the months. （4） The autocorrelation functions estimated ＂over time＂ are greater in the absolute value for data that have not been deseasonalised but were initially normalised by logarithmic transformation only, while autocorrelation functions for i = 1, 2 365 estimated ＂over realisations＂ have their coefficients significantly different from other coefficients.
文摘Nowadays, most people＇ s financial literacy is not high enough in face with the rapid development of economic situation.And currently the popularity of financial education is in a state of scarcity.Thus many countries have taken measures to make financial education more effective. Financial education can not only help financial consumers make wise choice, but also beneficial to the smooth operation of market economy.To some degree, it can also avoid financial crisis.This article introduces the content of financial education and the basic situation of financial education in some developed countries in the first place, and then describes the evaluation of its effectives to raise people＇ s awareness of financial education and to emphasize the necessity of the evaluation of its effectiveness.
文摘equalization of public services is not only conducive to the promotion of social justice; it maintains social stability and national unity, but also helps to promote the coordinated development of economy and society. States should give full play to the role of taxation mechanisms to actively promote the use of transfer payments to the equalization of basic public services. In this paper, we focus on China＇ s current system of transfer payments problems and we should deepen mode of transfer payment system＇ s equalization of basic public services under the trend of design.
