Background: Overweight and obese persons are at increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease. An association between body-mass index (BMI)-the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters-an...Background: Overweight and obese persons are at increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease. An association between body-mass index (BMI)-the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters-and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease in persons of normal weight has not been demonstrated. Methods: In 2000, we used a supplemental questionnaire to determine the frequency, severity, and duration of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease among randomly selected participants in the Nurses’Health Study. After categorizing women according to BMI as measured in 1998, we used logistic-regression models to study the association between BMI and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Results: Of 10,545 women who completed the questionnaire (response rate, 86 percent), 2310 (22 percent) reported having symptoms at least once a week, and 3419 (55 percent of those who had any symptoms) described their symptoms as moderate in severity. We observed a dose-dependent relationship between increasing BMI and frequent reflux symptoms (multivariate P for trend < 0.001). As compared with women who had a BMI of 20.0 to 22.4, the multivariate odds ratios for frequent symptoms were 0.67 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.93) for a BMI of less than 20.0, 1.38 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.67) for a BMI of 22.5 to 24.9, 2.20 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.81 to 2.66) for a BMI of 25.0 to 27.4, 2.43 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.96 to 3.01) for a BMI of 27.5 to 29.9, 2.92 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.35 to 3.62) for a BMI of 30.0 to 34.9, and 2.93 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.24 to 3.85) for a BMI of 35.0 or more. Even in women with a normal baseline BMI, an increase in BMI of more than 3.5, as compared with no weight changes, was associated with an increased risk of frequent symptoms of reflux (odds ratio, 2.80; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.63 to 4.82). Conclusions: BMI is associated with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease in both normal weight and overweight women. Even moderate weight gain among persons of normal weight may cause or exacerbate symptoms of reflux.展开更多
Objective: To determine whether the CAG repeat length of the androgen receptor (AR) gene contributes to individual differences in the susceptibility to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: Retr...Objective: To determine whether the CAG repeat length of the androgen receptor (AR) gene contributes to individual differences in the susceptibility to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: Retrospective case- control study. Setting: University- based clinic. Patient(s): One hundred six nondiabetic women with PCOS and 112 nonhirsute fertile controls. Intervention(s): Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length was analyzed in women with PCOS and their controls. Main Outcome Measure(s): Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length in both groups. Result(s): The mean CAGn was 21.5 repeats in both groups (NS; t- test). Furthermore, when the CAGn lengths were divided into three categories (CAGn ≤ 18, 19- 24, ≥ 25), the distribution was similar in both groups (NS; χ 2 test). However, all five women carrying ≤ 15 CAG repeats belonged to the PCOS group. In the PCOS group, CAGn did not correlate with body mass index or serum testosterone concentration. Conclusion(s): Androgen receptor CAGn is not a major determinant of PCOS. However, it may be a significant modulator of androgen- related diseases in some individuals.展开更多
文摘Background: Overweight and obese persons are at increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease. An association between body-mass index (BMI)-the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters-and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease in persons of normal weight has not been demonstrated. Methods: In 2000, we used a supplemental questionnaire to determine the frequency, severity, and duration of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease among randomly selected participants in the Nurses’Health Study. After categorizing women according to BMI as measured in 1998, we used logistic-regression models to study the association between BMI and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Results: Of 10,545 women who completed the questionnaire (response rate, 86 percent), 2310 (22 percent) reported having symptoms at least once a week, and 3419 (55 percent of those who had any symptoms) described their symptoms as moderate in severity. We observed a dose-dependent relationship between increasing BMI and frequent reflux symptoms (multivariate P for trend < 0.001). As compared with women who had a BMI of 20.0 to 22.4, the multivariate odds ratios for frequent symptoms were 0.67 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.93) for a BMI of less than 20.0, 1.38 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.67) for a BMI of 22.5 to 24.9, 2.20 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.81 to 2.66) for a BMI of 25.0 to 27.4, 2.43 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.96 to 3.01) for a BMI of 27.5 to 29.9, 2.92 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.35 to 3.62) for a BMI of 30.0 to 34.9, and 2.93 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.24 to 3.85) for a BMI of 35.0 or more. Even in women with a normal baseline BMI, an increase in BMI of more than 3.5, as compared with no weight changes, was associated with an increased risk of frequent symptoms of reflux (odds ratio, 2.80; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.63 to 4.82). Conclusions: BMI is associated with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease in both normal weight and overweight women. Even moderate weight gain among persons of normal weight may cause or exacerbate symptoms of reflux.
文摘Objective: To determine whether the CAG repeat length of the androgen receptor (AR) gene contributes to individual differences in the susceptibility to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: Retrospective case- control study. Setting: University- based clinic. Patient(s): One hundred six nondiabetic women with PCOS and 112 nonhirsute fertile controls. Intervention(s): Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length was analyzed in women with PCOS and their controls. Main Outcome Measure(s): Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length in both groups. Result(s): The mean CAGn was 21.5 repeats in both groups (NS; t- test). Furthermore, when the CAGn lengths were divided into three categories (CAGn ≤ 18, 19- 24, ≥ 25), the distribution was similar in both groups (NS; χ 2 test). However, all five women carrying ≤ 15 CAG repeats belonged to the PCOS group. In the PCOS group, CAGn did not correlate with body mass index or serum testosterone concentration. Conclusion(s): Androgen receptor CAGn is not a major determinant of PCOS. However, it may be a significant modulator of androgen- related diseases in some individuals.
