AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of head compensatory postures to ensure safe oropharyngeal transit. METHODS: A total of 321 dysphagia patients were enrolled and assessed with videofluoromanometry (VFM). The dysp...AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of head compensatory postures to ensure safe oropharyngeal transit. METHODS: A total of 321 dysphagia patients were enrolled and assessed with videofluoromanometry (VFM). The dysphagia patients were classified as follows: safe transit; penetration without aspiration; aspiration before, during or after swallowing; multiple aspirations and no transit. The patients with aspiration or no transit were tested with VFM to determine whether compensatory postures could correct their swallowing disorder. RESULTS: VFM revealed penetration without aspiration in 71 patients (22.1%); aspiration before swallowing in 17 patients (5.3%); aspiration during swallowing in 32 patients (10%); aspiration after swallowing in 21 patients (6.5%); multiple aspirations in six patients (1.9%); no transit in five patients (1.6%); and safe transit in 169 patients (52.6%). Compensatory postures guaranteed a safe transit in 66/75 (88%) patients with aspiration or no transit. A chin-down posture achieved a safe swallow in 42/75 (56%) patients, a head-turned posture in 19/75 (25.3%) and a hyperextended head posture in 5/75 (6.7%). The compensatory postures were not effective in 9/75 (12%) cases. CONCLUSION: VFM allows the speech-language therapist to choose the most effective compensatory posture without a trial-and-error process and check the effectiveness of the posture.展开更多
Mine refuge chambers are used to shield miners who fail to escape from the mine when incidents occur. Environment maintaining system plays a key role in stabilizing thermal environment of a mine refuge chamber against...Mine refuge chambers are used to shield miners who fail to escape from the mine when incidents occur. Environment maintaining system plays a key role in stabilizing thermal environment of a mine refuge chamber against heat emitted from metabolism and transferred from outside. The safety and comfort of refugees are closely related to the environment maintaining system design. In order to improve the comfort of refugees, optimization on the environment maintaining system has been done based on the previous work. To evaluate the environment of the chamber, eight volunteers were involved into the experiment. Under close observation and safety protection, they lived in a heat-isolated test chamber for 106 hours. The volunteers were asked to maintain low level of activities to simulate refugees＇ situation. It shows that the environment maintaining system worked well and the temperature, relative humidity and emitted harmful air content such as CO2 and CO were all kept in the safety level, and no discomfort was felt by volunteers at all.展开更多
It is of great significance to enhance collaborative community policing for crime prevention and better community-police relationships. Understanding the relational structure of collaborative community policing is nec...It is of great significance to enhance collaborative community policing for crime prevention and better community-police relationships. Understanding the relational structure of collaborative community policing is necessary to pinpoint the pattern of interactions among key actors involved in community policing and improve the effectiveness of network governance. Based on 234 surveys of citizens of S Community in Beijing from April 2017 to May 2017, this paper empirically examines the characteristics of formal network and informal network of citizen participation in the collaborative community policing. Beijing is widely known for its active involvement of neighborhood volunteers in different types of community policing. We focused on four different types of interpersonal work relationships in this study： workflow, problem solving, mentoring and friendship, among resident committees, neighborhood administrative offices, media, police station, business security personnel, neighborhood volunteers, and security activists. The nature of relationships between individuals in networks can be treated as from instrumental ties to expressive ties. Expressive ties cover relationships that involve the exchange of friendship, trust, and socio-emotional support. We extended this intra-organizational insight into a community policing inter-organizational context. The collaborative network showed the trend of the distributed network. The clustering analysis showed that in the workflow network, we should make thll use of the close interaction between the citizens and activists in the community. Meanwhile, in the problem-solving network, mentoring network and friendship network, interactions between citizens and neighborhood committee are weak.展开更多
Green electricity(GE)is of great importance for effectively combating climate change and global Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).The willingness-to-pay(WTP)for GE by end users has great influence on its widespread ...Green electricity(GE)is of great importance for effectively combating climate change and global Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).The willingness-to-pay(WTP)for GE by end users has great influence on its widespread application,especially at the household level.Researchers have analyzed the mechanisms of residents’WTP and predicted how much they could afford for GE.However,most of these studies have focused on developed(affluent)countries and regions,and residents’WTP as well as the corresponding monetary amount of their WTP were not considered together in previous studies.In this study,we try to fill the gap of the inadequate research of residents’WTP in underdeveloped areas through an analysis of the WTP of urban residents in a small Chinese city(Anyang).A total of 274 household-scale samples were collected by face-to-face interviews in December 2019.We found that approximately 60%of respondents gave a positive response to WTP,with an average value of 8.39 yuan per month.Educational attainment,per capita disposable income in the household,the length of residents’time living in urban areas and the rate of neighbors’approval of WTP are all positively correlated with the tendency of the residents’positive response toward WTP.The three factors of per capita disposable income,the rate of neighbors’approval of WTP and the degree of residents’environmental concerns are positively correlated with the amount of residents’WTP.More importantly,we demonstrated the existence of a weak“Herd Effect”in residents’views of WTP.Finally,some suggestions for policymakers are given,such as raising household income through retraining and raising residents’environmental awareness through education and community advertisements.This study also highlights that the widespread application of GE at the household level will be of great assistance to the GE industry overall.Therefore,the rising economic cost of GE should not be shared by the households in the long term.展开更多
文摘AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of head compensatory postures to ensure safe oropharyngeal transit. METHODS: A total of 321 dysphagia patients were enrolled and assessed with videofluoromanometry (VFM). The dysphagia patients were classified as follows: safe transit; penetration without aspiration; aspiration before, during or after swallowing; multiple aspirations and no transit. The patients with aspiration or no transit were tested with VFM to determine whether compensatory postures could correct their swallowing disorder. RESULTS: VFM revealed penetration without aspiration in 71 patients (22.1%); aspiration before swallowing in 17 patients (5.3%); aspiration during swallowing in 32 patients (10%); aspiration after swallowing in 21 patients (6.5%); multiple aspirations in six patients (1.9%); no transit in five patients (1.6%); and safe transit in 169 patients (52.6%). Compensatory postures guaranteed a safe transit in 66/75 (88%) patients with aspiration or no transit. A chin-down posture achieved a safe swallow in 42/75 (56%) patients, a head-turned posture in 19/75 (25.3%) and a hyperextended head posture in 5/75 (6.7%). The compensatory postures were not effective in 9/75 (12%) cases. CONCLUSION: VFM allows the speech-language therapist to choose the most effective compensatory posture without a trial-and-error process and check the effectiveness of the posture.
文摘Mine refuge chambers are used to shield miners who fail to escape from the mine when incidents occur. Environment maintaining system plays a key role in stabilizing thermal environment of a mine refuge chamber against heat emitted from metabolism and transferred from outside. The safety and comfort of refugees are closely related to the environment maintaining system design. In order to improve the comfort of refugees, optimization on the environment maintaining system has been done based on the previous work. To evaluate the environment of the chamber, eight volunteers were involved into the experiment. Under close observation and safety protection, they lived in a heat-isolated test chamber for 106 hours. The volunteers were asked to maintain low level of activities to simulate refugees＇ situation. It shows that the environment maintaining system worked well and the temperature, relative humidity and emitted harmful air content such as CO2 and CO were all kept in the safety level, and no discomfort was felt by volunteers at all.
文摘It is of great significance to enhance collaborative community policing for crime prevention and better community-police relationships. Understanding the relational structure of collaborative community policing is necessary to pinpoint the pattern of interactions among key actors involved in community policing and improve the effectiveness of network governance. Based on 234 surveys of citizens of S Community in Beijing from April 2017 to May 2017, this paper empirically examines the characteristics of formal network and informal network of citizen participation in the collaborative community policing. Beijing is widely known for its active involvement of neighborhood volunteers in different types of community policing. We focused on four different types of interpersonal work relationships in this study： workflow, problem solving, mentoring and friendship, among resident committees, neighborhood administrative offices, media, police station, business security personnel, neighborhood volunteers, and security activists. The nature of relationships between individuals in networks can be treated as from instrumental ties to expressive ties. Expressive ties cover relationships that involve the exchange of friendship, trust, and socio-emotional support. We extended this intra-organizational insight into a community policing inter-organizational context. The collaborative network showed the trend of the distributed network. The clustering analysis showed that in the workflow network, we should make thll use of the close interaction between the citizens and activists in the community. Meanwhile, in the problem-solving network, mentoring network and friendship network, interactions between citizens and neighborhood committee are weak.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(71874178)。
文摘Green electricity(GE)is of great importance for effectively combating climate change and global Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).The willingness-to-pay(WTP)for GE by end users has great influence on its widespread application,especially at the household level.Researchers have analyzed the mechanisms of residents’WTP and predicted how much they could afford for GE.However,most of these studies have focused on developed(affluent)countries and regions,and residents’WTP as well as the corresponding monetary amount of their WTP were not considered together in previous studies.In this study,we try to fill the gap of the inadequate research of residents’WTP in underdeveloped areas through an analysis of the WTP of urban residents in a small Chinese city(Anyang).A total of 274 household-scale samples were collected by face-to-face interviews in December 2019.We found that approximately 60%of respondents gave a positive response to WTP,with an average value of 8.39 yuan per month.Educational attainment,per capita disposable income in the household,the length of residents’time living in urban areas and the rate of neighbors’approval of WTP are all positively correlated with the tendency of the residents’positive response toward WTP.The three factors of per capita disposable income,the rate of neighbors’approval of WTP and the degree of residents’environmental concerns are positively correlated with the amount of residents’WTP.More importantly,we demonstrated the existence of a weak“Herd Effect”in residents’views of WTP.Finally,some suggestions for policymakers are given,such as raising household income through retraining and raising residents’environmental awareness through education and community advertisements.This study also highlights that the widespread application of GE at the household level will be of great assistance to the GE industry overall.Therefore,the rising economic cost of GE should not be shared by the households in the long term.
