The QUENCH experimental programme at Karlsruhe under severe accident conditions, but while the geometry is still Institute of Technology investigates heat-up and reflooding of a core mainly rod-like. The recent QUENCH...The QUENCH experimental programme at Karlsruhe under severe accident conditions, but while the geometry is still Institute of Technology investigates heat-up and reflooding of a core mainly rod-like. The recent QUENCH-ACM series of experiments, comprising QUENCH-12 （El 10 cladding alloy）, -14 （M5 alloy） and -15 （Zirlo^TM alloy）, together with QUENCH-06 （reference case, Zircaloy-4 alloy） addressed the effect of alternative cladding materials on oxidation and quenching under similar conditions. Superficial inspection of the experimental results reveals only minor differences in the thermal and oxidation response, except for the much larger hydrogen release during reflood in QUENCH-12. Post-test calculations were performed using a version of SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.2, modified to represent the QUENCH facility and to invoke alternative oxidation correlations. The calculations agreed rather well with experiments QUENCH-06, -14 and -15, but the significant hydrogen release during reflood in QUENCH-12 was not captured. Closer examination of the experimental results reveals further differences between QUENCH-12 which may be linked to breakaway oxidation of the E110 cladding. The analyses support the heuristic observation that there was no major difference between the influence of Zircaloy-4, M5 or ZirloTM, but the E-110 exhibited a contrasting behaviour with a consequent impact on the reflooding.展开更多
The frequent occurrence of extreme flood events in the late 1990s and the past decade has brought about an ongoing debate on the relationships between wetland resources, wetland ecosystem services, and human developme...The frequent occurrence of extreme flood events in the late 1990s and the past decade has brought about an ongoing debate on the relationships between wetland resources, wetland ecosystem services, and human development and livelihoods of communities in the Dongting Lake area. This paper is prepared for analysing the best practices in wise-use and sustainable management of wetland and their socioeconomic benefits in Polder Xipanshanzhou in Dongting Lake. The quantitative （monetary values） and qualitative socioeconomic data of 1683 samples from questionnaire surveys during 2000 to 2008 were used for this study, of which 1173 were obtained in Polder Xipanshanzhou. Five conclusions are drawn from the study： （i） the community-based alternative activities and wise-use in Polder Xipanshanzhou after ＂Returning Farmland to Lake＂ （RFL） resulted in more income, increased well-being, reduced vulnerability to food shortage, poverty and flooding, and more sustainable use of the natural resource base; （ii） women, elder farmers, and low-income groups benefited much more from these activities; （iii） livelihood continued to improve as compared with that when the project started in 2000, and project participating households earned more income and owned more properties than non-project households. Even after the external funding stopped in 2001, its positive accumulated effects have still been significantly contributing to the improvement of livelihoods of this community; （iv） social structures within Polder Xipanshanzhou have been evolving in a positive way, community-based grass-roots organizations have emerged and developed well, and the capacities of community-based participatory co-management, self-governing and self- development, as well as local awareness of environmental issues have been improving, which attract more local people to be interested in such wise-use activities; and （v） the success can be attributed to the mobilization of local communities, favorable national policies, Public-Private Partnership （PPP）, institutional arrangements in local communities, and adaptive management and innovative approaches.展开更多
文摘The QUENCH experimental programme at Karlsruhe under severe accident conditions, but while the geometry is still Institute of Technology investigates heat-up and reflooding of a core mainly rod-like. The recent QUENCH-ACM series of experiments, comprising QUENCH-12 （El 10 cladding alloy）, -14 （M5 alloy） and -15 （Zirlo^TM alloy）, together with QUENCH-06 （reference case, Zircaloy-4 alloy） addressed the effect of alternative cladding materials on oxidation and quenching under similar conditions. Superficial inspection of the experimental results reveals only minor differences in the thermal and oxidation response, except for the much larger hydrogen release during reflood in QUENCH-12. Post-test calculations were performed using a version of SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.2, modified to represent the QUENCH facility and to invoke alternative oxidation correlations. The calculations agreed rather well with experiments QUENCH-06, -14 and -15, but the significant hydrogen release during reflood in QUENCH-12 was not captured. Closer examination of the experimental results reveals further differences between QUENCH-12 which may be linked to breakaway oxidation of the E110 cladding. The analyses support the heuristic observation that there was no major difference between the influence of Zircaloy-4, M5 or ZirloTM, but the E-110 exhibited a contrasting behaviour with a consequent impact on the reflooding.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 30670374)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program): Ecosystem Services and Ecological Safety of the Major Terrestrial Ecosystems of China (grant number: 2009CB421106)WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) International Collaboration Program: Wetland Ecosystem Assessment and Management in Dongting Lake (grant number: CN0088.03-YB01/02/03/04)
文摘The frequent occurrence of extreme flood events in the late 1990s and the past decade has brought about an ongoing debate on the relationships between wetland resources, wetland ecosystem services, and human development and livelihoods of communities in the Dongting Lake area. This paper is prepared for analysing the best practices in wise-use and sustainable management of wetland and their socioeconomic benefits in Polder Xipanshanzhou in Dongting Lake. The quantitative （monetary values） and qualitative socioeconomic data of 1683 samples from questionnaire surveys during 2000 to 2008 were used for this study, of which 1173 were obtained in Polder Xipanshanzhou. Five conclusions are drawn from the study： （i） the community-based alternative activities and wise-use in Polder Xipanshanzhou after ＂Returning Farmland to Lake＂ （RFL） resulted in more income, increased well-being, reduced vulnerability to food shortage, poverty and flooding, and more sustainable use of the natural resource base; （ii） women, elder farmers, and low-income groups benefited much more from these activities; （iii） livelihood continued to improve as compared with that when the project started in 2000, and project participating households earned more income and owned more properties than non-project households. Even after the external funding stopped in 2001, its positive accumulated effects have still been significantly contributing to the improvement of livelihoods of this community; （iv） social structures within Polder Xipanshanzhou have been evolving in a positive way, community-based grass-roots organizations have emerged and developed well, and the capacities of community-based participatory co-management, self-governing and self- development, as well as local awareness of environmental issues have been improving, which attract more local people to be interested in such wise-use activities; and （v） the success can be attributed to the mobilization of local communities, favorable national policies, Public-Private Partnership （PPP）, institutional arrangements in local communities, and adaptive management and innovative approaches.
