Samples of thickened waste activated sludge （TWAS） at two different concentrations were exposed to microwave radiation. Some of the samples were not allowed to heat up, to study the athermal effect of microwaves. Th...Samples of thickened waste activated sludge （TWAS） at two different concentrations were exposed to microwave radiation. Some of the samples were not allowed to heat up, to study the athermal effect of microwaves. The samples exposed to microwaves where their temperature was allowed to increase showed a higher degree of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, protein and carbohydrate solubilization compared to a control. The size distribution of particles was changed after exposure of TWAS to microwaves. These results were also observed in the samples exposed to microwaves but kept at a constant temperature, suggesting the occurrence of a microwave athermal effect. Thermally （samples experiencing a temperature increase） and athermally （samples that were maintained at ambient temperature） microwaved subsequent anaerobic biodegradation. samples produced more methane than the non-microwaved controls in展开更多
Frequent occurrences of extreme heat are causing severe ozone pollution over China.This study examined the driving factors of urban ozone pollution in China during the extremely hot summer of 2022 and the impact of em...Frequent occurrences of extreme heat are causing severe ozone pollution over China.This study examined the driving factors of urban ozone pollution in China during the extremely hot summer of 2022 and the impact of emission control strategies using surface measurements and the GEOS-Chem model.The results show that ozone pollution was extremely severe in summer 2022,with a significant rebound by 12-15 ppbv in the North China Plain(NCP),Yangtze River Delta(YRD),and Sichuan basin(SCB),compared to 2021.Especially over the NCP,the MDA8(maximum daily 8-hourly average)ozone exceeded 160 ppbv,and the number of ozone exceedances was over 42 days.Based on an IPR(integrated process rate)analysis,the authors found that the net chemical production was the dominant factor contributing to the strong ozone increase in summer 2022.For example,in June over the NCP,the net chemical production resulted in an increase by 3.08 Gg d^(−1)(∼270%)in ozone mass change.Sensitivity simulations showed that both NO_(x)(nitrogen oxides)and VOC(volatile organic compound)reductions were important over the NCP,and NO_(x)reductions were more important than VOCs over southern China.To keep the ozone of 2022 at the same level as 2021,a joint reduction of NO_(x)and VOCs by at least 50%-60%would have been required.This study highlights the urgency to develop effective ozone management since extreme heat will become more frequent.展开更多
文摘Samples of thickened waste activated sludge （TWAS） at two different concentrations were exposed to microwave radiation. Some of the samples were not allowed to heat up, to study the athermal effect of microwaves. The samples exposed to microwaves where their temperature was allowed to increase showed a higher degree of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, protein and carbohydrate solubilization compared to a control. The size distribution of particles was changed after exposure of TWAS to microwaves. These results were also observed in the samples exposed to microwaves but kept at a constant temperature, suggesting the occurrence of a microwave athermal effect. Thermally （samples experiencing a temperature increase） and athermally （samples that were maintained at ambient temperature） microwaved subsequent anaerobic biodegradation. samples produced more methane than the non-microwaved controls in
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2022YFE0136100]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42205114].
文摘Frequent occurrences of extreme heat are causing severe ozone pollution over China.This study examined the driving factors of urban ozone pollution in China during the extremely hot summer of 2022 and the impact of emission control strategies using surface measurements and the GEOS-Chem model.The results show that ozone pollution was extremely severe in summer 2022,with a significant rebound by 12-15 ppbv in the North China Plain(NCP),Yangtze River Delta(YRD),and Sichuan basin(SCB),compared to 2021.Especially over the NCP,the MDA8(maximum daily 8-hourly average)ozone exceeded 160 ppbv,and the number of ozone exceedances was over 42 days.Based on an IPR(integrated process rate)analysis,the authors found that the net chemical production was the dominant factor contributing to the strong ozone increase in summer 2022.For example,in June over the NCP,the net chemical production resulted in an increase by 3.08 Gg d^(−1)(∼270%)in ozone mass change.Sensitivity simulations showed that both NO_(x)(nitrogen oxides)and VOC(volatile organic compound)reductions were important over the NCP,and NO_(x)reductions were more important than VOCs over southern China.To keep the ozone of 2022 at the same level as 2021,a joint reduction of NO_(x)and VOCs by at least 50%-60%would have been required.This study highlights the urgency to develop effective ozone management since extreme heat will become more frequent.
