This paper analyzes the impact of income distribution gap on consumption demand from a theoretical view,and draws the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between income distribution gap and consumption de...This paper analyzes the impact of income distribution gap on consumption demand from a theoretical view,and draws the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between income distribution gap and consumption demand.Then,the paper finds that the existing widening income distribution gap in China has a negative impact on consumption demand,but this is not the key factor for the insufficient consumption demand because of the low level of per capital income.At last,it suggests that governments should improve the income level of entire residents and adjust income distribution structure simultaneously.展开更多
In the last decades, there is a lot of discussion in many scientific fields, about the high importance of water as a basic element for the existence and the maintenance of life, aiming to the right and proper usage of...In the last decades, there is a lot of discussion in many scientific fields, about the high importance of water as a basic element for the existence and the maintenance of life, aiming to the right and proper usage of water in our everyday basic water-needs due to its limited resources and the growing demand. This research deals with simple ways and technological systems applicable in urban residential buildings for the better management of domestic fresh water, as far as its maintenance and sustainability. Main aim of the survey is the effective minimization of urban daily water usage. All measurements of water quantities have estimated in the imperial gallon （1 gallon = 4.546 liter）, and in liter （1 liter = 0.2 gallon）.展开更多
An optimization model and its solution algorithm for alternate traffic restriction(ATR) schemes were introduced in terms of both the restriction districts and the proportion of restricted automobiles. A bi-level progr...An optimization model and its solution algorithm for alternate traffic restriction(ATR) schemes were introduced in terms of both the restriction districts and the proportion of restricted automobiles. A bi-level programming model was proposed to model the ATR scheme optimization problem by aiming at consumer surplus maximization and overload flow minimization at the upper-level model. At the lower-level model, elastic demand, mode choice and multi-class user equilibrium assignment were synthetically optimized. A genetic algorithm involving prolonging codes was constructed, demonstrating high computing efficiency in that it dynamically includes newly-appearing overload links in the codes so as to reduce the subsequent searching range. Moreover,practical processing approaches were suggested, which may improve the operability of the model-based solutions.展开更多
This paper aims to estimate the effects of changing life style and consumption demands driven by income growth and urbanization on increase of energy requirements in China, and es-timate the impacts of improvement in ...This paper aims to estimate the effects of changing life style and consumption demands driven by income growth and urbanization on increase of energy requirements in China, and es-timate the impacts of improvement in household consumption on mitigating energy requirements towards 2020, based on input-out-put analysis and scenarios simulation approach. The result shows that energy requirement per capita has increased by 159% for urban residents and 147% for rural residents from 1995 to 2004. Growth in household consumption driven by income growth and urbanization may induce a successive increase in energy require-ments in future. Per capita energy requirements of urban residents will increase by 240% during 2002-2015 and 330% during 2002-2020. Urbanization might lead to 0.75 billion ton of increment of energy requirements in 2020. About 45%-48% of total energy requirements in China might be a consequence of residents' life styles and the economic activities to support consumption demands in 2020. Under low-carbon life style scenario, per capita energy requirements of urban residents may decline to 97% in 2015 and 92% in 2020 in contrast with baseline scenario. That implies that China needs to pay a great attention to developing green low-carbon life style in order to realize mitigation target towards 2020.展开更多
This study investigated and simulated land use patterns in Beijing for the year 2000 and the year 2005 from the actual land use data for the year 1995 and the year 2000,respectively,by combining spatial land allocatio...This study investigated and simulated land use patterns in Beijing for the year 2000 and the year 2005 from the actual land use data for the year 1995 and the year 2000,respectively,by combining spatial land allocation simulation using the CLUE-S model,and numerical land demand prediction using the Markov model.The simulations for 2000 and 2005 were confirmed to be generally accurate using Kappa indices.Then the land-use scenarios for Beijing in 2015 were simulated assuming two modes of development:1) urban development following existing trends;and 2) under a strict farmland control.The simulations suggested that under either mode,urbanized areas would expand at the expense of land for other uses.This expansion was predicted to dominate the land-use conversions between 2005 and 2015,and was expected to be accompanied by an extensive loss of farmland.The key susceptible to land-use changes were found to be located at the central urban Beijing and the surrounding regions including Yanqing County,Changping District and Fangshan District.Also,the simulations predicted a considerable expansion of urban/suburban areas in the mountainous regions of Beijing,suggesting a need for priority monitoring and protection.展开更多
Some microscopic traffic simulations on urban road network are developed up to now. However, the effect of urban transport policy in the local city is influenced with the complex interaction of automobile traffic and ...Some microscopic traffic simulations on urban road network are developed up to now. However, the effect of urban transport policy in the local city is influenced with the complex interaction of automobile traffic and public transport traffic. Particularly, behaviours of vehicles should be described with the fuzziness of the subjective recognition and operation. On the other hand, the trip makers are influenced by various transport policies in terms of mode choice behaviour. The change in mode choice behaviour and number of public transport mode users would eventually affect traffic flow conditions on road network. Modal spilt and traffic conditions of a network are interrelated. Therefore, the present study mainly aims to integrate mode choice model and microscopic traffic simulation model based on fuzzy logic. In the study, the fuzzy logic based mode choice model is proposed. The proposed mode choice model and the existing microscopic traffic simulation model are combined. The developed model has been applied on real urban network to demonstrate the effectiveness of the installation of LRT system. Finally, it is helpful for evaluation of transport policy that the fuzzy logic based microscopic traffic simulation with modal choice model has been constructed.展开更多
Standby consumption is a global phenomenon because the largest ＂leakers＂ are internationally-traded appliances usually line-powered electronic equipment. Currently, it represents 5%-11% （depending on the region and...Standby consumption is a global phenomenon because the largest ＂leakers＂ are internationally-traded appliances usually line-powered electronic equipment. Currently, it represents 5%-11% （depending on the region and related estimations） of the total electricity demand in European households, mostly concentrated in entertainment and office equipments. This paper is focused on the evaluation of the standby losses in typical urban areas of Greece. The results of an analytical survey in urban households located in different areas of region of Attica-Greece are presented and analyzed. This survey is taking under consideration the type and the quantity of electric/electronic devices used, power consumption measurements concerning different standby modes of operation as well as people＇s habits in relation to the way they used the devices. Furthermore, recent and old detailed power consumption measurements of the most common modes of operation （on, offand standby）, in other member states of Europe are presented and analyzed giving the opportunity to compare the situation in a typical urban Greek area and the respective in other parts of Europe. The presented data reveal the magnitude of the standby losses problem in Greece and the potential benefits gained by the enforcement of recent EU （European Union） policies.展开更多
SUA （space-use analysis） is about techniques that objectively describe environments and relate this description to specific problems of use. The purpose of this paper is to explore a space-use analytical tool--POE ...SUA （space-use analysis） is about techniques that objectively describe environments and relate this description to specific problems of use. The purpose of this paper is to explore a space-use analytical tool--POE （post-occupation evaluation）--regarding a neighborhood accessibility condition. Based on a site-specific approach, the main research question is focused on how far neighborhood walking paths are compatible with different user needs, guaranteeing their safety and autonomy, as well as easiness of perception and use, thus providing access to local services and resources they need for participation in the day-to-day activities of community life. This paper is organized in three parts： The first one introduces the main concepts and explains how to ensure it in a practical application in urban design; The second part presents the practical approach, referring to the used methodology, the specific case-study and reached results; The third one establishes correlations between the two approaches and discusses the main findings.展开更多
To develop Shanghai family service industry urgently is for the construction of livable city. Surveys are found that there are quite a lot of problems of Shanghai family services ,such as structural imbalance between ...To develop Shanghai family service industry urgently is for the construction of livable city. Surveys are found that there are quite a lot of problems of Shanghai family services ,such as structural imbalance between supply and demand, industry market chaos, staff career development space is limited, imperfect industry standards, relevant laws and regulations is not sound and so on. To start with, Shanghai family service standard system should be made to strengthen the family service personnel vocational training and job evaluation, and for the establishment and implementation of the ＂family service personnel vocational level system＂, it also increases policy support to the ＂employees＂ enterprise and to build the linkage supervision mechanism of industry associations and government departments to promote the standardization of the Shanghai family service development.展开更多
To develop Shanghai family service industry urgently is for the construction of livable city. Surveys are found that there are quite a lot of problems of Shanghai family services ,such as structural imbalance between ...To develop Shanghai family service industry urgently is for the construction of livable city. Surveys are found that there are quite a lot of problems of Shanghai family services ,such as structural imbalance between supply and demand, industry market chaos, staff career development space is limited, imperfect industry standards, relevant laws and regulations is not sound and so on. To start with, Shanghai family service standard system should be made to strengthen the family service personnel vocational training and job evaluation, and for the establishment and implementation of the ＂family service personnel vocational level system＂, it also increases policy support to the ＂employees＂ enterprise and to build the linkage supervision mechanism of industry associations and government departments to promote the standardization of the Shanghai family service development.展开更多
文摘This paper analyzes the impact of income distribution gap on consumption demand from a theoretical view,and draws the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between income distribution gap and consumption demand.Then,the paper finds that the existing widening income distribution gap in China has a negative impact on consumption demand,but this is not the key factor for the insufficient consumption demand because of the low level of per capital income.At last,it suggests that governments should improve the income level of entire residents and adjust income distribution structure simultaneously.
文摘In the last decades, there is a lot of discussion in many scientific fields, about the high importance of water as a basic element for the existence and the maintenance of life, aiming to the right and proper usage of water in our everyday basic water-needs due to its limited resources and the growing demand. This research deals with simple ways and technological systems applicable in urban residential buildings for the better management of domestic fresh water, as far as its maintenance and sustainability. Main aim of the survey is the effective minimization of urban daily water usage. All measurements of water quantities have estimated in the imperial gallon （1 gallon = 4.546 liter）, and in liter （1 liter = 0.2 gallon）.
基金Projects(71171200,51108465,71101155)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘An optimization model and its solution algorithm for alternate traffic restriction(ATR) schemes were introduced in terms of both the restriction districts and the proportion of restricted automobiles. A bi-level programming model was proposed to model the ATR scheme optimization problem by aiming at consumer surplus maximization and overload flow minimization at the upper-level model. At the lower-level model, elastic demand, mode choice and multi-class user equilibrium assignment were synthetically optimized. A genetic algorithm involving prolonging codes was constructed, demonstrating high computing efficiency in that it dynamically includes newly-appearing overload links in the codes so as to reduce the subsequent searching range. Moreover,practical processing approaches were suggested, which may improve the operability of the model-based solutions.
基金supported by Young Science Foundation of Communications University of China (Grant No. XNL1107)
文摘This paper aims to estimate the effects of changing life style and consumption demands driven by income growth and urbanization on increase of energy requirements in China, and es-timate the impacts of improvement in household consumption on mitigating energy requirements towards 2020, based on input-out-put analysis and scenarios simulation approach. The result shows that energy requirement per capita has increased by 159% for urban residents and 147% for rural residents from 1995 to 2004. Growth in household consumption driven by income growth and urbanization may induce a successive increase in energy require-ments in future. Per capita energy requirements of urban residents will increase by 240% during 2002-2015 and 330% during 2002-2020. Urbanization might lead to 0.75 billion ton of increment of energy requirements in 2020. About 45%-48% of total energy requirements in China might be a consequence of residents' life styles and the economic activities to support consumption demands in 2020. Under low-carbon life style scenario, per capita energy requirements of urban residents may decline to 97% in 2015 and 92% in 2020 in contrast with baseline scenario. That implies that China needs to pay a great attention to developing green low-carbon life style in order to realize mitigation target towards 2020.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 70903061,41171440)National Public Benefit (Land) Research Foundation of China (No. 201111014)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2011YXL055)
文摘This study investigated and simulated land use patterns in Beijing for the year 2000 and the year 2005 from the actual land use data for the year 1995 and the year 2000,respectively,by combining spatial land allocation simulation using the CLUE-S model,and numerical land demand prediction using the Markov model.The simulations for 2000 and 2005 were confirmed to be generally accurate using Kappa indices.Then the land-use scenarios for Beijing in 2015 were simulated assuming two modes of development:1) urban development following existing trends;and 2) under a strict farmland control.The simulations suggested that under either mode,urbanized areas would expand at the expense of land for other uses.This expansion was predicted to dominate the land-use conversions between 2005 and 2015,and was expected to be accompanied by an extensive loss of farmland.The key susceptible to land-use changes were found to be located at the central urban Beijing and the surrounding regions including Yanqing County,Changping District and Fangshan District.Also,the simulations predicted a considerable expansion of urban/suburban areas in the mountainous regions of Beijing,suggesting a need for priority monitoring and protection.
文摘Some microscopic traffic simulations on urban road network are developed up to now. However, the effect of urban transport policy in the local city is influenced with the complex interaction of automobile traffic and public transport traffic. Particularly, behaviours of vehicles should be described with the fuzziness of the subjective recognition and operation. On the other hand, the trip makers are influenced by various transport policies in terms of mode choice behaviour. The change in mode choice behaviour and number of public transport mode users would eventually affect traffic flow conditions on road network. Modal spilt and traffic conditions of a network are interrelated. Therefore, the present study mainly aims to integrate mode choice model and microscopic traffic simulation model based on fuzzy logic. In the study, the fuzzy logic based mode choice model is proposed. The proposed mode choice model and the existing microscopic traffic simulation model are combined. The developed model has been applied on real urban network to demonstrate the effectiveness of the installation of LRT system. Finally, it is helpful for evaluation of transport policy that the fuzzy logic based microscopic traffic simulation with modal choice model has been constructed.
文摘Standby consumption is a global phenomenon because the largest ＂leakers＂ are internationally-traded appliances usually line-powered electronic equipment. Currently, it represents 5%-11% （depending on the region and related estimations） of the total electricity demand in European households, mostly concentrated in entertainment and office equipments. This paper is focused on the evaluation of the standby losses in typical urban areas of Greece. The results of an analytical survey in urban households located in different areas of region of Attica-Greece are presented and analyzed. This survey is taking under consideration the type and the quantity of electric/electronic devices used, power consumption measurements concerning different standby modes of operation as well as people＇s habits in relation to the way they used the devices. Furthermore, recent and old detailed power consumption measurements of the most common modes of operation （on, offand standby）, in other member states of Europe are presented and analyzed giving the opportunity to compare the situation in a typical urban Greek area and the respective in other parts of Europe. The presented data reveal the magnitude of the standby losses problem in Greece and the potential benefits gained by the enforcement of recent EU （European Union） policies.
文摘SUA （space-use analysis） is about techniques that objectively describe environments and relate this description to specific problems of use. The purpose of this paper is to explore a space-use analytical tool--POE （post-occupation evaluation）--regarding a neighborhood accessibility condition. Based on a site-specific approach, the main research question is focused on how far neighborhood walking paths are compatible with different user needs, guaranteeing their safety and autonomy, as well as easiness of perception and use, thus providing access to local services and resources they need for participation in the day-to-day activities of community life. This paper is organized in three parts： The first one introduces the main concepts and explains how to ensure it in a practical application in urban design; The second part presents the practical approach, referring to the used methodology, the specific case-study and reached results; The third one establishes correlations between the two approaches and discusses the main findings.
文摘To develop Shanghai family service industry urgently is for the construction of livable city. Surveys are found that there are quite a lot of problems of Shanghai family services ,such as structural imbalance between supply and demand, industry market chaos, staff career development space is limited, imperfect industry standards, relevant laws and regulations is not sound and so on. To start with, Shanghai family service standard system should be made to strengthen the family service personnel vocational training and job evaluation, and for the establishment and implementation of the ＂family service personnel vocational level system＂, it also increases policy support to the ＂employees＂ enterprise and to build the linkage supervision mechanism of industry associations and government departments to promote the standardization of the Shanghai family service development.
文摘To develop Shanghai family service industry urgently is for the construction of livable city. Surveys are found that there are quite a lot of problems of Shanghai family services ,such as structural imbalance between supply and demand, industry market chaos, staff career development space is limited, imperfect industry standards, relevant laws and regulations is not sound and so on. To start with, Shanghai family service standard system should be made to strengthen the family service personnel vocational training and job evaluation, and for the establishment and implementation of the ＂family service personnel vocational level system＂, it also increases policy support to the ＂employees＂ enterprise and to build the linkage supervision mechanism of industry associations and government departments to promote the standardization of the Shanghai family service development.
