目的探讨超声检查下产妇胎盘内血池大小对新生儿生长发育的影响。方法选取2022年1月至2023年1月青岛大学附属威海市立第二医院收治的63例胎盘血池孕产妇,均接受超声检查,以胎盘内血池大小分为小血池组(n=33,直径<7 cm)和大血池组(n=...目的探讨超声检查下产妇胎盘内血池大小对新生儿生长发育的影响。方法选取2022年1月至2023年1月青岛大学附属威海市立第二医院收治的63例胎盘血池孕产妇,均接受超声检查,以胎盘内血池大小分为小血池组(n=33,直径<7 cm)和大血池组(n=30,直径≥7cm),另选取同期胎盘内无血池的30例孕产妇为对照组,比较三组新生儿Apgar评分及生长发育情况,采用Spearman相关性分析血池大小与新生儿生长发育的相关性。结果三组新生儿Apgar评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);大血池组1、5、10 min Apgar评分低于小血池组、对照组(P<0.05);小血池组1、5、10 min Apgar评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。三组新生儿生长发育情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);大血池组身高、体重、Ponderal指数低于小血池组、对照组(P<0.05);与对照组比较,小血池组身高、体重、Ponderal指数更低(P<0.05);血池体积与身高、体重、Ponderal指数呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论超声能够明确胎盘内血池体积,血池体积越大,新生儿生长发育越差。展开更多
Dianchi Lake is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. In order to understand this eutrophication and to help control the pollution, this research investigated the spatial distribution of Kjeldahl nitrogen (K-N) an...Dianchi Lake is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. In order to understand this eutrophication and to help control the pollution, this research investigated the spatial distribution of Kjeldahl nitrogen (K-N) and total phosphorus(TP) through analysis of bottom water and sediment (3 depths) samples collected at 118 sites around Dianchi Lake. The concentrations of K-N and TP for the lake bottom water in the Caohai part of the lake were much higher than those in the Waihai part, generally decreasing from north to south. In the sediments, the K-N concentration was higher in the Caohai part and the middle of the Waihai part. On the other hand, TP in the sediments was greater in the southern and western parts. Both K-N and TP had similar spatial distributions for the sediment samples of three different depths.Vertically, the K-N and TP concentration in the sediments decreased with an increase in depth. This was evidence that eutrophication and pollution of Dianchi Lake was becoming gradually more severe. Exterior factors including uncontrolled input of domestic and industrial effluents as well as non-point pollution around the lake were the main reasons for serious eutrophication; therefore, controlling these was the first step in reducing eutrophication of Dianchi Lake.展开更多
For the past 20 years, numerous studies have been carried out on the application of equilibrium partitioning approach （EqPA） for the derivation of sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）. However, for metals, few Equil...For the past 20 years, numerous studies have been carried out on the application of equilibrium partitioning approach （EqPA） for the derivation of sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）. However, for metals, few Equilibrium-partitioning- based numerical SQGs have been developed or are currently available because of the confounding factors mediating the bioavailability of metals. A study was conducted at Dianchi Lake, which is a heavily eutrophicated lake on the Yunnan- Guizhou Plateau, China with the focus on the measurement of partitioning coefficient （Kp） and SQGs derivation and normalization to acid volatile sulfide （AVS）, fine material, and organic carbon. Using new normalization methods, SQGs were formulated for seven metals including copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and arsenic in Dianchi Lake. In Dianchi Lake sediments, the fine material contributed 25.4%-36.0% to the SQG values, with the largest contribution to the SQG value of mercury; AVS contributed 2.9%-75.0% to the SQG values, with the largest contribution to the SQG value of cadmium. This indicated that the fine material and the AVS were the most important controlling factors to the bioavailability of mercury and caximium, respectively. The contribution of total organic carbon （TOC） to the SQG values of copper and leaxi was 3.8% and 7.1%, respectively, indicating that at relatively lower concentrations, the contribution of TOC was not significant. In addition to normalization methods, appropriate procedures for the application of EqPA including sample collection, storage, and analysis are also essential to improve the reliability of SQGs. The normalized Dianchi Lake SQGs were higher than most of the empirically based SQGs developed in North America, but lower than Hong Kong interim SQGs except for cadmium and arsenic. The differences could be attributed to the approaches used for derivation of SQGs and the water quality criteria adopted and the differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments.展开更多
Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments can help in understanding potential hazards of heavy metals. The present study analyzed total concentrations and fractions of selected heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn）...Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments can help in understanding potential hazards of heavy metals. The present study analyzed total concentrations and fractions of selected heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn） in surface sediments from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China, as well as factors that may affect distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. Total concentrations of the heavy metals decreased in the order Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Cd. These heavy metals, except Cr, were much higher than their background levels, indicating that Dianchi Lake was polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu. Cadmium occurred mainly as the non-residual fraction （sum of the HOAc-soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions） （97.6%）, and Zn （55.7%） was also predominantly found in the non-residual fraction. In contrast, most of the Cr （88.5%）, Pb （81.8%）, and Cu （59.2%） occurred in the residual fraction. Correlation analysis showed that total heavy metal concentrations, organic matter and reducible Fe were the main factors affecting the distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. In the Walhai section of Dianchi Lake （comprising 97% of the lake area）, the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in the non-residual fraction were significantly lower （P ≤ 0.01 or 0.05） than those of the Caohal section （3% of the lake area）. This indicated that potential heavy metal hazards in the Caohai section were greater than the Waihai section.展开更多
High-temperature CO_(2)reduction reaction(HT-CO_(2)RR)in solid oxide electrochemical cells(SOECs)features near-unity selectivity,high energy efficiency,and industrial relevant current density for the production of CO,...High-temperature CO_(2)reduction reaction(HT-CO_(2)RR)in solid oxide electrochemical cells(SOECs)features near-unity selectivity,high energy efficiency,and industrial relevant current density for the production of CO,a widely-utilized“building block”in today’s chemical industry.Thus,it offers an intriguing and promising means to radically change the way of chemical manufacturing and achieve carbon neutrality using renewable energy sources,CO_(2),and water.Albeit with the great potential of HT-CO_(2)RR,this carbon utilization approach,unfortunately,has been suffering coke formation that is seriously detrimental to its energy efficiency and operating lifetime.In recent years,much effort has been added to understanding the mechanism of coke formation,managing reaction conditions to mitigate coke formation,and devising coke-formation-free electrode materials.These investigations have substantially advanced the HT-CO_(2)RR toward a practical industrial technology,but the resulting coke formation prevention strategies compromise activity and energy efficiency.Future research may target exploiting the control over both catalyst design and system design to gain selectivity,energy efficiency,and stability synchronously.Therefore,this perspective overviews the progress of research on coke formation in HT-CO_(2)RR,and elaborates on possible future directions that may accelerate its practical implementation at a large scale.展开更多
Internal reformation of low steam methane fuel is important for the high efficiency and low cost operation of solid oxide fuel cell. Understanding and overcoming carbon deposition is crucial for the technology develop...Internal reformation of low steam methane fuel is important for the high efficiency and low cost operation of solid oxide fuel cell. Understanding and overcoming carbon deposition is crucial for the technology development. Here a multi-physics model is established for the relevant experimental cells. Balance of electrochemical potentials for the electrochemical reactions, generic rate expression for the methane steam reforming, dusty gas model in a form of Fick＇s model for anode gas transport are used in the model. Excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental current-voltage relations is obtained, demonstrating the validity of the proposed theoretical model. The steam reaction order in low steam methane reforming reaction is found to be 1. Detailed information about the distributions of physical quantities is obtained by the numerical simulation. Carbon deposition is analyzed in detail and the mechanism for the coking inhibition by operating current is illustrated clearly. Two expressions of carbon activity are analyzed and found to be correct qualitatively, but not quantitatively. The role of anode diffusion layer on reducing the current threshold for carbon removal is also explained. It is noted that the current threshold reduction may be explained quantitatively with the carbon activity models that are only qualitatively correct.展开更多
This vertically self‐pillared(VSP)structure extends the application range of traditional porous materials with facile mass/ion transport and enhanced reaction kinetics.Here,we prepare a single crystal metal‐organic ...This vertically self‐pillared(VSP)structure extends the application range of traditional porous materials with facile mass/ion transport and enhanced reaction kinetics.Here,we prepare a single crystal metal‐organic framework(MOF),employing the ZIF‐67 structure as a proof of concept,which is constructed by vertically self‐pillared nanosheets(VSP‐MOF).We further converted VSP‐MOF into VSP‐cobalt sulfide(VSP‐CoS2)through a sulfidation process.Catalysis plays an important role in almost all battery technologies;for metallic batteries,lithium anodes exhibit a high theoretical specific capacity,low density,and low redox potential.However,during the half‐cell reaction(Li++e=Li),uncontrolled dendritic Li penetrates the separator and solid electrolyte interphase layer.When employed as a composite scaffold for lithium metal deposition,there are many advantage to using this framework:1)the VSP‐CoS2 substrate provides a high specific surface area to dissipate the ion flux and mass transfer and acts as a pre‐catalyst,2)the catalytic Co center favors the charge transfer process and preferentially binds the Li+with the enhanced electrical fields,and 3)the VSP structure guides the metallic propagation along the nanosheet 2D orientation without the protrusive dendrites.All these features enable the VSP structure in metallic batteries with encouraging performances.展开更多
The pursuit of high-mileage models results in the recurrence of lithium metal batteries(LMBs)to researchers’horizon.However,the lithium(Li)metal anode for LMBs undergoes the uncontrollable formation of Li dendrites a...The pursuit of high-mileage models results in the recurrence of lithium metal batteries(LMBs)to researchers’horizon.However,the lithium(Li)metal anode for LMBs undergoes the uncontrollable formation of Li dendrites and infinite volume change during cycling,impeding its practical application.To overcome these challenges,we developed a metal-organic framework(MOF)-derived pathway to construct lithiophilic three-dimensional(3D)skeleton using different substrates(e.g.,carbon cloth(CC)and Cu mesh)for dendrite-free lithium metal anodes.As a typical example,the MOF-derived ZnO/nitrogen-doped carbon(NC)nanosheet-modified 3D CC was well-constructed as a lithiophilic hierarchical host(CC@ZnO/NC@Li)for molten Li infiltration.Benefiting from the lithiophilic N-functional groups and LiZn alloy,the synthesized CC@ZnO/NC@Li composite anode promoted the uniform distribution of Li,resulting in a dendrite-free morphology.Meanwhile,the 3D conductive carbon skeleton enhanced the reaction kinetics and buffered the volume change of the electrode.The CC@ZnO/NC@Li composite anode presented a prolonged lifespan of over 1000 cycles at 5 mA cm^(−2) with a low overpotential of 19 mV.Coupled with a LiFePO_(4) cathode,the CC@ZnO/NC@Li composite anode also exhibited superior electrochemical properties in the full-cell system.This versatile strategy may open up the channel of designing multi-functional lithiophilic 3D hosts for the Li metal anode.展开更多
Based on gridded Argo profile data from January 2004 to December 2010, together with the P-vector inverse method, the three-dimensional structure, annual and inter-annual variations in volume of the Western Pacific Wa...Based on gridded Argo profile data from January 2004 to December 2010, together with the P-vector inverse method, the three-dimensional structure, annual and inter-annual variations in volume of the Western Pacific Warm Pool （WPWP） are studied. The variations of latitudinal and longitudinal warm water flowing into and out of the WPWP and the probable mecha- nism of warm water maintenance are also discussed. From the surface to the bottom, climatic WPWP tilts southward and its area decreases. The maximum depth could extend to 120 m, such that its volume could attain 1.86x10^5 m3. Annual variation of the WPWP volume shows two obvious peaks that occur in June and October, whereas its inter-annual variations are related to ENSO events. Based on a climatic perspective, the warm water flowing latitudinally into the pool is about 52 Sv, which is mainly through upper layers and via the eastern boundary. Latitudinally, warm water flowing outward is about 49 Sv, and this is mainly through lower layers and via the western boundary. In contrast, along the latitude, warm water flowing into and out of the pool is about 28 Sv and 23 Sv, respectively. Annual and inter-annual variations of the net transportation of the warm water demonstrate that the WPWP mainly loses warm water in the west-east direction, whereas it receives warm water from the north-south direction. The annual variation of the volume of WPWP is highly related to the annual variation of the net warm water transportation, however, they are not closely related on inter-annual time scale. On the inter-annual time scale, in- fluences of ENSO events on the net warm water transportation in the north-south direction are much more than that in the west-east direction. Although there are some limitations and simplifications when using the P-vector method, it could still help improve our understanding of the WPWP, especially regarding the sources of the warm water.展开更多
In this paper,a 64 mm×64 mm matrix polymer solar cell(PSC) was fabricated by air-brush spray deposition.Although the open-circuit voltage(Voc) and the fill factor(FF) both need to be improved,the efficiency of ma...In this paper,a 64 mm×64 mm matrix polymer solar cell(PSC) was fabricated by air-brush spray deposition.Although the open-circuit voltage(Voc) and the fill factor(FF) both need to be improved,the efficiency of matrix PSCs still reaches about 1.82%,and especially the current density achieves nearly 20 m A/cm2.The results verify that air-brush spray deposition is a suitable method to prepare large area PSC devices,and the process we use in this paper can be easily transplanted to roll-to-roll production.展开更多
文摘目的探讨超声检查下产妇胎盘内血池大小对新生儿生长发育的影响。方法选取2022年1月至2023年1月青岛大学附属威海市立第二医院收治的63例胎盘血池孕产妇,均接受超声检查,以胎盘内血池大小分为小血池组(n=33,直径<7 cm)和大血池组(n=30,直径≥7cm),另选取同期胎盘内无血池的30例孕产妇为对照组,比较三组新生儿Apgar评分及生长发育情况,采用Spearman相关性分析血池大小与新生儿生长发育的相关性。结果三组新生儿Apgar评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);大血池组1、5、10 min Apgar评分低于小血池组、对照组(P<0.05);小血池组1、5、10 min Apgar评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。三组新生儿生长发育情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);大血池组身高、体重、Ponderal指数低于小血池组、对照组(P<0.05);与对照组比较,小血池组身高、体重、Ponderal指数更低(P<0.05);血池体积与身高、体重、Ponderal指数呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论超声能够明确胎盘内血池体积,血池体积越大,新生儿生长发育越差。
文摘Dianchi Lake is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. In order to understand this eutrophication and to help control the pollution, this research investigated the spatial distribution of Kjeldahl nitrogen (K-N) and total phosphorus(TP) through analysis of bottom water and sediment (3 depths) samples collected at 118 sites around Dianchi Lake. The concentrations of K-N and TP for the lake bottom water in the Caohai part of the lake were much higher than those in the Waihai part, generally decreasing from north to south. In the sediments, the K-N concentration was higher in the Caohai part and the middle of the Waihai part. On the other hand, TP in the sediments was greater in the southern and western parts. Both K-N and TP had similar spatial distributions for the sediment samples of three different depths.Vertically, the K-N and TP concentration in the sediments decreased with an increase in depth. This was evidence that eutrophication and pollution of Dianchi Lake was becoming gradually more severe. Exterior factors including uncontrolled input of domestic and industrial effluents as well as non-point pollution around the lake were the main reasons for serious eutrophication; therefore, controlling these was the first step in reducing eutrophication of Dianchi Lake.
基金Project supported by the State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, China (No. 5022505)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40771128)
文摘For the past 20 years, numerous studies have been carried out on the application of equilibrium partitioning approach （EqPA） for the derivation of sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）. However, for metals, few Equilibrium-partitioning- based numerical SQGs have been developed or are currently available because of the confounding factors mediating the bioavailability of metals. A study was conducted at Dianchi Lake, which is a heavily eutrophicated lake on the Yunnan- Guizhou Plateau, China with the focus on the measurement of partitioning coefficient （Kp） and SQGs derivation and normalization to acid volatile sulfide （AVS）, fine material, and organic carbon. Using new normalization methods, SQGs were formulated for seven metals including copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and arsenic in Dianchi Lake. In Dianchi Lake sediments, the fine material contributed 25.4%-36.0% to the SQG values, with the largest contribution to the SQG value of mercury; AVS contributed 2.9%-75.0% to the SQG values, with the largest contribution to the SQG value of cadmium. This indicated that the fine material and the AVS were the most important controlling factors to the bioavailability of mercury and caximium, respectively. The contribution of total organic carbon （TOC） to the SQG values of copper and leaxi was 3.8% and 7.1%, respectively, indicating that at relatively lower concentrations, the contribution of TOC was not significant. In addition to normalization methods, appropriate procedures for the application of EqPA including sample collection, storage, and analysis are also essential to improve the reliability of SQGs. The normalized Dianchi Lake SQGs were higher than most of the empirically based SQGs developed in North America, but lower than Hong Kong interim SQGs except for cadmium and arsenic. The differences could be attributed to the approaches used for derivation of SQGs and the water quality criteria adopted and the differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments.
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology Program for Social Development of Jiangsu Province,China (No.BS2006060)Startup Fund of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University (No. 2005406711)the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Nanjing Normal University.
文摘Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments can help in understanding potential hazards of heavy metals. The present study analyzed total concentrations and fractions of selected heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn） in surface sediments from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China, as well as factors that may affect distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. Total concentrations of the heavy metals decreased in the order Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Cd. These heavy metals, except Cr, were much higher than their background levels, indicating that Dianchi Lake was polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu. Cadmium occurred mainly as the non-residual fraction （sum of the HOAc-soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions） （97.6%）, and Zn （55.7%） was also predominantly found in the non-residual fraction. In contrast, most of the Cr （88.5%）, Pb （81.8%）, and Cu （59.2%） occurred in the residual fraction. Correlation analysis showed that total heavy metal concentrations, organic matter and reducible Fe were the main factors affecting the distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. In the Walhai section of Dianchi Lake （comprising 97% of the lake area）, the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in the non-residual fraction were significantly lower （P ≤ 0.01 or 0.05） than those of the Caohal section （3% of the lake area）. This indicated that potential heavy metal hazards in the Caohai section were greater than the Waihai section.
文摘High-temperature CO_(2)reduction reaction(HT-CO_(2)RR)in solid oxide electrochemical cells(SOECs)features near-unity selectivity,high energy efficiency,and industrial relevant current density for the production of CO,a widely-utilized“building block”in today’s chemical industry.Thus,it offers an intriguing and promising means to radically change the way of chemical manufacturing and achieve carbon neutrality using renewable energy sources,CO_(2),and water.Albeit with the great potential of HT-CO_(2)RR,this carbon utilization approach,unfortunately,has been suffering coke formation that is seriously detrimental to its energy efficiency and operating lifetime.In recent years,much effort has been added to understanding the mechanism of coke formation,managing reaction conditions to mitigate coke formation,and devising coke-formation-free electrode materials.These investigations have substantially advanced the HT-CO_(2)RR toward a practical industrial technology,but the resulting coke formation prevention strategies compromise activity and energy efficiency.Future research may target exploiting the control over both catalyst design and system design to gain selectivity,energy efficiency,and stability synchronously.Therefore,this perspective overviews the progress of research on coke formation in HT-CO_(2)RR,and elaborates on possible future directions that may accelerate its practical implementation at a large scale.
基金This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （No.2012CB215405）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.11374272）, and the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education （No.20123402110064）.
文摘Internal reformation of low steam methane fuel is important for the high efficiency and low cost operation of solid oxide fuel cell. Understanding and overcoming carbon deposition is crucial for the technology development. Here a multi-physics model is established for the relevant experimental cells. Balance of electrochemical potentials for the electrochemical reactions, generic rate expression for the methane steam reforming, dusty gas model in a form of Fick＇s model for anode gas transport are used in the model. Excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental current-voltage relations is obtained, demonstrating the validity of the proposed theoretical model. The steam reaction order in low steam methane reforming reaction is found to be 1. Detailed information about the distributions of physical quantities is obtained by the numerical simulation. Carbon deposition is analyzed in detail and the mechanism for the coking inhibition by operating current is illustrated clearly. Two expressions of carbon activity are analyzed and found to be correct qualitatively, but not quantitatively. The role of anode diffusion layer on reducing the current threshold for carbon removal is also explained. It is noted that the current threshold reduction may be explained quantitatively with the carbon activity models that are only qualitatively correct.
文摘This vertically self‐pillared(VSP)structure extends the application range of traditional porous materials with facile mass/ion transport and enhanced reaction kinetics.Here,we prepare a single crystal metal‐organic framework(MOF),employing the ZIF‐67 structure as a proof of concept,which is constructed by vertically self‐pillared nanosheets(VSP‐MOF).We further converted VSP‐MOF into VSP‐cobalt sulfide(VSP‐CoS2)through a sulfidation process.Catalysis plays an important role in almost all battery technologies;for metallic batteries,lithium anodes exhibit a high theoretical specific capacity,low density,and low redox potential.However,during the half‐cell reaction(Li++e=Li),uncontrolled dendritic Li penetrates the separator and solid electrolyte interphase layer.When employed as a composite scaffold for lithium metal deposition,there are many advantage to using this framework:1)the VSP‐CoS2 substrate provides a high specific surface area to dissipate the ion flux and mass transfer and acts as a pre‐catalyst,2)the catalytic Co center favors the charge transfer process and preferentially binds the Li+with the enhanced electrical fields,and 3)the VSP structure guides the metallic propagation along the nanosheet 2D orientation without the protrusive dendrites.All these features enable the VSP structure in metallic batteries with encouraging performances.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51771076 and 51621001)Guangdong"Pearl River Talents Plan"(2017GC010218)+1 种基金the R&D Program in Key Areas of Guangdong Province(2020B0101030005)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020B1515120049)。
文摘The pursuit of high-mileage models results in the recurrence of lithium metal batteries(LMBs)to researchers’horizon.However,the lithium(Li)metal anode for LMBs undergoes the uncontrollable formation of Li dendrites and infinite volume change during cycling,impeding its practical application.To overcome these challenges,we developed a metal-organic framework(MOF)-derived pathway to construct lithiophilic three-dimensional(3D)skeleton using different substrates(e.g.,carbon cloth(CC)and Cu mesh)for dendrite-free lithium metal anodes.As a typical example,the MOF-derived ZnO/nitrogen-doped carbon(NC)nanosheet-modified 3D CC was well-constructed as a lithiophilic hierarchical host(CC@ZnO/NC@Li)for molten Li infiltration.Benefiting from the lithiophilic N-functional groups and LiZn alloy,the synthesized CC@ZnO/NC@Li composite anode promoted the uniform distribution of Li,resulting in a dendrite-free morphology.Meanwhile,the 3D conductive carbon skeleton enhanced the reaction kinetics and buffered the volume change of the electrode.The CC@ZnO/NC@Li composite anode presented a prolonged lifespan of over 1000 cycles at 5 mA cm^(−2) with a low overpotential of 19 mV.Coupled with a LiFePO_(4) cathode,the CC@ZnO/NC@Li composite anode also exhibited superior electrochemical properties in the full-cell system.This versatile strategy may open up the channel of designing multi-functional lithiophilic 3D hosts for the Li metal anode.
基金supported by the Special Program for the National Basic Research (Grant No. 2012FY112300)SOED HPCC of the Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration for support and assistance
文摘Based on gridded Argo profile data from January 2004 to December 2010, together with the P-vector inverse method, the three-dimensional structure, annual and inter-annual variations in volume of the Western Pacific Warm Pool （WPWP） are studied. The variations of latitudinal and longitudinal warm water flowing into and out of the WPWP and the probable mecha- nism of warm water maintenance are also discussed. From the surface to the bottom, climatic WPWP tilts southward and its area decreases. The maximum depth could extend to 120 m, such that its volume could attain 1.86x10^5 m3. Annual variation of the WPWP volume shows two obvious peaks that occur in June and October, whereas its inter-annual variations are related to ENSO events. Based on a climatic perspective, the warm water flowing latitudinally into the pool is about 52 Sv, which is mainly through upper layers and via the eastern boundary. Latitudinally, warm water flowing outward is about 49 Sv, and this is mainly through lower layers and via the western boundary. In contrast, along the latitude, warm water flowing into and out of the pool is about 28 Sv and 23 Sv, respectively. Annual and inter-annual variations of the net transportation of the warm water demonstrate that the WPWP mainly loses warm water in the west-east direction, whereas it receives warm water from the north-south direction. The annual variation of the volume of WPWP is highly related to the annual variation of the net warm water transportation, however, they are not closely related on inter-annual time scale. On the inter-annual time scale, in- fluences of ENSO events on the net warm water transportation in the north-south direction are much more than that in the west-east direction. Although there are some limitations and simplifications when using the P-vector method, it could still help improve our understanding of the WPWP, especially regarding the sources of the warm water.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61274063)
文摘In this paper,a 64 mm×64 mm matrix polymer solar cell(PSC) was fabricated by air-brush spray deposition.Although the open-circuit voltage(Voc) and the fill factor(FF) both need to be improved,the efficiency of matrix PSCs still reaches about 1.82%,and especially the current density achieves nearly 20 m A/cm2.The results verify that air-brush spray deposition is a suitable method to prepare large area PSC devices,and the process we use in this paper can be easily transplanted to roll-to-roll production.
