Many experiments have proven that with increasing silt and gas(out-of-phase media)content in water,the cavitation characteristics change and the cavitation pressure increases.Currently,many large reservoirs in China a...Many experiments have proven that with increasing silt and gas(out-of-phase media)content in water,the cavitation characteristics change and the cavitation pressure increases.Currently,many large reservoirs in China are polluted by total phosphorus(TP)and other chemical contaminants because of the use of phosphate fertilizer runoff from agriculture.However,research regarding how chemical pollutants(in the form of out-of-phase media)affect the cavitation pressure characteristics of water is sparse.In this paper,the Goupitan Hydropower Station,the largest hydropower reservoir on the Wujiang River,which is heavily polluted by TP,is taken as an example to evaluate the effects of chemical pollution on water cavitation pressure characteristics.In this study,the cavitation pressure characteristics of polluted and clean water are compared.The results show that the cavitation pressure of water polluted by chemicals is larger than that of clean water.In a hydraulic power generation system,cavitation and cavitation erosion are likely to occur earlier in runners when the fluid is polluted.These results are of great importance to further studies of cavitation theory and can directly influence the arrangement of turbines in practical engineering.展开更多
Energy conversion and utilization, particularly carbon-based fuel burning in air phase, have caused great environmental pollution and serious problems to society. The reactions in water phase may have the potential to...Energy conversion and utilization, particularly carbon-based fuel burning in air phase, have caused great environmental pollution and serious problems to society. The reactions in water phase may have the potential to realize clean and efficient energy conversion and utilization. Coal gasification in supercritical water is a typical carbon-based fuel conversion process in water phase, and it takes the advantages of the unique chemical and physical properties of supercritical water to convert organic matter in coal to H2 and CO2. N, S, P, Hg and other elements are deposited as inorganic salts to avoid pollution emission. The State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering has obtained extensive experimental and theoretical results based on coal gasification in supercritical water. Supercritical water fluidized bed reactor was developed for coal gasification and seven kinds of typical feedstock were selected. The hydrogen yield covers from 0.67 to 1.74 Nm3/kg and the carbon gasification efficiency is no less than 97%. This technology has a bright future in industrialization not only in electricity generation but also in hydrogen production and high value-added chemicals. Given the gas yield obtained in laboratory-scale unit, the hydrogen production cost is U.S.$ 0.111 Nm3 when the throughput capacity is 2000 t/d. A novel thermodynamic cycle power generation system based on coal gasification in supercritical water was proposed with the obvious advantages of high coal-electricity conversion efficiency and zero pollutant emission. The cost of U.S.$ 3.69 billion for desulfuration, denitration and dust removal in China in 2013 would have been saved with this technology. Five kinds of heat supply methods are analyzed and the rates of return of investment are roughly estimated. An integrated cooperative innovation center called a new type of high-efficient coal gasification technology and its large-scale utilization was founded to enhance the industrialization of the technology vigorously.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50976124)
文摘Many experiments have proven that with increasing silt and gas(out-of-phase media)content in water,the cavitation characteristics change and the cavitation pressure increases.Currently,many large reservoirs in China are polluted by total phosphorus(TP)and other chemical contaminants because of the use of phosphate fertilizer runoff from agriculture.However,research regarding how chemical pollutants(in the form of out-of-phase media)affect the cavitation pressure characteristics of water is sparse.In this paper,the Goupitan Hydropower Station,the largest hydropower reservoir on the Wujiang River,which is heavily polluted by TP,is taken as an example to evaluate the effects of chemical pollution on water cavitation pressure characteristics.In this study,the cavitation pressure characteristics of polluted and clean water are compared.The results show that the cavitation pressure of water polluted by chemicals is larger than that of clean water.In a hydraulic power generation system,cavitation and cavitation erosion are likely to occur earlier in runners when the fluid is polluted.These results are of great importance to further studies of cavitation theory and can directly influence the arrangement of turbines in practical engineering.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.5132301151306145&51236007)
文摘Energy conversion and utilization, particularly carbon-based fuel burning in air phase, have caused great environmental pollution and serious problems to society. The reactions in water phase may have the potential to realize clean and efficient energy conversion and utilization. Coal gasification in supercritical water is a typical carbon-based fuel conversion process in water phase, and it takes the advantages of the unique chemical and physical properties of supercritical water to convert organic matter in coal to H2 and CO2. N, S, P, Hg and other elements are deposited as inorganic salts to avoid pollution emission. The State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering has obtained extensive experimental and theoretical results based on coal gasification in supercritical water. Supercritical water fluidized bed reactor was developed for coal gasification and seven kinds of typical feedstock were selected. The hydrogen yield covers from 0.67 to 1.74 Nm3/kg and the carbon gasification efficiency is no less than 97%. This technology has a bright future in industrialization not only in electricity generation but also in hydrogen production and high value-added chemicals. Given the gas yield obtained in laboratory-scale unit, the hydrogen production cost is U.S.$ 0.111 Nm3 when the throughput capacity is 2000 t/d. A novel thermodynamic cycle power generation system based on coal gasification in supercritical water was proposed with the obvious advantages of high coal-electricity conversion efficiency and zero pollutant emission. The cost of U.S.$ 3.69 billion for desulfuration, denitration and dust removal in China in 2013 would have been saved with this technology. Five kinds of heat supply methods are analyzed and the rates of return of investment are roughly estimated. An integrated cooperative innovation center called a new type of high-efficient coal gasification technology and its large-scale utilization was founded to enhance the industrialization of the technology vigorously.
