Over the last several decades,various sediment transport capacity formulations have been used by geomorphologists and engineers to calculate fluvial morphological changes.However,it remains poorly understood if the ad...Over the last several decades,various sediment transport capacity formulations have been used by geomorphologists and engineers to calculate fluvial morphological changes.However,it remains poorly understood if the adaptation to capacity could be fulfilled instantly in response to differing inflow discharges and sediment supplies,and thus if the calculation of morphological changes in rivers based on the assumed capacity status is fully justified.Here we present a numerical investigation on this issue.The distance required for sediment transport to adapt to capacity(i.e.,adaptation-to-capacity length) of both bed load and suspended sediment transport is computationally studied using a coupled shallow water hydrodynamic model,in line with varied inlet sediment concentrations.It is found that the adaptation-to-capacity length generally decreases as the Rouse number increases,irrespective of whether the inlet sediment concentration increases or reduces.For cases with vanishing inlet sediment concentration a unified relationship is found between the adaptation-to-capacity length and the Rouse number.Quantitatively,the adaptation-to-capacity length of bed load sediment is limited to tens of times of the flow depth,whilst that of suspended sediment increases substantially with decreasing Rouse number and can be up to hundreds of times of the flow depth.The present finding concurs that bed load sediment transport can adapt to capacity much more rapidly than suspended sediment transport,and it facilitates a quantitative criterion on which the applicability of bed load or suspended sediment transport capacity for natural rivers can be readily assessed.展开更多
Rivers often witness non-uniform bed load sedim ent transport. For a long tim e, non-uniform bed load transport has been assum ed to be at capacity regime determined exclusively by local flow. Yet whether the capacity...Rivers often witness non-uniform bed load sedim ent transport. For a long tim e, non-uniform bed load transport has been assum ed to be at capacity regime determined exclusively by local flow. Yet whether the capacity assumption for non-uniform bed load transport is justified remains poorly understood. Here, the relative time scale of non-uniform bed load transport is evaluated and non-capacity and capacity models are compared for both aggradation and degradation cases with observed data. As characterized by its relative time scale, the adaptation of non-uniform bed load to capacity regime should be fulfilled quickly. However, changes in the flow and sedim ent inputs from upstream or tributaries hinder the adaptation. Also, the adaptation to capacity regime is size dependent, the finer the sediment size the slower the adaptation is, and vice versa. It is shown that the capacity model may entail considerable errors compared to the non-capacity model. For modelling of non-uniform bed load, non-capacity modelling is recommended, in which the temporal and spatial scales required for adaptation are explicitly appreciated.展开更多
There is a consensus that sediment delivery ratio in the Chinese Loess Plateau is close to 1at the inter-annual timescale. However, little information is available about the sediment delivery at finer timescales. We e...There is a consensus that sediment delivery ratio in the Chinese Loess Plateau is close to 1at the inter-annual timescale. However, little information is available about the sediment delivery at finer timescales. We evaluated the sediment delivery from plots to watersheds at the event or intra-annual, annual, and inter-annual timescales within the Wudinghe river basin, a 30,261 km2 basin in the Loess Plateau. We calculated the ratio of sediment output to sediment input and presented the temporal change of the channel morphology to determine whether sediment deposition occurs.Although a single flood event frequently has a sediment yield exceeding 10,000 t km-2, sediment deposition rarely occurs except during some small runoff events(sediment yield < 5000 t km-2) or dry years(sediment yield < 10,000 t km-2) when moving from slopes up to the main channels of the Wudinghe River. This observation suggests a sediment delivery ratio close to 1 even at the event or intra-annual and the annual timescales, but not necessarily at the interannual timescale. Such a high sediment delivery ratio can be related to hyper-concentrated flows, which have very strong sediment transport capacity even at low flow strength. Because hyper-concentrated flows are well-developed in the whole Loess Plateau, a sediment delivery ratio close to 1 below the interannual timescale possibly remains true for other rivers in the Loess Plateau.展开更多
Study of the major Asian rivers discharge to the ocean reveals variations of their water discharges and sediment loads, and local characteristics of river sediment concentrations. On the basis of this, the Asian river...Study of the major Asian rivers discharge to the ocean reveals variations of their water discharges and sediment loads, and local characteristics of river sediment concentrations. On the basis of this, the Asian rivers fall into three regions, including Eurasia Arctic, East Asia, Southeast and South Asia Regions. The Eurasia Arctic Region is characterized by the lowest sediment concentration and load, while the East Asia Region is of the highest sediment concentration and higher sediment load, and the South-East and South Asia Region yields higher sediment concentration and highest sediment load.The sediment loads of these regions are mainly controlled by climate, geomorphology and tectonic activity. The Eurasia Arctic rivers with large basin areas and water discharge, drain low relief which consists of tundra sediment, thus causing the lowest sediment load. The East Asia rivers with small basin areas and lowest water discharges, drain extensive loess plateau, and transport most erodible loess material, which results in highest sediment concentration. The SE and South Asia rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau have large basin areas and the largest water discharges because of the Summer Monsoon and high rainfall influence, causing the highest sediment load.In Asia, tectonic motion of the Tibet Plateau plays an important role. Those large rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau transport about 50% of the world river sediment load to ocean annually, forming large estuaries and deltas, and consequently exerting a great influence on sedimentation in the coastal zone and shelves.展开更多
Successful modeling of hydroenvironmental processes widely relies on quantity and quality of accessible data,and noisy data can affect the modeling performance.On the other hand in training phase of any Artificial Int...Successful modeling of hydroenvironmental processes widely relies on quantity and quality of accessible data,and noisy data can affect the modeling performance.On the other hand in training phase of any Artificial Intelligence(AI) based model,each training data set is usually a limited sample of possible patterns of the process and hence,might not show the behavior of whole population.Accordingly,in the present paper,wavelet-based denoising method was used to smooth hydrological time series.Thereafter,small normally distributed noises with the mean of zero and various standard deviations were generated and added to the smooth time series to form different denoised-jittered data sets.Finally,the obtained pre-processed data were imposed into Artificial Neural Network(ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)models for daily runoff-sediment modeling of the Minnesota River.To evaluate the modeling performance,the outcomes were compared with results of multi linear regression(MLR) and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)models.The comparison showed that the proposed data processing approach which serves both denoising and jittering techniques could enhance the performance of ANN and ANFIS based runoffsediment modeling of the case study up to 34%and 25%in the verification phase,respectively.展开更多
基金funded by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 11172217, 10932012 and 10972164)
文摘Over the last several decades,various sediment transport capacity formulations have been used by geomorphologists and engineers to calculate fluvial morphological changes.However,it remains poorly understood if the adaptation to capacity could be fulfilled instantly in response to differing inflow discharges and sediment supplies,and thus if the calculation of morphological changes in rivers based on the assumed capacity status is fully justified.Here we present a numerical investigation on this issue.The distance required for sediment transport to adapt to capacity(i.e.,adaptation-to-capacity length) of both bed load and suspended sediment transport is computationally studied using a coupled shallow water hydrodynamic model,in line with varied inlet sediment concentrations.It is found that the adaptation-to-capacity length generally decreases as the Rouse number increases,irrespective of whether the inlet sediment concentration increases or reduces.For cases with vanishing inlet sediment concentration a unified relationship is found between the adaptation-to-capacity length and the Rouse number.Quantitatively,the adaptation-to-capacity length of bed load sediment is limited to tens of times of the flow depth,whilst that of suspended sediment increases substantially with decreasing Rouse number and can be up to hundreds of times of the flow depth.The present finding concurs that bed load sediment transport can adapt to capacity much more rapidly than suspended sediment transport,and it facilitates a quantitative criterion on which the applicability of bed load or suspended sediment transport capacity for natural rivers can be readily assessed.
基金funded by the N atural Science Foundation of China (G rants No. 11172217, 51279144 and 11432015)Chinese Academy of Sciences (G rant No. KZZDEW -05-01-03)
文摘Rivers often witness non-uniform bed load sedim ent transport. For a long tim e, non-uniform bed load transport has been assum ed to be at capacity regime determined exclusively by local flow. Yet whether the capacity assumption for non-uniform bed load transport is justified remains poorly understood. Here, the relative time scale of non-uniform bed load transport is evaluated and non-capacity and capacity models are compared for both aggradation and degradation cases with observed data. As characterized by its relative time scale, the adaptation of non-uniform bed load to capacity regime should be fulfilled quickly. However, changes in the flow and sedim ent inputs from upstream or tributaries hinder the adaptation. Also, the adaptation to capacity regime is size dependent, the finer the sediment size the slower the adaptation is, and vice versa. It is shown that the capacity model may entail considerable errors compared to the non-capacity model. For modelling of non-uniform bed load, non-capacity modelling is recommended, in which the temporal and spatial scales required for adaptation are explicitly appreciated.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41230746, 41271306)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2012BAC09B03)the Open-fund Project of Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention (Grant No. JXSB201301)
文摘There is a consensus that sediment delivery ratio in the Chinese Loess Plateau is close to 1at the inter-annual timescale. However, little information is available about the sediment delivery at finer timescales. We evaluated the sediment delivery from plots to watersheds at the event or intra-annual, annual, and inter-annual timescales within the Wudinghe river basin, a 30,261 km2 basin in the Loess Plateau. We calculated the ratio of sediment output to sediment input and presented the temporal change of the channel morphology to determine whether sediment deposition occurs.Although a single flood event frequently has a sediment yield exceeding 10,000 t km-2, sediment deposition rarely occurs except during some small runoff events(sediment yield < 5000 t km-2) or dry years(sediment yield < 10,000 t km-2) when moving from slopes up to the main channels of the Wudinghe River. This observation suggests a sediment delivery ratio close to 1 even at the event or intra-annual and the annual timescales, but not necessarily at the interannual timescale. Such a high sediment delivery ratio can be related to hyper-concentrated flows, which have very strong sediment transport capacity even at low flow strength. Because hyper-concentrated flows are well-developed in the whole Loess Plateau, a sediment delivery ratio close to 1 below the interannual timescale possibly remains true for other rivers in the Loess Plateau.
基金The Project is sponsored by the Chinese National Nature Science Foundation (49676288) Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars of the Ministry of Education of China and the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (Pr
文摘Study of the major Asian rivers discharge to the ocean reveals variations of their water discharges and sediment loads, and local characteristics of river sediment concentrations. On the basis of this, the Asian rivers fall into three regions, including Eurasia Arctic, East Asia, Southeast and South Asia Regions. The Eurasia Arctic Region is characterized by the lowest sediment concentration and load, while the East Asia Region is of the highest sediment concentration and higher sediment load, and the South-East and South Asia Region yields higher sediment concentration and highest sediment load.The sediment loads of these regions are mainly controlled by climate, geomorphology and tectonic activity. The Eurasia Arctic rivers with large basin areas and water discharge, drain low relief which consists of tundra sediment, thus causing the lowest sediment load. The East Asia rivers with small basin areas and lowest water discharges, drain extensive loess plateau, and transport most erodible loess material, which results in highest sediment concentration. The SE and South Asia rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau have large basin areas and the largest water discharges because of the Summer Monsoon and high rainfall influence, causing the highest sediment load.In Asia, tectonic motion of the Tibet Plateau plays an important role. Those large rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau transport about 50% of the world river sediment load to ocean annually, forming large estuaries and deltas, and consequently exerting a great influence on sedimentation in the coastal zone and shelves.
基金financially supported by a grant from Research Affairs of Najafabad Branch,Islamic Azad University,Iran
文摘Successful modeling of hydroenvironmental processes widely relies on quantity and quality of accessible data,and noisy data can affect the modeling performance.On the other hand in training phase of any Artificial Intelligence(AI) based model,each training data set is usually a limited sample of possible patterns of the process and hence,might not show the behavior of whole population.Accordingly,in the present paper,wavelet-based denoising method was used to smooth hydrological time series.Thereafter,small normally distributed noises with the mean of zero and various standard deviations were generated and added to the smooth time series to form different denoised-jittered data sets.Finally,the obtained pre-processed data were imposed into Artificial Neural Network(ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)models for daily runoff-sediment modeling of the Minnesota River.To evaluate the modeling performance,the outcomes were compared with results of multi linear regression(MLR) and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)models.The comparison showed that the proposed data processing approach which serves both denoising and jittering techniques could enhance the performance of ANN and ANFIS based runoffsediment modeling of the case study up to 34%and 25%in the verification phase,respectively.
